TITLE: TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY AND ORDINARY SPIRIT LEVELLING FOR THE

ROAD BETWEEN THE ELDORET NAATIONAL POLYTECHNIC BUILDING AND

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT AND GATE

PRESENTED BY: ONESMUS OKENYORU OMARI

INDEX NUMBER: 5781011149

SUPERVISED BY: MR RONALD YEGO

INSTITUTION: THE ELDORET NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

DEPARTMENT: BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

COURSE: DIPLOMA IN LAND SURVEY

COURSE CODE:
PAPER NO. :

PRESENTED TO: THE ELDORET NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC FOR PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF A DIPLOMA IN LAND SURVEY.

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 DECLARATION
Declaration by the Candidate
This project is my own work and has not been presented for a diploma in Land survey or any
other award. No part of it should be copied or reproduced without the permission of the
researcher.

_____________________ ______________
ONESMUS OKENYORU OMARI DATE

____________________ ________________
SUPERVISOR DATE

MR.RONALD YEGO
THE ELDORET NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

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 DEDICATION
This study is dedicated to my mother for her financial support and the entire family members for
their patience, support and understanding during the entire period of study.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I extend my gratitude to the Almighty God for providing me with strength, wisdom,
knowledge and vitality that help make this project a reality.
To my parents and siblings, words cannot express my gratitude for all the priceless treasures you
have freely imparted in my life, one being the importance of education. I appreciate the sacrifices
you willingly made to ensure that I become an empowered and upright young man and a
lighthouse in my generation. I owe a great deal of gratitude to you all for the unfailing moral
support throughout my period of study and for understanding and appreciating the demand of the
course in terms of time and resources.
I cannot forget my classmates especially my great friend Ludovicoz Kokonya who have been
source of inspiration throughout my study and assisting me in sourcing of information,field work
and materials for this project.
I acknowledge with gratitude my supervisor Mr. Ronald Yego, whose patience, guidance,
encouragement and suggestion were instrumental in the success of this project.
To the lectures of The Eldoret National Polytechnic who taught me, I am very thankful.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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 LIST OF TABLE

LIST OF FIGURE

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
MSL - Mean Sea Level
OGL - Original Ground Level
TS - Total Station
D L - Dumpy Level
BS - Back Sight
R L. - Reduced level
F R L - Final Reduced Level

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 ABSTRACT
The effect of floods during heavy rains have been the main problem in The Eldoret National
Polytechnic especially in the building and civil engineering to the gate route. The study sought to
run a topo survey to establish contours and start the reconstruction of the route by also having a
well drainage system so that it will help in control of running water for the easy of movement of
students in and out of the collage using the same route even during heavy rains. . The study used
literature from various research sources such as, Books, journals and online materials. The
research design was survey which utilized questionnaires for data collection. The study did a
census of all employees drawn from all the departments. Descriptive statistics, graphs, tables
and charts were used to analyze the data. The findings of the study were that there be a
construction of the drainage system and construction of a pathway to ease movement of people.

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
This chapter contains the background of the study, Statement of the problem, Objective of the
study, Significance of the study, and Scope of the study.
Surveying is the process of determining the relative position of natural and man made features on
or under the earths surface, the presentation of these information either graphically in the form of
plans or numerically in the form of tables,and the setting out of measurements on the earth
surface.It usually involves measurements ,calculations,the production of plans and determination
of specific location. The surveyor maybe called to determine heiht and distances to set out
buildings,bridges and roadways;to determine ares and volumes and to draw plans at a pre-
determined scale.
CATEGORIES
There are two major categories of surveyin;
Plane survey-Deals with areas of limited extent and is assumed that the earth surface is a plane
and therefore no correction necessary for the cearth curvature..
Geodetic survey-concerned with determining the size and shape of earth and its provides a high
accuracyof frameworks for the control of lower order survey
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1.1 Background of the study
After having considering rain season and there effect towards THE ELDORET NATIONAL
POLYTECHNIC I came up with these project so that if the institution will buy these idea floods
within the collage will be a story for the past. The project will not only solve the problem of
drainage but it will help in including the new features to the topographical map for it will be the
end result of the project. So instead of the insitution hiring different surveyors to deal with
drainage and the route to building and civil engineering and creation of topo map these project
will solve the two problem hence reduce the amount of money they could have paid the
surveyors differently.
1.1.2 The Eldoret National polytechnic
It is situated in Eldoret along ELDORET – KISUMU highway. The case study is from the main
gate towards the building and civil engineering which is after 150m from gate you br towards
the right. The coordinates of the survey route were extracted from the drawing provided.
1.2 Research Objectives
1.2.t1General objectives
The main aim of these project is to come up with a topo map that will help in the
construction of drainage system and pathway from building and civil engineering and gate
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
I. To establish/determine horizontal and vertical control points using ordinary ground
levels(OGL) by utilizing levelling and traverse methods
II. To carry out detailed topographical survey by collecting (X, Y and Z) of topo features
and spot heights
III. To measure changes in elevation or terrain between different locations of project area
IV. To produce the topographical maps of the project area using collected data
V. To map topographic features and generate topographical maps and cross sectional profile
VI. To establish the controls for accurately defining locations within project area and
production of contours
Hypothesis
Reconnaissance
Carry out plane table surveying using total station

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Mapping
Collecting information of reference point base level including mean sea level
Photograph of field work
Making drawings
Reporting
1.5 Significance of the study
The finding of the project is to help the institution plan and control drainage system. It will also
help in coming with a topo map that will serve as base map for future reference. The project
comes with a solution of a route to be used by students who use the building and civil department
route hence ease movement and avoid congestion of people especially during the pandemic
where social distance is a critical thing
The scope of work
The research was carried out in the eldoret national polytechnic located in uasin gishu county, it
was carried outfrom the building and civil department to the collage main gate. The study was
done by use of total station an the main methods that were used were traversing and levelling.
The survey scope of work, as understood from the specifications provided includes alsoplane
survey by total station centerline of profile levelling survey, cross section survey and mapping
and reporting.
1.7 Limitations of the study
The research was conducted to the eldoret national polytechnic because of the effects floodings
at the collage so it cannot be used elsewhere using the same findings

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to explore studies on literature related to surveying. It consists of
the theoretical review, empirical review and the summary. The literature for this study was
derived from books, journals and the previous research.
Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on, aboveor beneath the
surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of distance ,direction and
elevation.it also includes establishment of points by predetermined angular and linear
measurement. The applicationof surveying requires skills as well as the knowledge of
mathematics, physics and to some extend , astronomy

The knowledge of surveying is important in many phases of engineering. The earliest surveys
were made in connection with land surveying. Practically, every engineering project such as
water supply and irrigation schemes, rails, roads, and transmission lines mines and bridges and
building etc require survey. Before plans and estimates are prepared , boundaries should be
determined and topography of the site should be ascertained. After the plans are made ,
structures must be staked out of the ground. As the work progress lines and grades must be given

