CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

Overview:

As humans became overwhelmed with the digitalized world and profit-oriented

culture, Mother Nature is unnoticed at the verge of death. The environment of today
has greatly influenced by the influx of globalization. As a result, various problems
have been encountered because of the insatiable greed of individuals to accumulate
wealth and power. One laws of nature clearly states that “there is no such thing as
free lunch”. In other words, what we do to and/or how we treat our environment will
have a corresponding consequence.
With this reality in this time of pandemic, this chapter highlights the nature,
characteristics and related topics requisite to environmental awareness, protection,
and conservation. It also discusses the social and psychological effects of
environmental problems to humans.

General Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the students can:
1. explain the importance of environmental education and different
environmental laws.
2. discuss biodiversity of organism in the ecosystem and varied types of
environmental protection.
3. determine solutions to environmental issues and concerns and establish the
contributions of youth for its protection.

Nature of Environmental Education

WHAT TO EXPECT?
 Explain environmentalists’ view on environments and its nature.
 Distinguish social issues and injustices affecting the environment.
 Identify solutions to address environmental injustices.

PRE-DISCUSSION
 Read the lyrics of the song “Masdan mo ang Kapaligiran” by Asin and answer
the question below.

1. What is the message that the song wants to convey?

2. What do you think is your contribution to the current plight/status of our
environment?
3. How can you make a difference in protecting the mother earth?

Environmental Education has been introduced in the Philippines Education

System for many years, but it has never been properly and strongly addressed to all
to ensure functional environmental progress.
The goal of environmental education is to have an environmentally literate and
responsible citizenry who will ensure the protection and the improvement of the
environment and bring about sustainability of resources on earth for the survival and
stability of life.
Environmental Education Defined:
 A process of teaching and learning, helping people to acquire understanding,
skills and values that makes them active and informed citizens in the
development and maintenance of an ecological, sustainable and socially just
society.
 Contextualizing environmental issue within the physical, biological, social,
economic historical and cultural imperatives of the Philippines.

Environmental Care
Cedeno (2001) clearly explains in her book that the environment is rapidly
emerging as one of the key issues that will characterize the post Cold War-world
order. She says that:
̋ We are now living in a world that is not getting any bigger and not
replenishing enough to meet global demands. We should be genuinely alarmed by
what is happening to the ozone layer, biodiversity and about the effects of
deforestation.”
Similarly, Deacon Djiniyinin Goudara of _____ states that:
“The land is my mother. Like a human mother, the land gives us protection,
enjoyment and provides for our needs-economic, social and religious. We have
human relations with the land: mother, daughter, son. When the land is taken from
us or destroyed, we feel hurt because we belong to the land and we are part of it.”

In other words, the survival of this planet depends on the ability of human
beings to co-exist peacefully with their natural environment. Industrialization,
modernization, soil, air and water exploitations contributed immense harm, threat,
and havoc to the quality of human, animal and plants lives.
Hence, there is a close connection between man and the environment; as
such, there is an inter-connection between social and environmental injustices. What
happen to the environment is due to the existence of social problems. Hence, both
need to be addressed to solve the problem.
Environmental Problems, its issues and concerns in the Community
Worldwide in developed and developing counties environmental problems are
among the most important concerns facing people and their governments, the
problems include population growth, poverty, deforestation, pollution of water, air
and soil, waste disposal and loss of species.
There are risks associated with all of these problems that are affecting almost
every activity in life. Living always polluting especially when one fails to manage it,
and there is no escape from it. The ever-increasing human and animal pollution
cause environmental degradation and over exploitation of the natural resources.
Thus, out “Mother Earth” is facing problems that are not only local but most of which
are global problems. These environmental problems become issues for all of us to
solve. The concerns in solving such problems are so limited. It seems that not all are
helping to save our planet earth which is the only planet we have can support life.
With Philippine progress in industry and technology at this point in time, the people
are threatened with increasing awareness about pollution of the air, water, land and
noise.

Ecosystems in the Philippines

Biodiversity in the Philippines is unique. This means many of the life forms
(plants and animals) that are found in our country are found nowhere else in the
world. A key to understanding this uniqueness is the knowledge of the habitats
ecosystems where these plants and animals are located.

A. Agricultural Ecosystem

Agriculture is said to be the “backbone” of our country’s economy since most

Filipinos depend on farming. The depend on agriculture for sustenance and
survival Natural farming and tilling of the land or soil is more recommendable
than using high yielding varieties because it can preserve the environmental
ecosystem. Using chemicals and fertilizers threatens the soils’ ability to recycle
nutrients and good materials for plants. Beside chemicals killing the healthy soil,
they also burden the farmers because of expensive costs.
B. Coral Reef Ecosystem
Philippines has some of the richest and most diverse coral reefs in the world if
left disturbed, the animal populations of the reef will increase in number. The
reefs provide recreation and tourism opportunities due to its magnificent beauty.
Hence, taking good care of the coral reef ecosystem is essential.

C. Freshwater Ecosystem
Water is life. All living creatures depend on it. Clean water means clean
ecosystem as a whole. Once a body of water is polluted, the living things within
will die and those which or who depend on them will also be affected. Eventually,
human beings will also suffer because of their life depends on water; drinking,
bathing, washing clothes and other cleaning activities.

