INTRODUCTION

Seagrass is a high-level plant (Angiospermae) that has adapted to be

able to live immersed in sea water. Seagrass is a fully adapted plant that can
live in the marine environment. The existence of seagrass in the sea is the
result of several adaptations carried out including tolerance to high salinity,
the ability to plant roots on the substrate as anchors, and also the ability to
grow . Seagrass also has the characteristic of not having a stomata,
maintaining a thin cuticle, shrizogenous development in the lacunar system
and the presence of a diaphragm in the lacunar system. One of the most
important things in the reproductive adaptation of seagrass is hidrophilus,
which is its ability to pollinate under water.
Adaptation of mangroves anatomically to soil conditions and lack of oxygen is
through a typical root system, and lentisel at the root of the breath, stems and
other organs. There are three forms of root systems in mangrove plants,
namely root lutur (knee roots), for example in Bruguiera spp., which provides
an opportunity for oxygen enters the root system, breath root (pneumatophore
roots), for example in Sonneratia spp., and Avicennia spp. that appears on the
surface soil for aeration, and stilt roots, for example in Rhizophora sp. shaped
like an anchor, useful for supporting trees. Basically the root system of
mangrove plants consists of three component, namely the aeration
component, which is the part of the root that sticks out to the part
top of the root system and functions as a gas exchange, component
absorption and anchoring, functioning to form a anchorage base on the entire
system and to carry out nutrient absorption, and components network, which
is the horizontal part that extends and functions together with absorption and
anchoring of the root system. In addition to the typical root form and the
presence of lenticels in various organs mangrove plants, lack of oxygen can
also be overcome in the presence holes in the ground made by animals, such
as crabs. These holes carry oxygen to parts of the mangrove roots. This
condition occurs when the sea water recedes, so that the forest floor
mangroves when the low tide is not flooded overall. Almost all types of
mangroves, the leaves have a number anatomical appearance which limits
the loss of water vapor. This includes thick cuticles, wax layers, and hidden
stomata, all of which
found only on abaxial surfaces of some species, such as Sonneratia sp.,
Osbornia spp., Lumnitzera sp., and Laguncularia sp. The anatomy of
mangrove leaves is thus an adaptation to the conditions of the mangrove
environment that have sunlight and radiation generally high temperatures,
because mangroves grow in coastal areas and mostly in low / tropical
latitudes.
Physiological adaptations are seagrass, especially for mangrove is
have root hoods that can absorb nutrients and perform nitrogen fixation.
Meanwhile, to be able to keep his body afloat in a pool of water, seagrasses
are equipped with air cavities. The most important in the adaptation of
seagrasses is their reproductive method, namely hydrophilus. This is a way of
pollinating with water media or called pollination in water. In general
pollination is the process of falling pollen (pollen) into the stigma (stigma) so
that fertilization occurs.
Mangroves as a special group of halophytes have capacity hold high water
from the salted substrate. Mangroves can also maintain good water balance
because of the mechanism diverse settings, such as stomata behavior,
osmotic adjustment, level secularity, and excretion of salt (Tomlinson, 1986).
In general types of transpiration the mangrove is low, while the roots
continuously absorb watersalt. This causes the accumulation of salt in the
leaves. For overcome this problem some types of mangroves have
expenditure glands excretion gland on the leaves, while for the type of
mangrove that is not have salt excretion glands done by flowing salt to the
newly formed young leaves.
Mangrove vegetation has various anatomic adaptations in response
extreme conditions of growth, such as the presence of salt glands on secreter
group, and skin peeling on the non-secreter group as responses to saline
environments, typical root systems, and lenticel in response to soil that is
saturated with water, structure and position typical leaves in response to
sunlight and temperature high. Some mangrove species are tolerant of salt
concentrations in the tissue and salt are released through special glands
found on the leaves. Seagrasses are divided into two groups, namely (a)
secreter, ie type-mangrove species that have salt gland structures such as
Avicennia spp., Aegiceras sp., And Aegialitis spp., And (b) non-secreter,
namely types of mangroves that do not have salt gland structures such as
Rhizophora sp., Bruguiera sp., Lumnitzera sp., And Sonneratia sp. Almost all
types of mangroves, the leave have a number anatomical appearance which
limits the loss of water vapor. This includes thick cuticles, waxy layers, and
hidden stomata, and the environment where mangroves grow have sun
radiation and generally high air temperatures also encourage high
transpiration rates, but in reality mangroves has a low traspiration rate caused
by anatomic adaptation the leaves.

References :
1. Tanasale, M.F.J.D.P. 1997. Desalinasi dengan tanaman mangrove.
Jurusan
Kimia, FMIPA, IPB Bogor.

2. Adaptasi Tumbuhan Mangrove Pada Lingkungan Salin Dan Jenuh Air.

Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42320174_Adaptasi_Tumbuhan_Ma
ngrove_Pada_Lingkungan_Salin_Dan_Jenuh_Air . [accessed Dec 04 2018]

3. Tomlinson, P.B. 1986. The botany of mangroves. Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge.

Conclusion

Leaves on mangroves are of special characteristics such as leaf structure

with thick cuticles and epidermal, hypodermal, and mesophyl layers which are
of different thickness. The leaves of mangrove plants are thick, stiff, and
contain thick cuticle layers to prevent excessive evaporation of water.
Mangrove also presence of salt glands on leaves that used to secrete salt
(salt excrete) because its habitat is in the area of high salinity. Mangrove also
has fine hair on leaf surfaces, and stomata density on leaf surfaces that are
fairly high, used for reduce evaporation. All these special characteristics and
characteristics serve to adapt the mangrove environment which requires more
tolerance than other vegetation, such as tolerance to high salinity so that the
mangrove can survive.