In surveying, all measurements of lengths are horizontal or else are subsequently reduced to
horizontal distances. The object of a survey is to prepare plan or map so that it may represent the
area on horizontal plane . a plan or map is the horizontal projection of an area and showsonly
horizontal distances of the points. Vertical distances between the points are however shown by
contour lines, hachures or some other methods. Vertical distances are usually shown by vertical
sections drawn separately

Primary Divisions of Survey

The earth is an oblate spheroid of revolution . as to whether the surveyor should regard the
earth’s surface as curved or may regard is as plane depends upon the character and magnitude of
the survey and upon precesion required

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Thus primarily surveying can be divided into two classes
Plane surveying
Geodetic survey

Plane surveying
Is that type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered as plane and the
spheroidal shape is neglected. All triangles formed by survey lines are considered as plane
triangles. The level line is considered as straight and of all plumb lines are considered parallel.in
everyday life we are concerned with small portion of earth’s surface and the above assumptions
seem to be reasonable in light of the fact that th length of an arc 12km long lying in the earth’s
surface is only 1 cm greater than subtended chord and further that the difference between the
sum of the angles in the plane triangle and sum of those in a spherical triangle is only one
second for a triangle at the earth’s surface having an area of 195 sq km.

Geodetic surveying
Is that type of surveying in which the shape of the earth is taken into consideration. All lines
lying in the surface are curved lines and the triangles are spherical triangles, it therefore involves
spherical trigonometry. All geodetic surveys include work of larger magnitude and high degree
of precesion. The object of geodetic surveys is to determine the precise position on the surface of
the earth, of a system of widely distant points which form control stations to which surveys of
less precesion may be reffered.

CLASSIFICATION
Survey is classified based upon the nature of the ground
Land surveying
Topographical surveying –this consist of horizontal and vertical location of the points by linear
and angular measurements and is made top determine the natural features of the country such as
rivers, lakes, woods, hills etc,,,and artificial feature such as roads, railways, canals, towns and
villages
In topography survey there are various methods of surveying which includes linear and vertical
survey

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Methods of topographical survey includes;
Chain surveying
Compass surveying
Tacheometric surveying
Plane table surveying
Triangulation
Traversing
Levelling
Modern system( GPS)

Chain Surveying
Chain surveying is type of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field.
This type of surveying is suitable fpr surveys of small extenton open ground to secure data for
exact description of the boundaries of a piece of land or to take simple details
The ptinciple of chain surveying is to provide a skeleton or frame works consisting of a number
of connected triangles, as the triangle is the only figure that can be plotted from the lengths of its
sides measured in the field. To get good results in plotting , the framework should consist of
triangle which are as nearly equilateral as possible.

Survey Station
A survey station is a prominent point on the chain line and can be either at the beginning of the
chain or at the end. Such station is known as main station. However , subsidiary or tie station can
also be selected anywhere on the chain line and subsidiary or tie lines may be run through them
A survey sration may be marked on the ground by driving pegs if the ground is soft. However,
on roads and streets etc,,,the survey station can be marked or located by making two or
preferably three tie measurement with respect to some permanent reference objects near the
station. The more nearly the lines joining the pegs to the reference point intersect at right angles,
the more definitely the station will be fixed. A diagram of the survey may lines with main station
numbered should be inserted in the beginning of field note booking

Survey Lines

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The lines joining the main survey station are called main survey line. The biggest of the main
survey lines is called the base line and the various survey station are plotted with reference to
these. If the area to be surveyed has more than three straight boundaries, the field measurements
must be arranged that they can be plotted by laying down triangles
Check lines- check lines or proof lines are the lines which are run in the field to check the
accuracy of the work. The length of the checkline measured in the field must agree with the
length on the plan. A check line may be laid by joining the apexof the triangle to any point on the
opposite side or by joining two points on other side of a triangle. Each triangle must have a
check line
Tie lines –a tie line is a line which joins subsidiary or tie station on the main line.the main object
running a tie line is to take the details of nearby objects but it also serves the purpose of check
line. The accuracy in the location of the object depends upon the accuracy laying the tie line. A
framework may have one or more tie lines depending upon the circumstances

Conditions To Be Fulfilled By Survey Lines Or Survey Station

The survey station should be selected that a good system of lines is fulfilled by the following
conditions
Survey station must be mutually visible
The survey lines must be as few as possible so that the framework can be conveniently
The framework must have one or two base lines
The lines must run through level ground as possible
The main line should form well- conditioned triangles
Each triangle or portion of skeleton must be provided with sufficient checks
All the lines from which offsets are taken hould be placed close to the corrected surface features
so as to get short offsets
As far as possible, the main survey lines should not pass through offsets
To avoid trespassing the main survey should fall within the boundary of the property to be
surveyed

Locating Ground Features Offsets

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An offset is a lateral distance of an object or ground feature measured through survey line. By
method of offset the point or object is located by measuring the distance and angle (usually 90)
from a point on chain line when the angle is 90’ is called perpendicular offset.
Offset should be taken in order of their chainages . in offsetting to building to building, check
can be made by noting the chainages at which the directions of the walls cut the survey line. In
general, an offset at each end is sufficient. To locate irregular boundaries an offset at each end is
sufficient. To locate irregular boundary , sufficient number of offset are taken at suitable interval
and at such point where the direction suddenly changes. However in the case of regular curves
with constant width the offset should be taken to the centre line only and the width should also
be measured

Degree Of Precision in Measuring The Offsets

Before commencing the field measurements, one should know the degree of precision to be
maintained in measuring the length of the offset. This mainly depends on the scale of survey.
Normally, the limit of precision in plotting is 0.25 mm. if the scale of plotting is 1 cm = 2cm,
0.25 mm on a paper will correspond to 2 * 0.25/10 =0.05 on the ground
The survey work can be accurately and expeditiously accomplished if the objects and features
that are to be surveyed are near the survey line. The aim should always be to make offset as
small as possible. Long offset may be largely obviated by judiciously placing the main lines of
the survey near the object or by running subsidiary lines from the main lines of the survey near
object or by running subsidiary lones from the main lines

Limiting Length Of Offset

The allowable length of offset depends upon the degree of accuracy required, scale, method of
setting out the perpendicular and nature of ground. The only object is that the error produced by
taking longer lengths of offset should not be appreciable on the paper

Field Booking
The book in which the chain or tape measurements are entered is called the field book. It is an
oblong book of size about 20 *12 cm and opens lengthwise. The main requirement of the field
book are that it should contain good quality stout opaque paper, it should be well bound and of

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size convenient for the pocket. The chain line may be represented either by single line or by two
lines spaced about 1 ½ to 2 cm apart, ruled down the middle of each page.