D. Forest Ecosystem
A healthy forest ecosystem is “productive”. Productivity means efficient use of
the natural resources or materials available in the system without external inputs
(fertilizers, pesticides, artificial light, etc.) and without leaving behind any harmful
effects. The importances of ecosystem are as follows:
1. They are habitats for diverse species
2. Provide raw materials for pharmaceutical products.
3. Provide raw materials for breeding higher-yielding strains. (banana, avocado,
cashew, cacao, palm oil, rubber, coffee, etc.).

Forests also prevent flood absorbed water from existing trees supply water to
the creeks and streams so that they never run dry. Some of these water go down
to the soil layer to form the underground wells and springs which supply potable
water to nearby communities. Forests help stabilize the climate by regulating the
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, thus maintaining the earth’s
temperature.
 E. Marginal Ecosystem

Marginal ecosystems are people-induced ecosystem. Usually occurring in the

circumference of other ecosystems, these are converted systems of forests,
cropland, and coastal areas.
F. Mangrove Ecosystem
Mangrove ecosystems are located in saltish water and muddy portions of the
coastline where the freshwater from rivers and saline water from seas meet.
Mangrove plants, which people considered unvaluable, can be made into
charcoal. Mangrove ecosystems provide food and shelter to various marine
organisms from its prop roots (roots emerge from the water up and are toward
the water to threw bottom soil, forming umbrella-like structures). Also, mangrove
species provide physical barrier from storm. They prevent soil erosion and
pollutants.

G. Sea grass Ecosystem

Sea grass ecosystems are called the meadows of the sea. They are the
source of food for plant-eating animals such as seacows or dugong, sea urchins,
turtles, and other fishes, ducks and geese also eat on the exposed beds during low
tide. In this manner, the energy produced by the seagrass from photosynthesis is
passed on to other organisms.
The shady effect of sea grass protects the organisms from strong sunlight and
temperature and salinity fluctuations. Sea grass acts as nurseries for the very young
fishes and ensures the sustainability of fish production.

H. Soft bottom Ecosystem

This ecosystem is found in the open seas beyond light penetration from a
depth of 50 meters up to more than 10,000 meters deep.

I. Urban Ecosystem
Urban ecosystem refers to the loci of human activities. In an urbanized place,
street patterns exit, town hall, church and market, public plaza, schools, hospital and
other similar establishments are existing. Population is one indicator of urban
ecosystem. As the population increases, poverty rate also increases. Since the
consumption of natural resources is increased, the system’s capacity to produce
supplies is also reduce.

POLLUTION

Pollution is defined as the altercation of our surroundings, wholly or largely

as a product of man’s actions, through direct or indirect effects of changes in every
pattern of chemical and physical constituent of organisms. It is the change in the
environment that makes it impure or unclean. Usually the changes are poisonous or
harmful to life processes. It occurs when waste products are added to the
environment. Pollutants can be solids, Liquids, or gases. Pollutants are everywhere
in the air, in water ways, and in the soil.

Classification and Sources of Pollution

 Air Pollution

The problem of air pollution has become a worldwide phenomenon. If left

unabated it can cause major health problem and even death. In Metro Manila air
pollution has reached the alarming levels with a Total of suspended particles
(TSP) as much as five times greater than the World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of particulate matters of 10 microns (PM 10) and the lead levels even
higher as two (2) times than the guidelines.

Air pollution is a type of pollution derived from the mixture or collection of

additional loads of chemicals produced by natural components of the atmosphere,
thereby, producing harmful effects to living systems.

The following are the major sources of Outdoor Pollution:

 Burning of fossil fuels for power consumption

 Photochemical and industrial smog
 Volcanic eruptions which emit sulfur dioxide and suspended particulates
 Forest Fire, “Kaingin”, or, the Fire and lightning
 Evaporation of volatile organic compounds from decaying organic matters
 Natural Radioactive 222-gas from uranium deposits
The chemical substances from varieties of sources contribute to air pollution.
These are nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and organic compounds that can
evaporate and enter the atmosphere.

Indoor Air Pollution – is a type of pollution derived from the accumulation or build
up of chemicals inside the office, building, houses, school, commercial store and are
harmful to health.

Noise Pollution- is a type of pollution produced by a loud and disturbing sound of

vehicles and other equipments. Big factories produce disturbing sounds including the
vessels.

Light Pollution- this pollution is commonly found in the urban areas. Examples of
this are lights from the streets. Also, vehicle lights become the main cause of
vehicular accidents.

 Effects of Air Pollution

Air pollution is responsible for major health effects. Every year, the health of
countless people is ruined or endangered by air pollution.

 Damage of Human Health

 Overloading and degrading of the body’s defense mechanisms
 Chronic Bronchitis
 Emphysema (rapture of Lung air sacs)
 Lung cancer
 Damage of plants that lead to dehydration and inhibition of photosynthesis
 Damage of materials e.g. discoloration of clothing materials and cars
 Depletion of ozone layer
  Increase global warming caused by “green house effect”

 Air Pollution – Solutions

Air pollution because of its disastrous effects need to be curbed. In order to
accomplish this, government, scientists and environmentalist are using or testing a
variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution. There are two main types of air
pollution control:

 Protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful
ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature;
 Promote and protect the global environment while recognizing the primary
responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental
problems;
 Recognize that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is
primarily area-based;
 Recognize that the clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and
should, therefore, be the concern of all.

