Process variability

Paint thickness
μ = 25 microns

σ = 2 microns

Spray painting of Car body

 Chance or common variation
✓Humidity Viscosity of the paint/Density of paint

✓Voltage fluctuations Flow rate of the paint

✓Temperature Viscosity of the paint/ Density of paint

Chance or common variation arises due to a number of

randomly occurring events/factors
 Assignable or Special Variation

Size of can Volume of paint deposit

Operator Painting procedure

Maintenance of spray gun Flow rate of paint

Assignable or special variation arises due to specific events or

factors that can be usually identified and corrected (if required)
 ✓ Sample of 5 car bodies each shift

UCL (Upper control limit) = (μ) + (3 σ / √n) 27.7 microns

LCL (Lower control limit) = (μ) + (3 σ / √n) 22.3 microns

What level of confidence we are talking about here??

99.74%
Sampling distribution vs. process distribution
Certain characteristics even when the process is under control

✓Trend

✓Cycle

✓Bais

✓Too much dispersion

 Control charts for attributes
✓ When process characteristics is counted rather than
measured

Paint thickness
Proportion of defective items
UCLp = (p) + 3 sqrt { p(1-p)/n }

LCLp = (p) + 3 sqrt { p(1-p)/n }

p = Average fraction defective

n = Sample size