Field Work
Equipment. The following is the list of equipment required for chain survey or chain
triangulation
A 20m chain
10 arrows
Ranging rods and offset rods
A tape (10 m or 20 m length)
An instrument for setting right angles : say a cross staff or optical square
Field book, pencil etc for note keeping
Plumb bob
Pegs, wooden hammer, chalks, etc
A chain survey may be done in the following steps
Reconnaissance
Marking and fixing survey station
Running survey lines

Reconnaissance – the first principle of any type of surveying is to work from whole to part,
before starting the actual survey

Marketing according to the American managing association refers to the performance of business
activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to the consumer. Kotler (2008)
defines marketing as a process by which companies create value for customers and build strong
customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return.
2.2.1 4Ps Theory
It is a set of controllable, tactical marketing tool that the firm blends to produce the response it
wants in the target market. It consists of everything the firm can do to influence the demand for
its product.

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Figure 2.1 the 4Ps theory variables
Product Price
Brand Discounts
Packaging Credit terms

Target Market

Promotion Place
Advertisement Channels
Sales Promotion Transportation

Source: Kotler (2003)

a) Promotion

The key element of the marketing mix creates an awareness and positive image of the company
and its product. It helps the consumer to be aware of a brand offered in the market. The
promotional element comprises a mix of tools available for the marketer called the promotional
mix which consists of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and public relations.
Advertising is any paid form of non-personal communications about an organization good or
service. Advertising involves mass media such as on television, radio and newspapers. It also
includes road side posters. This helps to reach mass audience- generating awareness of the
product in the market. Kerin et al (2003)
(Kerin et al) 2003 states that there are several advantages to a firm using advertising in its
promotion mix. It can be attention getting and can also communicate specific procedure benefits
to prospective buyers. The company can control what it wants to say to extend to whom the
message is sent. Advertising also allows the company to decide when to send its message
Personal selling defined as the two- way flow of communication between a buyer and seller,
designed to influence a persons or group purchase decision. There is immediate feedback and it
is very persuasive. Kerin et al (2003).

 Sales promotion

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It is a trade program of limited duration that adds tangible value to a product. Sales promotion
may come in various forms such as buy one get one free or the price reduction. And the
advantage of this is that it maintains the customers and it also gives an image for advertisement
A vast amount of money is spending on sales promotion. According to Peattie and Peattie (1993)
explain the growth in sales promotion as follows:
Increased impulse purchasing: the retail response to greater consumer impulse purchasing is to
demand more sales promotions from manufactures. In addition, Sales promotion is becoming
respectable: through the use of promotions by market leaders and the increasing professionalism
of the sales promotion agencies. Moreover, the rising cost of advertising and advertising clutter:
these factors erode advertisings cost effectiveness.
Furthermore shortening time horizons: the attraction of the fast sales boost of a sales promotion
is raised by greater rivalry and shortening product life cycle. Finally, competitor activities in
some markets, sales promotion are used so often that all competitors are forced to follow suit.

 The effect of sales promotion

In reference to Peatties and Peatties (1993) Sales promotion is often used to provide a short
sharp shock to sales. In this sense it may be regarded as a short term tactical device. Promotion
boosts sales... The long term sales effect of the promotion could be positive, neutral or negative.
If the promotion has attracted new buyers who find that they like the brand repeat purchases
from them may give rise to a positive long term effect.

 Major sales promotion types

According to David (2008) Sales promotion can be directed at the consumer or the trader. Major
consumer sales promotion types are money off. Bonus packs premiums free samples, coupons,
prize promotions and loyalty cards. A sizeable promotion of sales promotions are directed at the
trade including price discounts free goods and competitions. Types of sale promotion include;
Money off, money off promotions: provides a direct value to the customer and therefore an
unambiguous incentive to purchase. They have a proven track record of stimulating short term
sales increases and encouraging trial. However price reduction can easily be matched by the
competition.
Bonus Packs: these gives added value by giving consumers extra quantity at no additional cost.
They are often used in the drinks confectionery and detergent markets. This form of promotion
17
runs less risks of devaluing brand image extra value is given by raising quantity rather than
cutting price.
Premiums: premiums are any merchandise offered free or at low cost as an inactive to purchase a
brand. There are four forms: free in or on pack gifts: free in the mail offers; self-liquidating
offers; buy one get one free offers.
Free samples: free samples of a brand may be delivered to the home or given out in a store. The
idea is that having tried the sample a promotion of consumers will begin to buy it. For new
brands or brand extensions this form of promotion is an effective if expensive way of gaining
consumer trial.
Coupons: there are three ways of couponing. Coupons can be delivered to the home, appear in
magazines or appear on packs. Home couponing after home sampling is the best to achieve trial
so new brands. Magazines or newspaper couponing is much cheaper than home delivery and can
be used to stimulate trial. The purpose of on pack couponing is to encourage initial and repeat
purchasing of the same brand.
Prize promotion: there are three main types of prize promotion: competitions draws and games.
Unlike other promotions the cost can be established in advance and does not depend on the
number of participants. Competitions require participants to exercise a certain degree of skills
and judgment. Draws make no demands on skills or judgment: the results depend on chance. A
game promotion is where a newspaper encloses a series of bingo cards and customers are told
that over a period of time sets of bingo numbers will be published.
Loyalty cards: is a major development in retailing is the offering of loyalty cards to customers
who gain points every time they spend money at an outlet. Points can swap for money off
vouchers to be used against purchases at the store or for bargain offers on other purchases. The
intention is to attract customers back to the outlet.
In relation to Kerin (2004) Trade promotion, price discount: the trade may be offered discounts
in return for purchase. The concentration of bringing into fewer trade outlets has placed
increasing power with these organizations. This fewer is often translated into discounts from
manufacturer
Communications associated with public relations can take two forms. Asymmetric
communications involves an organization communicating with its public but never or rarely
taking any action as a result of feedback. Symmetric communications involves two way

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communications between organization strategic decisions making public relations activity is
aided by technological developments as described below.
Video news releases: Coverage of a public relations event is edited to three to four minutes and
sent to TV and news departments around the world via cassette, vision, circuits or by satellites.
Video conferencing: this is two way communications of both words and pictures via telephone
lines. The process can be used to manage pan – European sales and marketing conference.
Satellite conferencing: this can be used to transmit a message from one location to many sites
around Europe.

b) Place
It involves making goods available to customers in a convenient way. According to Kotler
(2003) there are two elements of place. Physical distribution: it is the movement of products
from place of manufacturer to the place of sale. This depends on the scale of production and the
size of the market.
Channel distribution, this is networks of intermediates linking the producer to the market. It is
used to describe the flow of goods and services around the network. This includes physical
movement of goods, payment and information.
Bearden (2004) states that the degree of market coverage has to do with the number of outlets
used to market a product. This commonly takes three forms: intensive distribution, selective
distribution & exclusive distribution. He states that buyer preferences are important in
determining channels strategy. Understanding the logic behind letting customers buy the way
they want to be a hard mark of both established breaking into long established markets.
Intensive distribution, this is where a manufacturer places the goods & services in as many
outlets as possible. It is used where consumers requires a great deal of location convenience.
Selective distribution, involves loss of more than a few but less than all of the intermediaries
who are willing to carry a particular product. It enables the producer to gain adequate market
coverage with more control and less cost.