 Coverage of the Clean Air Act

 All potential source of air pollution (mobile, point and area sources) must be
within the air quality standards
 Mobile sources refer to vehicles like cars, trucks, buses, jeepneys, tricycles
motorcycles and vans.
 Point sources refer to stationary sources such as industrial firms and the
smoke stacks of power plants, hotels and other establishments.
 Area sources – refers to sources of emissions other than the above
mentioned these include smoking, burning of garbage, and form
construction, unpaved ground etc.

What the NSTP students can do to help clean the air?

The CWTS students can conduct information campaign related to the “Clean
Air Act”, informing the community people on how to help clean the air.
 For vehicle owners/motorist:
- Maintain vehicle by changing oil regularly (every 5,000 kilometer)
- Keep the engine well-tuned based on the owner’s manual
- Keep tires properly inflated
- Plan trips and observe proper driving habits
- Remove unnecessary things from the trunk. Don’t overload and travel only at
speed required by traffic regulations and road conditions
 For commuters:
- Try talking to the jeep/bus/tricycle driver about the high health risks of poor
vehicle maintenance and improve driving practices
- Patronize the mass transit such as bus, train (MRT, LRT)
 For Office Workers:
- Reduce use of air conditioners
- Make sure that lights are energy efficient
- Use company vehicles wisely
- Use natural lighting by opening window curtains at daytime

 At Home:
- Use low watt bulbs or energy saving light
- Limit the use of air-conditioning units a few degree higher
- Don’t burn garbage
- Avoid using aerosols
- Properly dispose refrigerant, refrigeration, equipment and use coolant
 For everyone:
- Talk to people on what they can do about pollution
- Report smoke-belchers to LTO, MMDA, and/or the appropriate local
government units
- Walk or ride in mass transit transportation
- Stop burning of garbage in community
- Plant trees
- Don’t smoke in public places
  Water Pollution
It is defined as the physical or chemical change in the surface and ground of
water caused by pollutants that affect living organisms. Water pollution is intensified
by the increasing population;
a. Major sources of water pollution
 Point source – a source of pollution that discharges pollutants into bodies of
water to specific location
 Non-Point Source – a source of pollution that are widely scattered and
discharges pollutants over a large sea.

b. Water pollution-causes
The dumping of sewage, sludge, garbage and even toxic waste/pollutants
from houses, industries and even government into the water makes it polluted, yet
the government does not care or give attention to it. This problem has arisen from
the very beginning and, still continuous. If this goes on and on, many living species
as well as human being will be killed and ecosystem will be destroyed.

c. Water Pollution-Effects
Both government and non-government projects are implemented and carried
out to clean up the water like the “Clean Water Act”, industries are beginning to
reduce waste disposal from water and making of degradable products.

3. Solid Waste/land Pollution

This types of pollution refers to the presence of any solid waste in the land
that is injurious to the health of human beings, animals and other living organisms.
Solid waste takes up space and produces unpleasant smells.
d. Cause of Garbage
- Effects of “thrown-away and disposable society”
- Overpopulation
- Overproduction of non-biodegradable materials
- Medical waste
- Household waste
 -
1. Solid Waste and its Disposal
 Landfills – designed to reduce the amount of waste that leaks out into the
environment
 Incineration – the process of reducing solid waste by burning it first. This
causes fly Ash, gases, and particular matter in the air.
 Ocean Dumping – discharge of wastes into the ocean.

Effective ways of Recycling and Reducing Non-Biodegradable and Degradable

Commercial products in the market are utilized non-biodegradable products
which contribute to the growing amount of environmental waste if not properly
disposed.
Ecological Waste Management (EWM) through zero-waste concept is
primarily concerned with maximizing opportunities and mobilizing school resources
to achieve the vision and goals of sustainable Earth and Society through the low-
technology approach concept.

Nature of Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Wastes

1. Biodegradable Waste
They are compostable and can be reused as feeds, fermentable, fuel and fertilizers.
Examples are rotten vegetables and fruits, dried leaves, left over foods, etc.
2. Non-Biodegradable Wastes
They are factory returnable and can serve as potential sources of livelihood project .
Examples are metals, plastics, glass etc.

The 4r’s of Waste Management-Guiding Principle

1. Reduce – avoid wasteful consumption goods
2. Reuse – reuse items that are useful instead of throwing them away
3. Recycle – the process whereby portions of these wastes are sorted out and
used for something of benefit.
4. Repair – repair reusable items to make them functional rather than throwing
them.
Simple and Effective Ways of 4R’s (Personal Waste Management)
 Avoid over-packed goods
 Avoid disposable goods such as throw-away razors, pens, papers, and lately even
disposable cameras
 Buy food in bulk and patronize products whose contents are refillable.
 Buy durable products
 Practice composting (e.g. yard clipping and leaves)
 Patronize recycled and recyclable goods. There are different kinds of plastics.
Avoid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers, often used as cooking oil and salad
dressing bottles. Avoid containers made from multiple layers of plastics such as
squeezable bottles. These are virtually non-recyclable. Chlorinated Polyethylene
(CPE) plastics are highly recommended instead.
 Patronize products that are made from renewable, rather than, non-renewable
resources.
 When buying products such as shampoo and other toiletries, choose those with
as little packaging as possible. Avoid products which use numerous and
unnecessary layers of plastics, cardboard and Styrofoam as they will only add to
garbage you throw out. Choose products with reusable or recyclable containers.
Jars and tin cans can be reused at home instead being thrown away as garbage.
 Recycle paper. It is one way of saving our trees. Use backside of used paper as
scratch pad. You can also send all your used paper to RECYCLING CENTERS.
You may have one in your neighbourhood. Share your magazines, newspapers
and comic books with your friends.
Global Warming

Greenhouse Effect
Like the glass panes in the greenhouse, gasses in the earth’s atmosphere
permit the sun’s radiation to heat the earth; however, the infrared energy radiated
back out of the earth to escape into space.
 Depletion of the Ozone Layer
The ozone layer is a thin band in the stratosphere located at the upper part of
the atmosphere. Its function is to shield the earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet
rays.

