October 30, 2020 Chemistry for Engineers (CHM012 A2-1)

Marvee Baja Daplian

Project Proposal:
A QUALITATIVE STUDY: ACID RAIN VS
CONCRETE STRUCTURES.
Iligan Institute of Technology
Andres Bonifacio Ave. Tibanga, Iligan City, 9200 Philippines

SUMMARY RATIONALE
Acid rain is a rain from the formation of Today, we are under the modern
the reaction between sulfur or nitrogen oxide period mostly people nowadays located in the
and water with other chemical compounds, civilized areas usually prefer concrete
which sulfur and nitrogen oxide generally structures to build their desired shelters and
emitted by the surface through the etc.1 Concrete structures has many various
atmosphere. Acid rain is rampant nowadays as structural design in which varies on its
many industrial related things nowadays durability and design, concrete structure in
merely produces such chemicals that can lead which also one of its main component is
the formation of the acid rain. In which cement,
Philippines frequently experiencing such
typhoons and other tragedies, having a It acts as a
durable concrete structures must entail with it.
binder in
An average of 965 to 4,064 millimeter annually
of rainfall does Philippines experiencing. In every
which it concludes that in the specific area is construction
totally rampant or mainly experiencing the acid related
rain. As durable concrete is important it was things, in
said that concretes can be deteriorated by the which it
chemical attacks in which acid is one of the greatly
example of it. The study includes the chemistry contributed
related topic which is the chemical kinetics. to the
The data are sought to be provided through formation in
qualitative approach.Figure 1. Utilization of cement, the modern
https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-why- world
cement-emissions-matter-for-climate-
change

that was merely occurred today, it was used

many aspects including the formations of the
infrastructures and modern houses produces a
durable texture2.
But even things are already modernized, it
can’t be denied that anything can be
deteriorated. It was stated that concrete
structures can be deteriorated in many ways, it
can be deteriorated due to corrosion embedded
metals, chemical attacks and etc.3 Also a study
exists that one of the causes of the deterioration
of the concrete structures are also the presence
of high temperature in which salinity and
humidity are present.4
Talking about the chemical attacks,
concrete structures usually emerged with the
presence of the precipitation, in which raindrops
typically consists of different chemical
constituents, one of the example of this is
Sodium (Na). The formation of the various
chemical constituents is also likely due to the
various chemical components surrounds in the
atmosphere which one also resulted from the
different components emitted in the surface. 5 In
which likely one of the most controversial
environmental problems today which resulted
from the emission from the surface which forms
a different type of rain, it is commonly called as
Acid rain.
Also the Philippines merely
experiencing with high precipitation average
per year as it reaches up to 965 to 4.064
millimeter annually8 in which it draws an
attention as acid rain is dominant nowadays.
The study aims to identify on how acid rain
affects and how concrete structures benefits
with it.
H0: There is a certain effect of acid rain
on the concrete structure.
H1: There is no certain effect of acid
rain on the concrete structure.
DISCUSSION
Acid rain, a form of acid came from the
reaction between water, sulfur or nitric oxide
with other chemical components6 in which
Chemical Kinetics is present on it.
Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form a
Carbonic acid9.
C O2 + H 2 O → H 2 CO 3
H 2 CO 3 +cement → ?

Acid rain, is a precipitation resulted from Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to form nitric
the contamination due to the surrounding acid9.
pollutants, in which specifically resulted from the
reaction between sulfur dioxide and nitrogen N 2 +O2 → 2 NO
oxides with water and with other possible
chemicals which can lead the formation of 1
sulfuric acid and nitric acid6. Acid rain has a N O(g )+ O 2 (g) → NO 2(g )
major role in the world today, in the different 2
fields including environmental, industrial and etc.
In which since it encompasses a major role, this 3 NO2 (g) + H 2 O→ 2 HNO3 (aq) + NO(g)
opens the problem on how it affects and benefits
the building and construction industry. 2 HNO3(aq) +cement → ?
Concrete structures has become as a
Sulfur dioxide reacts with water to form sulfuric
part of the daily life of every human being, in
acid9.
which the possible changes occurred with it can
affect to human lives, durability of it is necessary
for the reason that where mostly people used to
SO2+ SO3 → H 2 SO 4
live with it. In the Philippines, an average of 20
typhoons lands on it per year7, in which the H 2 SO4 → H SO4 + H +¿¿
durability of the shelters of the area is important
as the lives of the people in area is at stake.
+¿ ¿
2−¿+ H ¿
SO
HSO−¿→ 4 ¿
4

+¿+ cement →? ¿

SO2−¿+ H ¿
4
study will be taken through qualitative
observation on the reaction and thus
supported by a related study.
References
1. Okochi H, et al. (1995). Deterioration
of concrete structures by acid
deposition - an assessment of the role
of rainwater on deterioration by
laboratory and "eld exposure
experiments using mortar specimens.
2. Shimoda T, and Yokoyama S. Eco
Cement: A new Portland cement to
solve municipal and industrial waste
problems. Taiheiyo Cement
Corporation, Japan.
3. Portland Cement Association, (2002).
Types and Causes of Concrete
Deterioration.
4. Anisuddin S, and Ahmad SK, (2005).
Deterioration and rehabilitation of
concrete structures in hot and arid
regions. Association of Researchers in
Construction Management, ARCOM
2005 – Proceedings of the 21st Annual
Conference.
5. Dorothy Caroll, (1962). Rainwater as a
Chemical Agent of Geologic
Processes – A review. GEOLOGICAL
SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER
1535-G.
6. United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
7. Asian Disaster Reduction Center
(ADRC)
8. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical
and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA).
http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/infor
mation/climate-philippines#:~:text=The
%20mean%20annual%20rainfall
%20of,965%20to
%204%2C064%20millimeters
%20annually.
9. Casiday R and Frey R,(2011). Acid
rain – Inorganic Reactions Experiment,
Department of Chemistry, Washington
University, St. Louis, MO 63130.