19
Exclusive distribution, involves limiting the number of intermediaries handling the company’s
goods and services. It is used when the company wants to maintain a great deal of control over
the product.

 Price

David (2003) Price refers to what the consumer must give up to purchase a product or service. A
firm must consider a number of factors in determining the price it charges for its products or
service including costs, demand factors, competition and perceived value.
Cost: is a basic determinant of price. A firm will generally set a price that covers the costs of
producing distributing and promoting its product. Also the promotional expenses must be
covered in a firm’s pricing structure. Demand factor: the relationship between price and demand
is generally an inverse one as price declines demand will increase, and vice versa. However in
some situations the relationship between prices is an indicator of quality. Thus a higher price
may result in more sales for a product.
Competition: another fundamental consideration in setting price is competition. Price is the one
element of the marketing mix that is easiest to change at least in the short run and it often used as
a competitive tool. Many companies use competition oriented pricing and when it is used; prices
are subject to rapid change and are often lowered to meet competition in specific markets.
Perceived value: Most marketers recognize that price for a product or service must be in line
with its perceived value consumers often use price to determine a product value, suggesting a
relationship between price and perceived quality.
According to Baker (1996), the role of design in international competitiveness, found price
ranked third out of 16 critical success factors behind performance in operation and reliability:
results as these may be accounted for by one or more. Perfect competition prevails under these
circumstances the firm cannot have a price policy. It must accept the market price.
Under conditions of imperfect competition there is a tendency towards rigid prices and for
competition to be concentrated on non-price elements such as product differentiation thus
competition prefer to avoid direct price competition which could lead to a price war and adopt
the level of the industry leader. The construction of a demand schedule is considered impossible
owing to the enormous number of interacting variables which condition consumer preference.

c) Product

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 According to Kotler (2003) product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention,
acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. There are two types of product
features;
(a) Tangible feature; are shape, color, size, design and packaging. There are often clear
things you can touch and see.
(b) Intangible features; are extra features, which are reputation to a firm. These features
include after sale services, guarantee customers care policy.
Every product is subject to a life cycle including a growth phase followed by an eventual period
of decline as the product approaches market saturation. To retain its competitiveness the market
continuous product extensions though innovation and thus differentiation is required and is one
of the strategies to differentiate a product from its competitors
2.2.2 Michael Porter’s Five Forces Theory
This study is based on Porter’s forces of competitive theory. The theory points out those
managers can gain insight in to competitive dynamics by using porter’s forces of competition.
The five forces are threat of entry by potential competitors, the power of buyers, bargaining
power of suppliers, substitute’s product and rivalry among established firms.
Figure 2.3 five forces of competition

Threat of entry by
potential competitors

Bargaining power Rivalry among Bargaining power

of supplies established firms of buyers

Threat of Substitute

Sources: Kotler P. (2001).

 Threat of new entrants.

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Several variables can reduce entry into the industry; they may include product differentiation,
capital requirement and goodwill of existing companies. Supermarkets encounter a stiff
competition in the market and therefore to overcome this do re packaging of products which
attract more and maintain customers and it contribute to reduction of competitors entering the
market.

 Bargaining power of buyers.

Buyers exert considerable influence on producer and it may happen under the following
conditions. The product represent a major component of the buyers cost. This means the buyer
has an incentive to reduce the cost, especially when the buyer still modify the product by
applying some marketing strategies like re packaging and therefore their bargaining power will
be high.

 Bargaining power of suppliers.

Suppliers can be a competitive threat in a company because they can raise the price of raw
materials and also reduce their quality. Powerful suppliers can reduce the profitability of a
company, for instants those firms that involve in repackaging of products may find the materials
they use, their prices has been raised and their quality reduced and thus affecting their profits.

 Threat of substitutes.

The extent to which substitutes products exist affects the intensity of rivalry and the dynamic of
competition. Therefore companies need to identify potential substitutes for their products and
services and use this information in designing their competitive strategy.

 Rivalry among existing firms.

Competition intensities among existing firms when there are numerous or equally balanced
companies, when many companies exist, the probability of collusion declines. Companies must
compete strongly to survive. Competition is likely to increase when companies are similar to
each other in size and there is no industry leader and companies will compete to distinguish
themselves from their rivals, by adopting various marketing strategies
d) Packaging

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According to Berko (1994), packaging refers to any container in which it is offered for sale and
on which information is communicated. It is important part of the marketing strategy. Despite the
cost that is incurred. Packaging is essential because packages provide important benefits for the
manufacturer retailer and ultimate consumer. Communication benefits: a major benefit of
packaging is the information on it conveyed to the consumer. Functional benefits: packaging
often plays an important functional role such as convenience, protection or storage consumer
protection has becomes an important function of packaging, another functional value of
packaging is in extending storage and shelf life (the time a product can be stored before it spoils).
New technology allows products requiring refrigeration to be packaged in paper. Sealed
containers this increases their shelf life.
Perceptual benefits: third component of packaging is the perception created in the consumers
mind. A package can connote status, economy or even producer quality. Equally fresh potato
chips were wrapped in two different types of bags; wax paper and polyvinyl, consumers rated the
chips in the polyvinyl as crisper and even tastier.

 Purposes of Packaging
According to Berko common uses of packaging include: Physical protection: The object
enclosed in the package may require protection from, among other things mechanical shock,
vibration, electrostatic discharge, compression, temperature among others.
Information transmission: Packages and labels communicate how to use, transport, recycle, or
dispose of the package or product. With pharmaceuticals, food, medical, and chemical products,
some types of information are required by government. Some packages and labels also are used
for track and trace purposes.
Marketing: The packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage potential buyers to
purchase the product. Package graphic design and physical design have been important and
constantly evolving phenomenon for several decades. Marketing communication and graphic
design are applied to the surface of the package and (in many cases) the point of sale display.