Poverty
The connection between poverty and environmental concerns is clearly
established. More than one billion people are considered absolutely poor and every
day more than half-million children die of disease and malnutrition.

Overpopulation
Destructions of the environment and over-population are interrelated
problems of world-wide interest and concern.

Sustainable Development
It is the idea of providing/supplying the needs of the present generation
without sacrificing the needs of the future generation.

The following are suggested ways to preserve the environment:

 Encourage discussions of the positive and negative consequence of global
environmental issues.
 Foster the value of abandoning norms of excessive consumption and profit
maximization which underlie global degradation.
 Provide avenues that address the concerns/issues on environmental
mismanagement.
 Motivate citizens to actively participate in community-based campaigns for
clear air, land and water, as well as the conservation of forests and
endangered species.

Summary:
Environmental Education underscores environmental awareness,
environmental care and preservation. Its primary aim is to inform humanity of the
pros and cons of their attitudes and actions toward the Mother Nature. The main
 goal of environmental education is to establish an environmentally literate and
responsible citizenry who will ensure the protection, improvement, and preservation
of the environment and responsibly manage the sustainability of resources on earth
for the survival and stability of life.

Agricultural ecosystem, coral reef ecosystem, freshwater ecosystem forest

ecosystem, marginal ecosystem, mangrove ecosystem, sea grass ecosystem, soft
bottom ecosystem and urban ecosystem are what constitute Philippines’ biodiversity.
There are classifications and sources of Pollution. These are air Pollution, water
pollution, Indoor Air Pollution, Light Pollution, and Noise Pollution.

Air pollution control aims to protect and advance the right of the people to a
balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature;
On one hand, Clean Air Act refers to the protection of humans against all potential
source of air pollution (mobile, point and area sources) must be within the air
quality standards.

Meanwhile, global warming is connected to the following: greenhouse effect,

depletion of the Ozone Layer, Poverty, and overpopulation. There are 4 R’s
proposed by Waste Management-Guiding Principle: reduce, reuse, recycle and
repair. The youth of today can play a crucial role to preserve our air. Through
NSTP, CWTS students can conduct information campaign related to the “Clean
Air Act”, thereby informing the community people on how to help clean the air.

ACTIVITY 5
A.
1. Discuss your insights on the following.
- Causes of the gradual loss of our natural resources. Relate these to the
security and quality of life of the people.

2. Discuss the causes and effects of pollution.

-Recommend measures on how to prevent pollution in the community.
3. What is the status of the Solid Waste Management program in the community
where you belong?
4. How does the local government or barangay unit undertake the program?
5. As a member of the community, what role will you take to help in the proper
management of wastes?
CHAPTER 6 Drug Education

Overview:

Drugs have been with man since the beginning of time. Drugs then were
naturally extracted from plants and used in rituals, ceremonies and entertainment
purposes. Many civilizations have come and go but the presence and abuse of drugs
remain. Ancient civilizations like Assyria, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India have
experienced the influence of drugs. China almost fell apart because many of its
people became dependents of drug use and abuse. In the modern times, illegal
drugs are still a major problem of different states and societies. International trade
and sale of these illegal and health-risk commodities are still rampant. This material
is designed to inform you about the different classification of drug and drug abuse,
their harmful effects on the body and the present drug scenario in the Philippines.
Common and informative terms encountered in drug education are also included.
You will also learn about the effects of drug addiction to self, family, community and
the country as a whole.

General Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the students can:

1. explain and its harmful effects.

2. discuss Republic Act No. 1965, the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of
2002.
3. discuss the harmful effects substance use and abuse on the individual, family
and community
4. explain the health, socio-cultural, psychological, legal, and economic
dimensions of substance use and abuse

WHAT IS DRUG?
A drug is a chemical substance that brings about physical, emotional or
behavioural change in a person taking it.
WHAT DRUGS ARE COMMONLY ABUSED?
Drugs that are commonly abused depending on their pharmacological affects may
be classified into:
 Stimulants-drugs which increase alertness and physical disposition.
Examples:
Amphetamine, Cocaine, Caffeine, Nicotine
 Hallucinogens (also called psychedelics) – drugs which affect sensation,
thinking, self awareness and emotion. Changes in time and space perception,
delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations may be mild or overwhelming,
depending on dose and quality of the drug. Examples: LSD; Mescaline and
Marijuana
 Sedatives – drugs which may reduce anxiety and excitement. Examples:
Barbiturates, non-barbiturates, tranquilizer, Alcohol
 Narcotics – drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep. Examples: Opium
and its derivatives such as Morphine, Codeine, Heroin.

WHEN IS DRUG HARMFUL?

Any drug may be harmful when taken in excess. Some drugs can also be
harmful if taken in dangerous combinations or by hypersensitive (Allergic) persons in
ordinary or even small amounts.

