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george A. Venus 09478132828

To Tito and late Naty...

george A. Venus 09478132828

george

Awinda Publication
Tughan, Juban, Sorsogon
1 13 SEPT 2020 COVID 19 2
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13. d(u/v ) = v du - u dv quotient rule
REVIEW OF DIFFERENTIATION dx dx dx
v2
AND INTEGRATION 14. dy = dy • du chain rule
dx du dx
IMPORTANT RULES ON DIFFERENTIATION
Solve for dy/dx
xn
1. d( ) = nxn-1
dx Example1 y=√x
2. d( any constant) = 0
dx
3. d( kxn ) = n•kxn-1 rewriting, y = x 1/2
dx rule 1 dy = d( x1/2 ) = 1 x 1/2 -1
4. d( f(x) ± g(x) ) = d(f(x) ) ± d(g(x) ) dx dx 2
dx dx dx dy = 1 x -1/2

5. d(sin x) = cos x dx 2
dx dy = 1 answer
6. d( cos x ) = - sin x dx 2x 1/2

dx
7. d( tan x ) = sec2 x
Example2
dx y = 100

george A. Venus 09478132828

8. d( cot x ) = - csc2 x
dx dy = d(100)
9. d( sec x ) = sec x tan x dx dx
dx rule 2 dy = 100•0x0-1
10. d( csc x ) = - csc x cot x dx dx
dx dy = 0 answer
11. d(ex) = ex dx
dx
let u = some function and v = other function, then
12. d(uv ) = v du + u dv product rule
dx dx dx
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d(uv ) = v du + u dv product rule
dx dx
Example 3 d((3x - 2x2)(5 + 4x)) = (5 + 4x)(3 - 4x) + (3x - 2x2)4
y = 5x4
dx
dy = d(5x4) dy = 15 - 20x + 12x - 16x2 + 12x - 8x2
dx dx dx
rule 3 dy = 5•4x4-1 dy = - 24x2 + 4x + 15 answer
dx dx dx
dy = 20x3
dx answer Example 6
y = 2x2 - 4x + 3
- 3x + 2
Example 4
y = 2x3 + 3x2 apply quotient rule
let u = 2x2 - 4x + 3 du = 4x - 4
dy = d(2x3 + 3x2) dx
dx dx v = - 3x + 2 dv = -3
rule 4 dy = 2•3x3-1 + 3•2x2-1 d(u/v ) = v du - u dv quotient rule
dx dx dx dx dx dx
dy = 6x2 + 6x answer v 2
dx d(2x2 - 4x + 3)
- 3x + 2 = ( -3x + 2 )( 4x - 4 ) - ( 2x2 - 4x + 3)(- 3)
Trigonometric function's example will be taken after the

george A. Venus 09478132828

dx ( - 3x + 2 )2
discussion of examples on chain rule.
= - 12x + 12x + 8x - 8 + 6x2 - 12x + 9
2

( -3x + 2 )2
Example 5 dy = - 6x2 + 8x + 1 answer
y = (3x - 2x2)(5 + 4x)
dx ( -3x + 2 )2
apply product rule
let u = 3x - 2x2 du = 3 - 4x Example 7 3√
if y = ( x2 + 2 )2
dx
v = 5 + 4x dv = 4
dx apply chain rule since the term inside the cube
root is a binomial and it is being squared
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Example 9 y = x3cosx, find dy/dx
let u = x2 + 2 du = 2x
dx
Solution
then y will become y = 3√u2 apply rule 12, product rule
rewriting y = u2/3 let u = x3
differentiating dy = 2/3u2/3 - 1 v = cosx
du du = 3x2
dy = 2u-1/3 dx
dv = - sinx
du 3 dx
dy = 2 dy = d(uv ) = v du + u dv
du 3u1/3 dx dx dx dx
dy = cosx•3x2 + x3(- sinx )
dx
applying chain rule dy = dy • du dy = 3x2cosx - x3sinx
dx du dx dx
dy = 2 • 2x dy = x2(3cosx - xsinx) answer
dx 3u 1/3 dx
dy = 4x
dx 3u1/3 Example 10
but u = x2 + 2 y = tanx , find dy/dx
therefore dy = 4x answer x
dx 2
3(x + 2)1/3