23
Convenience: Packages can have features that add convenience in
distribution,handling,stacking,display,sale,opening,re-closing,use,dispensing,reuse,recycling and
ease of disposal.
Barrier protection: A barrier from oxygen, water vapor, dust and others is often required.
Permeation is a critical factor in design. Some packages contain desiccants or oxygen absorbency
to help extend shelf life. Modified atmosphere or controlled atmospheres are also maintained in
some food packages. Keeping the content clean, fresh, sterile and safe for the intended shellfire
is a primary function
Security: Packaging can display an important role in reducing the security risks of shipment.
Packages can be made with improved tamper resistance to deter tampering and also can have
tamper-evident features to help indicate tampering. Packages can be engineered to help reduce
the risk of package pilferage.

Environmental consideration when packaging

The traditional ‘three Rs’ of reduce, reuse, and recycle are part of a waste hierarchy which may
be considered in product and package development .Prevention, waste prevention is a primary
goal. Packaging should be used where needed. Proper packaging can also help prevent waste.
Packaging plays a very important part in preventing loss or damage to the packaged-product
(contents). Usually, the energy content and material usage of the product being packaged are
much greater than of package. A vital function of the package is to protect the product for its
intended use: if the product is damaged or degraded, its entire energy and material content may
be lost. Baker (1996)
Re-use the re-use package or component for other purposes is encouraged. Returnable packaging
has long been useful for closed loop logistics systems, Inspection, cleaning, repair and recuperate
are often needed. Recycling is the reprocessing of materials into new products
Disposal is incineration and placements in a landfill are needed for some materials. Energy
recovery, waste-to-energy and Refuse-derived fuel in approved facilities are able to make use of
the heat available from packaging components .Kerin et al (2003)

e) Legal Requirements

24
In addition to providing a distinctive and appealing means of identifying & protecting the
packaging must also provide the user with information concerning its contents. Some of this
information may be required by law. The production & design of packaging is influenced by the
ever increasing amount of information which by law must appear on it.
An example of the nature of product information required; A description of the contents, an
indication of the physical form of the food, a list of ingredients in order of weight, any food
which is characterized by the presence of a particular ingredient must have a declaration of the
percentage content of that ingredient, an indication of any storage condition & the minimum
durability, any necessary instructions for use.
The rights to package designs are another legal aspect of packaging in today’s market where
products are sold by the shape of the packaging as much as anything else, design registrations
can be very valuable, especially areas of wine, spirits & cosmetics packaging.
Other means of securing the legal rights over a product package include the following: Patent
rights for a new invention or application, Copy right, provided the existence & ownership can be
proved this is a powerful weapon against imitators. Trade mark may assist in distinguishing
packaging from that of competitors. To secure ownership of these loyal rights you must identify
the designer. You must know who made the design, are they an employee or contracted labor?
2.3 Empirical Review
Kant (2000) studied a research on Packaging as a marketing Tool, by taking a sample of 50
retailers and 100 consumers in Eldoret reveals that although packaging is an important element
in the marketing plan, however it has not yet achieves its full status as a marketing tool. To be
really competitive means emphasizing difference not sameness. One of the few avenues open is
in the design and character of packaging. It is strong asset in the trade impression of a produce.
Product management emphasis on the role of new product packaging in generating consumer
acceptance is justified. Further he has observed that the greater innovation in packaging greater
is the need for initial promotional effort to explaining and sell the new package to consumer. He
recommends that if the distribution could be maintained through an initial period of low
advertising support, a truly innovation in packaging might probably sell itself as word-of-mouth
spreads merits
Kulmia (2014) conducted a research on competitiveness in the Supermarket Industry in Kenya
using Porter’s five forces. The study sought to find out how to evaluate competition among

25
supermarkets, how the threat of substitute affect competition in supermarkets, what is the current
level of competitive rivalry and how does it impact generally on competition. Using a descriptive
research design and a sample of 93 respondents selected through stratified random sampling. The
study used descriptive survey. The findings were that the bargaining power of suppliers was
influencing the competition in the supermarkets most, followed by bargaining power of
consumers, threats of substitute, current level of competition rivalry threat of new entrants. He
recommends that relationship between supermarkets and suppliers be maintained healthy also
recommends that future marketing ad expansion place by management of supermarkets should
address the pricing and location of new branches.
Kariuki (2011) studied on the challenges and survival strategies of supermarkets in Nairobi,
Kenya. The study was aimed at determining competitive challenges faced by supermarkets in
Nairobi as well as survival strategies. Study sought to bridge the gap on challenges and survival
strategies by addressing how supermarkets in Nairobi are responding to challenges faced in the
market. The study adopted descriptive survey using purposive sampling of 25 supermarkets. The
findings was evident that challenges from the competition and loses from shop lifting and expiry
of products as some critical challenges faced by most supermarkets to a greater enhance
competitiveness and sustain performance and he recommends that supermarkets need to ensure
appropriate measure to entice customers.
Kumar (2010) did a research on The Role of Packaging Elements. The gap identified was that
despite the importance of packaging in food industries, it is rather anonymous and has been
somewhat neglected in marketing effort in Kenya industries. The purpose of the study was to
examine the relationship between packaging and food products consumer behavior in Kitale
retains stores. Using a descriptive survey and a questionnaire filled by 175 participants, which
were analyzed qualitatively to examine the importance of different packaging elements on
consumer behavior in three stages of purchase decision? The findings were that all packaging
elements are highly important for food products buyers and these elements can highly influence
their purchasing decisions.
Mwanza and Piston (2010) investigate in their research ‘How packaging affects products
preferences of children and the buyer behavior in their parents in the food industry’ the study
was approached from the parents rather than the children perspective. A quantitative approach
was adopted in the data collection using a 28 item Likert scaled questionnaire administered to

26
150 parents with over 95 percent response. The findings were that packaging does not affect the
product preference to children .Also children are particularly interested in influencing the
purchase of unhealthy food.
Leila (2012) did a research on the effects of the packaging characteristics on consumers
purchasing confidence, the importance of packaging in marketing products and services in many
competitive environments. A good packaging can increase sales of products, reduces the level of
inventory, which yields to higher profitability. The objective was to find out the relationship
between a good packaging program and customer’s confidence as well as customer’s attraction
on purchasing goods and services. Uses a questionnaire based on likert scale and distributed
among a target population of this survey and the information of packaging are divided into two
groups of visibility and informative. The results indicate that a good ad label with detailed and
precise information on product could significantly impact customer’s confidence while other
visible information does not have much impact on customer’s confidence.
Moore (2004) in his study on how the art of packaging reiterates the importance of
differentiating a product through distinctive packaging, particularly in case of small businesses
which are unable to spend much on advertising and should exploit product pack shape and
design as a silent sales person offers advice from design and brand experts as to how to identify
what sells and what to avoid. The study warns that New Zealand’s new packaging Accord, which
is designed to reduce waste and increases the amount that can be recycled, means producers must
now take responsibility throughout the lifecycle of their packaging products and must become
increasingly environment friendly; considers other trends in packaging.