ARE PRODUCTS OTHER THAN DRUGS EVER ABUSED?

Yes, substances like glue, paint thinners, gasoline and other volatile
(breathable) solvents contain a variety of dangerous chemicals. They should be sold
and used with caution.

WHAT IS DRUG ABUSE?

Drug abuse is the use of any chemical substance, licit or illicit, which results in
an individual’s physical, mental, or social impairment. It may refer to any of the
following practices:
  Using, without benefit or prescription, useful drugs which have the capacity to
alter the mood or behaviour.
 Using drugs and substances for a purpose different from the one from which
the drug has been prescribed.
 Using drugs and substances having no legitimate medical application for
purposes other than research.

WHY DO PEOPLE TURN TO DRUGS?

There are various reasons- ranging from the reason that “medicines” can
solve problems, to widespread access to various drugs. To “peer pressure” to the
notion that drugs give enjoyment to users and in the context that is used as an
alcohol substitute.

HOW CAN YOU TELL WHEN ONE IS ABUSING DRUGS?

A lot of changes- in behaviour, in appearance and in mood-occur in a person
who is abusing drugs. Sudden changes occur in the person’s disposition from
pleasant to unpleasant Thus He-
 Is often associated with known drug abusers
 Is irritable, discourteous, defiant and aggressive
 Is untrustworthy and lacks self confidence
 Is unhealthy and unconcerned with good grooming
 Has a low frustration tolerance
 Lacks interest in his studies/ work

 Blames everybody but himself for his problems

 Prefers his “barkada” where he feels accepted
 Frequently goes to odd laces (to take drugs)
 Unusually weal sunglasses at inappropriate time
 Unusual wear borrowing of money and at times stealing various items
 Has abrupt changes in overall attitude
 Develop changes in attendance in school or at work
 Develop changes in normal capabilities in school/ work
WHAT ARE THE ILL-EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE?
Drug abuse leads to medical and health problems. The physical complications
depend to an extent on the specific drug. Its source and the way it is used. Among
the physical and mental complications associated with drug abuse are:
 Malnutrition – The lies of drug dependents resolve around drug abuse. They
miss their regular meals because they lose their appetite.
 Panic Reaction – The loss of thought processes can cause panic reactions or
feelings or invulnerability. Both of these states can lead to injury and death.
The prolonged harmful reactions include anxiety and depressive states, or
breaks with reality which may last from a few days to months.

Physical damages

In addition to those diseases which accompany the use of unsterile syringes

and contaminated drugs may cause certain medical problems. Liver and kidney
damage may result when large quantities are taken. Many who abuse drugs also
neglected personal hygiene, which can lead to multiple health problems. Kidney
failure hepatitis, drastic weight loss, and vitamin deficiencies are some of the
adverse physical complications.

The life of drug abusers is dreadful one. To support the habit they resort to
committing crimes like stealing, prostitution and gambling, which hamper their
emotional maturation.

WHAT CAN A PERSON DO TO PREVENT DRUG ABUSE?

 Maintain good physical and mental health

 Use drugs properly. Most drugs are beneficial when used under medical
advice.
 Understand your own self. Accept and respect yourself for what you are.
 Develop your potentials. Engage in wholesome, productive and fulfilling
activities
 Learn to relate effectively to whom you can communicate your problems
freely.
  Learn to cope with your problems and other stresses without the use of drugs.
 Seek professional help if you feel you cannot cope with your problems.
 Develop strong moral and spiritual foundation.

HOW CAN YOU AVOID DRUG ABUSE?

 Feel better about yourself – believe that you are unique, valuable, capable
and lovable
 Make a list of everything you do well, Ask other people what you can do well.
Listen to other people’s comments about you, but don’t let them put you
down.
 Find ways by which you can turn your weaknesses into strengths
 Find out what is really important
 Make effective decisions- use your intuition- do what you feel is right. Or use
reason- work out what is involved, the outcome you want, your opinions, the
risks you will take. Then decide and act. Finally, review you decision.

HOW CAN YOU KICK THE HABIT OF DRUG ABUSE?

1. First of all, you have to want to change

2. Next, you have to be clear about exactly what you want to change, e.g. stop
taking marijuana, shabu, etc.
3. Draw a plan based on what you know about yourself.

4. Take one step at a time.

5. Stick to it.
6. If you don’t stick to it, change the plan.
7. Reward yourself for your efforts.

HOW CAN YOU MANAGE THIS CHANGE?

1. Understand that you have to go through a range of feelings in any major

change. Don’t deny your feelings; let them out.
2. Ask other people to help you- your parents, your friends, your family doctor,
your teacher or your spiritual director.
 3. Know what you want from the change.
4. Relax.
5. Keep to a regular routine (sport, reading, socializing with people who don’t
use drugs).
What is Republic Act No. 9165?

Republic Act (R.A.) No, 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive

Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, which was passed into law on June 7, 2002,
overhauls the 30-year old Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972. The new law increases
penalties for drug related offenses while placing more emphasis on the rebuilding of
lives through rehabilitation and treatment.
The law is primarily designed to safeguard the wellbeing of its citizenry
especially the youth from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs. Its provisions
against the use of dangerous drugs show the intent of the present legislature to
pursue an intensive and unrelenting campaign to eliminate the drug menace and
reintegrate its victims into society.