george A. Venus 09478132828

Solution
apply rule 13 quotient rule
Example 8 If y = x - 3sinx, find dy/dx let u = tanx
v=x
du = sec2x
dx
Solution dv = 1
apply rule 4 and rule 5 dx
dy = 1x1-1 - 3cosx v2 = x2 dy = d(u/v ) = v du - u dv
dx dx dx dx dx
dy = 1 - 3cosx answer v2
dx

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Solution Solution
dy = x•sec2x - tanx•1 apply chain rule
dx x2 let u = sinx
dy = xsec2x - tanx answer therefore y will become
dx x2 y = u2
differentiating the two equations
du = cosx
Example 11 y = sinx2 , find dy/dx
dx
dy = 2u
du
dy = dy • du chain rule
Solution dx du dx
apply chain rule dy = 2u•cosx
let u = x2 dx
then y = sinx2 but u = sinx dy = 2sinxcosx answer
will become dx
y = sin u
differentiating the two equations
du = 2x
dx
dy = cos u Example 13 y = 2x4 + 3cosx + sin(π/2)
du find dy/dx
dy = dy • du chain rule
dx du dx
dy = cos u•2x

george A. Venus 09478132828

dx
dy = 2xcosx2 since u = x2 sin(π/2) is a constant since there is no x variable in this term,
dx the equivalent value of π/2 in degrees = 90°, sin 90° = 1
answer
solution
apply rule 4
Example 12 dy = 2•4x4-1 + 3(-sinx) + 0
y = sin2x, find dy/dx dx
dy = 8x3 - 3sinx answer
note: sin2x ≠ sinx2 careful dx

rewriting y = sin2x = (sinx)2

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differentiating the first two equations
du = ex
Example 14 y = 3θsecθ, find dy/dθ dx
dv = cosx
dx
Solution appplying quotient rule dy = d(u/v ) = v du - u dv
apply product rule dx dx dx dx
here instead of variable x, it was replaced by variable θ v2
let u = 3θ dy = sinx•ex - ex•cosx
v = secθ dx sin2x
x
dy = e (sinx - cosx) answer
differentiating the two equations
du = 3 dx sin2x
dθ
dv = secθtanθ
dθ
dy = d(uv ) = v du + u dv product rule
dθ dθ dθ dθ
dy = secθ•3 + 3θ•secθtanθ
dθ
dy = 3secθ + 3θ•secθtanθ
dθ
dy = 3secθ( 1 + θtanθ ) answer
dθ

george A. Venus 09478132828

Example 15 y = ex find dy/dx
sinx

e is a constant which has a value = 2.72 approx., it is not

a variable

solution
apply quotient rule (rule 13)
let u = ex
v = sinx
v2 = (sinx)2 = sin2x

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Activity 1 differentiate

1. y = sin(x + 1) cos(x + 1 )
2. y = sin(x/2) 1/2 cos(x/2)
3. y = cos5x -5sin5x
4. y = cos(-2x) -2sin2x
5. y = sin(3x + 4) 3cos(3x + 4)
6. y = tan(5x - 1) 5sec2(5x-1)
7. y = 2sinxcosx 2cos2x
8. y = e-2xcotx -2x 2
-e (csc x + 2cotx)
9. y = √(sin4t) 2cos4t
√(sin4t)
10. y = 1/cosx tanxsecx