27
2.4 Conceptual Framework
The study will use conceptual framework which identifies variables when put together will
explain the research problem. It indicates how variables relate to each other. The repackaging is
taken as independent variable measured through breaking bulk, wrapping and augmented
services and competitiveness taken as dependent variable that is measured in terms of quality,
customer service and product design. This model is developed on the basis of theoretical
framework. It shows a linear relationship between repackaging and competitiveness.

Technology

Customer Response

Competitiveness
Financial Stability

Nature of the Product

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

2.5 Summary of the Chapter

28
The 4Ps should be aimed at attracting and maintaining the customers. The study has outlined
various marketing strategies used in product firms in order to overcome stiff competition in the
market. The methods or marketing strategies should be well applied and managed so as to
achieve greater sales and make market leader which always emerge the best over competitors.
Packaging really affects the buying behavior of some individual looking at the young people,
packaging provides the manufacturer with the final opportunity to persuade prospective buyer
prior to brand selection. The purchase decision is a series of choices or judgment made by a
consumer prior to making a purchase.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction
This chapter contains the research design target population i.e. census, data collection instrument
and procedure. It also shows the validity and reliability of research instruments used in the study
data analysis and presentation.
3.1 Research design
The research study adopted a descriptive research design study. The descriptive survey was
carried out on supermarkets in Bansi Supermarket, Migori Branch. The design was be
appropriate as it allowed full and in-depth coverage of the region under study.
3.2 Target population
The study targeted the senior management, accountants, sales, marketing executives and
purchasing officers in Bansi Supermarket Migori totaling 50 respondents. The respondents
provided primary data on the contribution of repackaging product to organization
competitiveness.

Table 3.3 Target population

Population Target population

Managers 3

Accountants 4
Sales & marketing 33
Purchasing 16

29
 Total 50
Source: Author (2020)

3.3 Data collection instruments and procedure

The researcher used questionnaire in collecting data. The questionnaires included both closed-
ended and open – ended questions. Closed- ended questions were used to elicit specific
responses while open- ended questions allow for greater depth of response.
3.4 Validity and Reliability of research instruments.
Primary data was collected by administering open and close-ended questionnaire
to the respondents. To collect the data questionnaire was considered the most
convenient tool this was because, it was cheaper and use of structured questions
meant that standard data was collected from all respondents without bias.
3.5 Data analysis
Collected data was be edited by the researcher who carefully examined the completed
questionnaires to ensure that the data collected was accurate, consistent, uniformly entered and
completed to facilitate coding. Tabulation coding and charts were done to assign numbers to
answers and it was necessary for efficient analysis.
3.6 Research Gap
This chapter presented the methodology that was used in the collecting and analyzing data. The
chapter began with the research design, followed by the population, data collection methods,
research procedures and data analysis and methods. Chapter four will present data analysis and
presentation of the findings.

30
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION
4.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the data obtained from the field. Data collected was completed, coded and
edited to determine accuracy and completeness of the questionnaires. Data was presented in the
form of tables and charts then analyzed.
4.1 General information
The information on personal details of the respondents was sought for the reason of determining
the respondent’s education level, work experience and position in work place.

4.1.1 Level of education

Table 4.1 Level of Education

Level of education Frequency Percentage

Secondary 9 22.5
College 17 42.5
University 14 35
Total 40 100
Source (author 2020)
The respondent sought out to identify the education level of the respondents. The table above
shows that 22.5% of the respondents have secondary school certificate, 42.5% are college
graduate and 35% are university graduates.
These findings show that most of the supermarkets workers are college graduates. This clearly
indicates the level of competency in the organization.

31
4.1.2 Work experience
Table 4.2 Work experience

Years worked Frequency Percentage

1-3 14 35
3-6 10 25
6-9 8 20
Over 9 8 20
Total 40 100
Source (author 2016)
The respondents indicated the work experience they have. It was important as it shows the time a
manager has operated in that supermarket. The table above shows that 35% of the respondents
have worked for 1-3 years, 25% has worked for 3-6 years, another 20% have worked for 6-9
years, and the remaining 20% have worked for more than 9 years
From these findings most of the managers were having less experience which shows that they
have not worked for a long period hence less level of competency in the work place.
4.1.3 Work place position
Table 4.3 Work place position

Job Description Frequency Percentage

Managers 2 4
Accountants 2 4
Sales and Marketing 30 60
Purchasing 16 32
Total 40 100
Source (author 2020)

The respondents sought to identify their work place position. The table shows that 4% of
respondents are managers, 4% are accountants, 60% are sales and marketers and 32% are
purchasing officers.

These findings shows that majority of staff are sales and marketers. This clearly indicates level
of competency in the organization.

4.1.4 Reasons for repackaging products.

Pie chart 4.4 Reasons for repackaging products

32
 Frequency

branding; 8; 20%
competitive products; 11; 28% competitive products
attraction of more customers
breaking bulk
branding

breaking bulk; 9; 23%

attraction of more customers; 12; 30%

The researcher found it important to establish the reasons for repackaging products by
supermarkets. Repackaging is one of the major marketing strategic applied by supermarkets.
According to the table below shows that 27.5% of the respondents repackage their products for
competitive purposes. 30% of the respondents repackage their products to attract more
consumers, 22.5% repackage their products to break bulk and 20% repackage their products for
branding purposes.

4.1.5 Effectiveness of repackages strategy

Pie chart 4.5 Effectiveness of repackages strategy

33
 Frequency

very effective
effective
effective; 21; 53% very effective; 19; 48% less effective
not effective

Source: Author (2020)

The researcher found out that it was necessary to identify the effectiveness of repackaging
strategy in attracting and maintaining consumers. This is shown in table 4.7 below where 47.5%
of the respondents indicate that repackaging strategy is very effective, another 52.5% indicate
that repackaging strategy is effective and none of the respondent selected less effective and not
effective.
From the above findings it is clear that repackaging strategy is effective in attracting and
maintaining consumers.

34
4.1.6 Reasons for repackaging products.
Chart 4.6 Reasons for repackaging products

Frequency
Competition; 8;
20%

Legal requirement;
11; 28%

Cost; 9; 23%

Customer requirements; 12; 30%

The researcher sought out to know the factors considered by supermarkets when repacking their
products. The study showed that 27.5% of the respondents consider the nature of the product
when repackaging their products 22.5% consider the cost when repackaging their products, 30%
consider customer response and 20% considers technology.
From the above findings it is clear that customer response are the major factor considered when
repackaging products.

35
4.1.7 How Customers rate repackaged products

Bar chart 4.7 how customers rate repackaged products

Percentage
Frequency

The researcher sought to find out how customers rate repackaged products. From the bar chart
22.5% of the respondents selected excellent, 35% selected very well, 25% selected good, 17.5%
selected fair and none of the respondents selected poor. From the above findings it is clear that
customer’s rate repackaged products as very good.