PROHIBITED ACTS

What are the considered unlawful by the Act?

The law imposes the penalty of death and a fine extending to P10million of
persons who shall import or bring in to the country, see, administer, trade, dispense,
deliver, distribute to another any dangerous drugs. The same is true for those shall
maintain a den, dive, or resort where any dangerous drug is used or sold, and
against those who shall engage in the manufacture of dangerous drugs.
R.A. 9165 likewise imposes capital punishment to those who shall possess any of
the following dangerous drugs:
 10 grams or more of opium
 10 grams or more of morphine
 10 grams or more of heroin
 10 grams or more of cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride
 50 grams or more of methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu”
 10 grams or more of marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil
  500 grams or more of marijuana
 10 grams or more of other dangerous drugs such as but not limited to the
MDMA or “ecstacy”, PMA, TMA, LSD. GHB and those similarly designed or
newly introduced drugs and their derivatives.
Those found positive for use of drugs shall be place in rehabilitation centers for a
minimum period of six months, but those who will be caught for the second time will
be sent to jail and made to pay a fine.

UNLAWFUL ACTS FINE IMPRISONMENT

Importation of Dangerous
drugs and/ or Controlled
P500 T – P10 M Life imprisonment to death
Precursors and Essentials
Chemicals
Sale: Trading:
Administration: Delivery
Transport and Distribution P 500 T- P10 M Life imprisonment to death
of Dangerous Drugs and/
or Controlled Precursors
Maintenance of a Den,
P500 T- P10 M Life imprisonment to death
Dive or Resort
Employee and visitors of a 12 years and one (1) day
P100 T- P500 T
Den, Dive or Resort to 20 years
Manufacture of Dangerous
and/or Controlled
P500 T-P10 M Life imprisonment or death
Precursors and essential
Chemicals
Illegal Chemical Diversion
12 years and one (1) day
of Controlled Precursors P100 T- P500 T
to 20 years
and Essential Chemicals
Manufacture or Delivery of
Equipment and other
Paraphernalia for 12 years and one (1) day
P100 T- P500 T
Dangerous Drugs and/or to 20 years
Controlled Precursors and
Essential Chemicals
Possession of Dangerous P 500 T-P 10 M Life imprisonment to death
Drugs
Possession of Equipment,
Instruments, Apparatus Six (6) months and one (1)
P 10 T- P 50T
and Other Paraphernalia day to four (4) years
for Dangerous Drugs
Possession of Dangerous
Drugs During Parties,
P500 T-P 10 M Life imprisonment to death
Social Gatherings or
Meetings
Possession of Equipment,
Instruments, Apparatus
and Other Paraphernalia Six (6) months and one (1)
P 10 T- P 50 T
for Dangerous Drugs day to four (4) years
During Parties, Social
Gatherings or Meetings
Six (6) months in
rehabilitation center
None for 1st offense
minimum for the first
Use of Dangerous Drugs offense
Six (6) years and one (1)
P 50 T- P 200 T for 2nd
day to 12 years for 2nd
offense
offense
Cultivation of Culture of
Plants Classified as P 500 T – P10M Life imprisonment to death
Dangerous Drugs
Failure to Maintain and
Keep Original records of
One (1) year and one (1)
Transactions of P 10 T- P 50 T
day to six (6) years
Dangerous Drugs and/or
Controlled Precursors
Unnecessary Prescription 12 years and one (1) day
P 100 T- P 500 T
of Dangerous Drugs to 20 years
Unlawful Prescription of
P 500 T – P 10 M Life imprisonment to death
Dangerous Drugs
What are considered Dangerous Drugs?
 The term dangerous drugs pertains to those listed in the schedules annexed
to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol,
and in the Schedules annexed to the 1971 Single Convention on Psychotropic
Substances enumerated in the attached annex of R.A. 9165.
R.A. 9165 gives a single definition to dangerous drugs, removing the
distinction between prohibited and regulated drugs. The old law defines the term “
dangerous drugs” as pertaining to either “prohibited drug” or a “regulated drug”.

What happens to confiscated, seized and surrendered dangerous drugs, plant

sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals,
instruments/ paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment?
The Philippines Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) shall have custody of all
dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals as well as
instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment that are confiscated, seized
and/or surrendered.
The apprehending team or the group in custody of the confiscated drugs shall
immediately prepare an inventory and photograph the items in the presence of the
accused or his counsel, a representative from the media and the Department of
Justice (DOJ) and any elected public official. The items will then be submitted to the
PDEA Forensic Laboratory for examination. Within 24 hours after receipt of the
items, the Forensic Laboratory examiner shall issue a certification of the laboratory
results.
The court shall conduct an ocular inspection of the confiscated items 72 hours
after the filling of the criminal case. The PDEA shall then destroy or burn the items in
the presence of the accused, a representative from media and DOJ, civil society
group and any selected official. However, a representative sample shall be retained.
After the judgement has been rendered in the criminal case, the trial
prosecutor shall inform the Dangerous Drugs Board that the case has been
terminated and ask permission from the court to turn over the representative sample
to the PDEA.

Can the accused plea- bargain or invoke the Probation Law?

 A person charged under any provision of R.A. 9165 shall not be allowed to
avail of the provision on plea- bargaining. Persons convicted for drug trafficking or
pushing under this law cannot avail of the privilege granted by the Probation Law.