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Example 16 Use implicit differentiation to find
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION the derivative of a circle
x2 + y2 = 4
An equation in two variables x and y may have one
or more solutions for y in terms of x or for x in terms
of y. These solutions are functions that are said to
be implicitly defined. For example, the equation

y2 - x = 0

of a parabola implicitly defined two continuously

functions of x which is

y = √x
and y = - √x

Solution

differentiate each term d(x2) + d(y2) = d(4)

with respect to dx dx dx dx

differentiate each variable 2x dx + 2y dy = 0 since 4 = constant

george A. Venus 09478132828

dx dx

solving for dy/dx 2ydy = - 2x

dx
therefore dy = - x answer
dx y

if we want y to be written in terms of x use the equation x2 + y2 = 4

then solve for y
y = √(4 - x2)
Use implicit differentiation when the given equation is
not a function (mostly). therefore dy = - x answer
dx √(4 - x2)
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Example 18 Find the slope and equation of the
Example 17 Find dy/dx of xy = 1 tangent line to the ellipse given by
a hyperbola x2 + 4y2 = 4 at the point (√2 , - 1/√2).

Solution
differentiate each term d(xy) = d(1)
with respect to x dx dx
(We can differentiate this
in terms of y = 1/x = x-1
but where is the fun in

george A. Venus 09478132828

we have to find
that?) Use product rule let u = x du/dx = 1 dx/dx the slope, m = dy/dx
v=y dv/dy = 1 dy/dx at this point
applying product rule d(xy) = v(du/dx) + u(dv/dy)
dx
d(xy) = y•1 dx + x• 1 dy then use the value
dx dx dx of the slope to the
tangent line
y + x dy = 0 equation
dx y - y1 = m( x - x1)
dy = - y
dx x
since y = 1/x dy = - (1/x)
dx x
therefore dy = - 1 answer
dx x2
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Find the equation of the tangent line to the given curve at the given
Solution point
differentiate implicitly x2 + 4y2 = 4 4. x2 + y2 = 25 @(-4, 3)
d(x2) + d(4y2) = d(4)
with respect to x dx dx dx
2x dx + 2•4y dy = 0
dx dx
will become 2x + 8y dy = 0
dx
8y dy = - 2x
dx
dy = - 2x = - x
dx 8y 4y
at point ( 1.41, - 0.71) dy = - (1.41)
dx 4(-0.71)
slope, m = dy/dx dy = 0.4965 ≈ 0.5 ≈½ answer answer: y' = -x/y, m = 4/3
dx

to find the tangent line use

point slope form y - y1 = m(x - x1) 5. 4y2 - x2 = 7 @(3, 2 )
and point ( 1.41, -0.71) y - -0.71 = 0.5( x - 1.41)
y + 0.71 = 0.5x - 0.71
equation of the tangent line 0.5x - y - 1.41 = 0 answer

Activity 2 Find dy/dx implicitly george A. Venus 09478132828

1. 2x2 + 3y2 = 4 y' = - 2x

3y
2. 3x3y - y4 + 5x2 = -5 y' = -10x + 9x2y
3x3 - 4y3
3. x2 + xy = 2 y' = -(2x + y )
x

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george A. Venus 09478132828

wherein dx stands for a very small part of x added
INTEGRATION
together to form the area.
Just like the computer, mathematics has do's and
undo's. In calculus, the undo of differentiation is
integration and the undo of integration is differentiation.
∫ dx has no limit, that is why it is called
indefinite integral
INTEGRAL CALCULUS - is the topic in calculus which
deals mainly with areas under the curve plotted on b
rectangular coordinates.

INTEGRATION - is the process of finding the area of the

∫ a
dx
has a limit from a to b, that is
why it is called definite integral

curve plotted on rectangular coordinates.

PROCESS OF INTEGRATION
INTEGRAL - is the result of integration process. There
are two types of integral:
Indefinite integral - integral without limits Consider the function y = x2
Usually the result is another equation. differentiating dy = 2x
Definite integral - integral with limits dx
Usually the result is a value, number. we want to undo dy/dx = 2x
and return to y = x2 again...
The symbol for integration is the elongated s What shall we do? We know that 2x = 2x1

george A. Venus 09478132828

undoing 2x to return to x2 2x1+ 1

∫ will become
1+1
2x2 = x2
2
and is called the integral sign POWER RULE OF INTEGRATION
If y = xn

∫ dx - is called the integrand

meaning sum of dx
then
∫ xn dx = xn+1
+C
n+1

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