36
4.1.8 Sales of repackaged products

Bar chart 4.8 Sales of repackaged products

Series 3
Frequency

The researcher found it important to establish the sales of repackaged products as compared to
other products. From the bar chart 4.8, 65% of the respondents say that the sales are better, 35%
say that the sales are same and none of the respondents selected worse.
It is clear that the sales of repackaged products are better than other product.

37
4.1.9 How challenges affect repackaging services
Table 4.9 How challenges affect repackaging services

Extent of the Strongly affect Affect Do not affect Strongly do not

effect affect
Challenges F % F % F % F %
Cost 17 42.5 13 32.5 10 25 0 0
Competition 10 25 16 40 7 17.5 7 17.5
Untrained staff 8 20 13 32.5 11 27.5 8 20
Storage capacity 8 20 11 27.5 12 30 9 22.5
Materials for 13 32.5 11 27.5 7 17.5 9 22.5
repackaging
The researcher sought out to know the extent at which the challenges affect repackaging
services. From the table 4.9, 42.5% of the respondents indicate that cost strongly affect
repackaging services, 25% indicate that competition affect repackaging services, 20% indicate
that untrained staff affect repackaging services,20% indicate that storage capacity do not affect
repackaging services and 32.5% indicate that materials for repackaging strongly affect
repackaging services. From the above findings it is clear that cost and materials for repackaging
strongly affect repackaging services

38
 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMAR OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction
This chapter discusses the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation of the research
study. The summary of the findings is based on the analyzed facts in the quantitative analysis
where numerical values were used to explain the effects of dependent variable and independent
variable. The findings contributed towards answering of the research questions and making
conclusions of the research study. To improve organization competitiveness, the study gave
recommendations on how the management should keep always training their workers on
repackaging so that they keep changing their product and remain competitive in the market.
5.1 Summary of the Findings
Repackaging is one of the major marketing strategies applied by supermarkets, from the findings
on the general information it is clear from the on level of education that majority of supermarkets
managers are college graduates as compared to University graduates and secondary graduates.
For job description, majority are sales and marketing officers. In terms of working experience
majority of the respondents have operated in the firm for three years. This shows a lot of
competence on part of the management.
On the findings on reasons for repackaging, it was established that the main objective was to
attract more customers, for competitive purposes then to break bulk and for branding purposes
respectively. This shows that products are repackaged in order to create a positive perception in
consumers mind.
On effectiveness of repackage strategy, respondents indicate that it was effective compared to
very effective. For this finding it was clear that repackaging is effective in attracting and
maintaining customers.
On the factors considered when repackaging products, the finding shows that customer response
was the major factor considered. In regard to most organizations customer is the prime factor to
be considered for the success of the organization.
Findings on how customer’s rate repackaged products, it was evident that customers rate
repackaged products as very good. On the sales of repackaged products, the respondents say that
sales are better; from this it is clear that repackaged products are better than other products.
After examining the data that was collected it was concluded that customer response was the
main and primary factor for repackaging in order to gain competitive advantage in the industry.
39
5.2 Limitation of the study
During my study the challenges faced were that there was low response on part of management
due to the fear that information could be leaked to their competitor and this lead to the delay in
filling the questionnaire due to workload on part of the management. In most cases they were not
willing to fill the questionnaires even after providing letter of confirmation from the college. The
senior personnel were non-committal to give information, delegating the duty to middle level
managers.
Another limitation of study was time and financial constraints. Also different schedules for the
officers delayed picking of questionnaires and these lead to picking of lesser questionnaires than
the number I took
5.3 Discussions of key findings
5.3.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
The study established that the suppliers supplied the same products to the organization. In
relation to statements on bargaining power of suppliers, the study established that it is not
difficult for their suppliers to enter their business. Also the study established that purchases from
the suppliers represent a large portion of the suppliers business and that Migori stock various
brands from different suppliers hence reducing power of suppliers. If a specific supermarket
accounts for a large part of suppliers group’s profit or volume, however, the suppliers will be
forced to protect the industry by offering reasonable pricing and help in activities like lobbying
and R$D (Matsa,2011)
5.3.2 Current level of competitive rivalry
The study also established that there were many competitors in the supermarket industry. The
main competitors in Bansi Migori branch were Tuskys, Mureithi, Maish, and Jitahidi among
other retail shops. The study found out that the price variation, promotions and improved
customer service are the main strategies used in supermarket and have increased
competitiveness. Lal and Rao (2009) states that opposition amongst competitors takes various
common forms that include price discounting, innovative products introductions, advertisements,
and general service improvements.
The study also found out that supermarket’s products are unique; there are clear leaders in the
market that the supermarket offer low fixed costs. Without a business leader practices that are
more often than not desirable for the business usually go without being enforced Smith (2004).

40
Also, it was established that Bansi Supermarket, Migori Branch store that their products to sell at
the best times, that there are small number of competitors in the supermarket and it is easy for
competitors to abandon their product.
5.3.3 Threat of substitutes
The study established that there were threats of substitutes in Migori supermarket .Most threats
were emanating from chain stores and specialized sores. This implies that there were threats of
substitutes in the supermarket industry hence Migori must be strategic in a position to overcome
the threats Solomon(2004).Substitute services or products limits the profit of a supermarket
considerably by placing a ceiling on prices Davis (2006). In regard of statement in relation to
threat of substitutes, the study found out that Bansi Supermarket, Migori Branch products
compared favorably to possible substitutes and that it is costly for their customers to switch to
other products with the respondents agreeing to a great extent. The substitution threat can also
change in favor of supermarket that bodes well for its future growth potential and profitability
Brooks (2005); Davis (2006) and
5.3.4 New entrants in the supermarket
In relation to new entrants in the supermarket, the study found out that there were new entrants
into the supermarket in the last two years. This new entrants were Tuskys and Suntec
supermarkets. According to Marques (2000),frequently new entrants to a business I most cases
come along with aspiration and the new capacity to gain market share which exerts more
pressure on expenses, prices and the rate of investment needed to be complete. Further, the study
revealed that customers are loyal to their brand. This indicates that despite the new the new
entrants, the customers will not shift hence the threat of new entrants is minimal. Study also
established that assets needed to run their business are unique hence low threat of new entrants
David (2008)
In addition study revealed that a new competitor will have difficulties in acquiring/obtaining
customers hence the competitor may not be a threat to existing supermarket which has already
established. Hence, according to study, high initial costs for starting a supermarket and assets
needed to run the supermarket are unique. Nevertheless, new competitor will not have
difficulties acquiring needed inputs to compete efficiently or have difficulties in obtaining
customers Monroe (2007)
5.3.5 Comparison with Other Empirical Studies