Can a violator of R.A 9165 still save himself from going to jail?
A person who can five information for violation of Section 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13 and 16
of R.A. 9165, or those committed by a syndicate or give information leading to the
whereabouts, identities and arrest of all or any of the members thereof and who
willingly testify against such persons shall be exempted from prosecution or
punishment he must also meet the following conditions:
 The information and testimony given are necessary for the conviction of the
persons described above
 Such information and testimony are not yet in the possession of the State
 Such information and testimony can be corroborated on its material points

 The informant or witness has not been previously convicted of a crime

involving moral turpitude
 The informant or witness shall follow any condition imposed by the State

Who are required to undergo Drug Testing?

The following should undergo drug testing:
 Applicants for Driver’s License
 Applicants for firearm’s license and permit to carry firearms
 Students of Secondary and tertiary schools
 Officers and employees of public and private offices
 All persons charged before the prosecutor’s office of a criminal offense
punishment with imprisonment of not less than six (6) years and one (1) day.
 Candidates for public office whether appointed or elected in the national and
local government

Who shall conduct the drug testing?

Any government forensic laboratory or any drug-testing laboratory accredited
and monitored by the Department of Health shall conduct drug tests.
ROLES OF FAMILY, STUDENTS, TEACHERS AND SCHOOL AUTHORITIES

What are the roles of the family, students, teachers and school authorities in
the campaign of the government against illegal drugs?
 The family shall educate, make family members aware of the illegal effects
of drugs and closely monitor family members who may be prone to drug
abuse.
 Student councils and campus organizations should include their activities
a program for the prevention of drug use and the referral of drug-
dependent students for treatment and rehabilitation.
 School curricula of public and private schools should include instruction on
drug abuse, prevention, and control.

 As persons in authority, school heads, supervisors and teachers can

apprehend arrest or cause the arrest of any person who violates any of the
unlawful acts enumerated in Art. II of R.A. 9165.

What is expected from the Department of Education and other government

agencies in the education sector?
The Department of Education and the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA) shall develop, publish and distribute information,
and support educational materials on dangerous drugs for students, faculty, parents
and the community.

What is the special Education Center?

A special education center shall be established in each province to sponsor
drug-prevention programs and information campaigns and educate the out-of-school
youth and street children on the harmful effects of drugs.
PARTICIPATION OF THE PRIVATE AND LABOR SECTORS, DEPARTMENT OF
LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT (DOLE) AND THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS
Private companies should adopt a national drug abuse prevention program in
the workplace developed by the DOLE. The program should include company
policies against drug abuse after consulting with the DOLE, labor and employer
organizations and human resource development managers.
What is the role of labor organizations?
Labor unions, federations, associations or organizations should include in
their collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) programs and information campaigns
for laborers against illegal drug use.
What is expected of the local government units?
1. Local governments should allocate a substantial portion of their annual
budgets to assist in the enforcement of the R.A. 9165.
2. A city or municipality may create an administrative board to hear complaints
regarding public nuisances.

A place, which had been used twice or more as the site of the unlawful sale or
delivery of dangerous drugs, may be declared to be public nuisance. The city or
municipality may then create an administrative board to hear complaints
regarding this.

PROGRAMS FOR DRUG TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION

R.A. 9165provides for both a voluntary submission program and compulsory
confinement for the rehabilitation and treatment of drug dependents.
How is the voluntary submission program conducted?
1. A drug dependent may voluntarily apply with the dangerous Drugs Board
for treatment or rehabilitation. It can also be done by a parent, spouse,
guardian or relative.
2. The Board shall refer the matter to the court.
3. The court shall order that the applicant be examined for drug dependency.
4. If the applicant is found to be drug dependent by a DOH-accredited
physician, the court shall order the applicant to undergo treatment and
rehabilitation for a period of not less than six (6) months.
5. After confinement in a center for treatment and rehabilitation, the court
shall determine whether the drug dependent will undergo further
confinement.
6. After the applicant has been temporarily released, he will still be required
to report to the DOH for aftercare and follow-up treatment.
How will the drug dependent benefit from this program?
Aside from benefiting from treatment and rehabilitation, the drug dependent shall
also be exempt from the criminal liability imposed for drug use. However the
applicant should meet the following requirements:
 Compliance with rules and regulations of the rehabilitation center
 Has not been charged or convicted of any offense under R.A. 9165 or R.A.
6425 or the Revised Penal Code
 Poses no threat or danger to himself, his family and the community

Applicants who cannot meet these rehabilitated after the second commitment to
the Center, shall be charged for violation of Section 15 (Drug use)
A drug dependent who escapes from the Center may submit himself for
recommitment for one week.
If he fails to submit himself within one week, the Dangerous Drug Board shall
apply to the court for his recommitment. If he escapes again, he will be charged for
violation of Section 15 and be placed under compulsory confinement.

How does the Compulsory Confinement work?

Any person found to be dependent on dangerous drugs shall, upon petition by
the Dangerous Drug board, be confined for treatment and rehabilitation. A petition for
confinement may be filed by any person authorized by the Board with the Regional
Trial Court.
The court shall issue an order of commitment to the treatment and
rehabilitation center.
A person charged with an offense where the impossible penalty is
imprisonment of less than six (6) years and one (1) day, and is found by the
prosecutor or by the court to be a drug dependent may also be committed under the
Compulsory Submission Program. The on-going case shall then be suspended and
records will be transmitted to the Board. The latter will then file a petition before the
court for the drug dependent’s confinement.