41
It has been demonstrated that supermarkets is not just a retail shop a one-stop shop with all under
one roof strategy. This is easily seen in recent supermarket which has been embraced. This gives
the customer more convenience as they are able to do their shopping at one go, contrary to
traditional kiosk which involves a whole day of errands before you are through with your
shopping. The argument here is that, supermarkets provide speedy and reliable way to do one’s
shopping.
Njenga (2006) argued that the growth of the economy has come with rise in competition.
Supermarket is quickly diffusing into small town’s ad secondary cities to target poorer
communities in Kenya. The pattern of expansion in Kenya is similar to that of South Africa. This
brings more advantage since customers don’t need to go too far to get services of these retail
outlets. Some of supermarkets in fact transport goods to customers home hence creating more
sales as the customer is not worried of who and how to carry the shopping’s. Such advantages as
Michael Porter and others have documented is fundamental to the economic growth of the
country.
5.4 Conclusions
From the findings, we can conclude that for a supermarket to remain competitive through
repackaging strategy it has to understand prevailing challenges within the environment and this
will influence the approach or strategy to be implemented to counter these challenges. This will
enhance competition in the supermarket. Customer responses were considered the most
considerable factor to be key objective since customers are the most important people in each
and every organization for the survival and growth of the business. Then the nature of the
product, the supermarket should adhere to policies, rules and procedures of kebs. The most
prevalent challenges among respondents in Bansi supermarket include cost of repackaging,
untrained staff and materials for repackaging. This is among the common challenges that greatly
influence Bansi supermarket operations and performance. It was concluded that management
should find ways of eliminating the challenges by training the workers on how to repackage
products provide adequate finance and use quality materials.

5.5 Recommendations
The researcher recommends that: Management should keep always training their workers on
repackaging of products so that they keep changing their products and remain competitive in the
42
market. Secondly the management should keep checking that the customer requirement is met so
that they maintain their customers and attract more leading to increase in sales and the
management should form a committee to deal with the complaints from customers concerning
products. Furthermore, the products should be repackaged in small packs for the common
mwananchi to afford and also quality materials should be used for repackaging and lastly
provision of adequate finance and enough facilities for repackaging.
5.6 Suggestion for further study
The researcher recommends the following areas for further study: First, study on repackaging of
products and its implication on consumer perception. Second, study on repackaging and its
contribution to the competitiveness of a product should be done elsewhere other than
supermarkets in Migori. Furthermore the study recommends further studies be conducted to
cover other major upcoming supermarkets in Migori like Maish and Sinende supermarket. This
will ensure that the findings obtained are representative of most key players in supermarket
industry. Further studies should also be conducted on all other branches of the Bansi
supermarket.

REFERENCES
Baker M. (1996) Marketing: An introductory text, (6th Ed) London Macmillan Press Limited.
Bearden W.O et al (2004) Marketing Principles and Perspective (4th Ed) New York, McGrew-
Hill / Irwin.

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Berko with et al (1994) Marketing (5th Ed.) Mc Grew Hill Company.
Cooper, D.R., &Schindler, P.S. (2006).Business Research Methods. New Delhi: Tata McGraw
Hill.
David J (2003) Principles and Practice of Marketing (5th Ed.), McGrew –Hill Companies.
Kerin A, (2004) Marketing Irwin McGrew –Hill Company.
Kepha, M.M. (2008).Responses to competition and survival Strategies (Unpublished MBA
Research Project).University of Nairobi, Kenya
Kortler, P (2001) Principles of Marketing USA, Prentice Hall.
Kotler, P (2003) Marketing Management India USA, Prentice Hall.
Kotler and Armstrong, G, (2001) Principle of Marketing (9th Ed.) New York: Pearson
Educational Inc.
Porter, M.E. (1980).Competitive Advantage. New York: Press
Peatties K and S. Peattie (1993) Sales Promotion: Journal of Marketing management.
Robert M (1997)/ Contemporary Strategy Analysis, New York, Black Marketing
Management.
Round, D, K. (2006).The power of two: squaring off with Australians large supermarket chains.
Moore P. (2004). The art of packaging, NZ Business (New Zealand)
Mugenda, O. & Mugenda, A.G (1999); Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches, Nairobi: Africa Centre for Performance and Evaluation Studies.
Mugenda, O.M &Mugenda A.G (2003).Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative
Approaches. Acts Press, Nairobi
Kimani, F.M (2007).Competitive Strategies used by small scale information Telecommunication
firms in Nairobi Kenya

44
 1: QUESTIONNAIRE
This research is a requirement for fulfillment of The Diploma in Supply Chain Management at
The Eldoret National Polytechnic. The major aim of the study is to determine the effects of
repackaging of product on organization competitiveness at Bansi Supermarket, Migori Branch.
This questionnaire is part of an academic exercise to help me to collect information about the
topic. The information that you provide will be treated with confidentiality; none of the
information revealed in your responses will be attributed to you or the company. Tick or state
where applicable.
PART A.
1. Academic qualification (tick one)
a) University

b) College

c) Secondary

2. How long have you worked in this organization?

a) 1-3 yrs.

b) 3-6 yrs.

c) 6-9

3 What is your position in the supermarket?

a) Manager

b) Accountant

45
 c) Sales and Marketing

d) Purchasing

PART B

4. What is the reason for repackaging products?

a). Competitive products

b). Attraction of more customers

c). Breaking bulk

d). Branding
5. How effective is the packaging strategy?
a) Very effective
b)
c) Effective

d) Less effective

If other, specify…………………………………………………..

6. What are some of the factors considered when repackaging products?

(a) What are the effects of technology on organizational competitiveness in Bansi

supermarket?
(b) What are the effects of the customer response to repackaging products on organizational
competitiveness?
(c) How does financial stability affect repackaging of the products on organizational
competitiveness?

46
 (d) How does the nature of the product affect the repackaging of products on the
organizational competitiveness?
If others, specify ………………………………………………………..
7. How do customers rate the repackaged products?
a) Excellent

b) Very good

c) Good

d) Fair

e) Poor

8. How is the sale of repackaged products increase after repackaging?

a) Better

b) Same

c) Worse

9. How do the challenges affect repacking service?

a) Strongly affect

b) Affect

c) Do not affect

APPENDIX: BUDGET PLAN

47
 Item Quantity Unit price Total (ksh.)

STATIONERY Pens 10 20.00 200.00

Pencils 5 40.00 200.00

Full carp 5 reams 500.00 2500.00

Sub-total 2900.00

TYPING,PRINTIN Internet service 800.00 800.00

G AND INTERNET
SERVICE

Flash disc 2 400.00 800.00

Typing 55 3.00 165.00

Printing 73 5.00 365.00

Photocopy 73 4.00 292.00

Contingencies 2000.00 2000.00

Sub-total 4922.00

TOTAL 6722.00

48