What will happen to the records of those under the Compulsory Submission
Program?
 Just like those committed under the voluntary submission program, the
records of a drug dependent who was rehabilitated and discharged from the center
under the compulsory submission program shall be confidential and will not be used
against him for any purpose.
The opposite happens to a dependent who was not rehabilitated or who
escaped but did not surrender himself within the prescribed period. His records shall
be forwarded to the court which will determine their use.

What will happen to a first time minor offender?

The sentence of an accused, who is over 15 years when found in possession
of dangerous drugs (Section 11) but not more than 18 after judgement against him is
rendered, may be suspended.
To avail of the privilege, the minor should meet the following:
 Has no previous conviction under R.A. 9165 and/or the Dangerous Drugs Act
of 1972
 Has not been previously committed to a center or to DOH-accredited
physician
 Favorable recommendation by the Board for a suspended sentence

During the period of suspension sentence, the offender shall be under the
supervision and rehabilitative surveillance of the board from six (6) to 18 months. If
he complies with all the rules of the Board, the court shall discharge the accused.
The court shall render judgement and sentence the accused if the latter fails
to follow the rules of the Board and the center. However the court, in its discretion,
may place the accused under probation or impose community service instead of
sending him to jail.

THE DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD AND THE PHILIPPINE DRUG

ENFORCEMENT AGENCY

What are the function of the Dangerous Drugs Board and the Philippine Drug
Enforcement agency?
 The Dangerous Drug Board is the policy-making and strategy-formulating
body in the planning and formulation of programs on drug prevention and control. It
is composed of 17 members to ensure wider presentation. It shall promulgate rules
and regulation to carry out the provisions of R.A. 9165.
R.A. 9165 also mandates the creation of the Philippine Drug Enforcement
Agency (PDEA). This shall serve as the implementing arm of the Board and will carry
out the national drug campaign.
The PDEA shall have custody of all dangerous drugs seized, and establish
forensic laboratories in each PNP office. It shall cause the filing of the appropriate
criminal and civil cases for violation of all laws on dangerous drugs. It is also
required by R.A. 9165 to establish and maintain a national drug intelligence system.

What will happen to existing drug offices?

The present Secretariat of the National Drug Enforcement and Prevention
Coordinating Center shall be modified and absorbed by the PDEA.
The PNP narcotics Group, the NBI Narcotics Division and the Customs
Narcotics Interdiction Unit are abolished but they shall continue with their task as
detail service with the PDEA.
They will continue to discharge heir functions until such time that the
organizational structure of the PDEA is fully operational and the number of PDEA
Academy graduates is sufficient.

What is the role of the PDEA Academy?

The PDEA Academy shall be responsible for the recruitment and training of
PDEA agents and personnel.
Graduates of the PDEA Academy shall later comprise the operating units of
the PDEA.

PROSECUTION OF CASES

What court shall hear and try drug cases?

 The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing
Regional Trial Courts in each judicial region to try and hear cases involving violations
of R.A. 9165.
The Department of justice, on the other hand, shall designate special
prosecutors who will handle these cases.

What will happen to a government official or employee who fails to appear as a

witness?
Any government office or employee tasked with the prosecution of drug-
related cases who, through patient laxity, inexcusable neglect, unreasonable delay
or deliberately, causes the unsuccessful prosecution and dismissal of the said cases
shall be imprisoned for 12 years and one (1) day to 20 years.
OVERSIGHT AND MONITORING FUNCTION

What is the composition and function of the Congressional Oversight Committee?

R.A. 9165 creates a Congressional Oversight Committee. It is composed of
seven members each from the Senate and the House of Representatives. The
Committee shall be headed by the respective chairpersons of the Senate Committee
on Public Order and illegal Drugs, and the House Committee of Dangerous Drugs.
The Oversight Committee shall set the guidelines to monitor and ensure the
proper implementation of R.A. 9165. It shall submit periodic reports to the President
and Congress, the determine inherent weakness in the law and recommend the
necessary measures.

Summary:

Prolonged and continues use of drugs leads to developing tolerance to drugs

which eventually leads to drug addiction. Severe dependence and health problems
related to drug use can lead to hospitalization, rehabilitation, and even death. It is not
only the drug user’s life that is destroyed by the continuous and prolonged use of
dangerous drugs. The family, the community, and the nation as a whole are also
greatly affected.
 The illegal use of drugs is a serious threat to the national security and socio-
economic instability of nations, as it poses danger to human lives, particularly the
younger generations. The fight against illegal drugs has been a worldwide effort, with
countries adopting different strategies to control and eradicate illegal drug use and
abuse. The United Nations (UN) has urged governments, society, and media to
exhaust all resources to help raise awareness on the harmful effects cause by illicit
drugs on humanity and on the inhumane way of profiting from the production and
sale of these drugs.

In the Philippines, both the private and public sectors have joined hands in
fighting the illegal use and abuse of drugs. One of the effective preventive efforts by
the government is the inclusion of drug education in the Philippines education
curriculum.

ACTIVITY 6

Answer briefly the following questions:

1. What are the general symptoms of drug abuse?

2. Differentiate the effects of stimulants from depressants.
3. Why do young people turn to drugs?
4. What should the NSTP students do to help prevent drug abuse?
5. Do you think the efforts of the government enough to combat drugs related
problems?