SEAT BELTS

BELT ANCHORAGES

SEATS

2
Buckle Up …For Life
 Why Use Safety Belts?
Because YOU are at risk!
 Every time you are in a car, you are at risk of getting into a
car crash
 Every 5 seconds a crash occurs.
 Every 7 seconds a property damage crash occurs.
 Every 10 seconds there is a traffic related injury.
 Every 12 minutes someone dies in a roadway crash.
 Every 4 days an employee dies in a work-related roadway crash.

 Most fatal crashes occur within 25 miles of home and at

speeds of less than 40 mph.
 1 out of 3 people will be seriously injured in a car crash
sometime during their lives.
 Safe Drivers Need Safety Belts Too

 Jumping off a three story building is similar to the force of a

crash at 30 mph.

 Crashing at speeds as low as 12 mph can kill an unbuckled

occupant.

 Safety belts reduce the risk of death for those riding in the front
seat by about 45%.

 Safety belts reduce the risk of death for those driving pickup
trucks by 60-65%. (NHTSA)
What are seatbelts?
> Mandatory safety feature provided
for each seat in the vehicle.
> Secures passengers by crossing
their chest/waist with a material
belt that fastens into the side of the
seat.
> Other safety features such as
airbags and head restraints are
more effective if the occupant is
wearing their seatbelt.
Importance of seatbelts
> Seatbelts reduce risk of
serious injury to the head,
chest and extremities by
50%-83%.
> Even with more
sophisticated safety
features, seatbelts are still
considered the most
important.
Importance of seatbelts
> Seatbelts reduce the movement of occupants inside
the vehicle during a crash.
» Body’s contact with other objects in the vehicle
(steering wheel, dashboard) is minimized.
» Prevents passengers from becoming projectiles in a
crash and potentially killing other occupants.
> Prevents occupants from being thrown out of the
vehicle.
» 3/4 of occupants ejected from a vehicle will die.
 NEED OF SEAT BELTS
The main purpose of seat belt is to restrain the occupant
and to minimize the body injuries in the situation of accident.

FITMENT OF SEAT BELT

Mandatory for driver and person occupying front seat
for all motor vehicles except 2 & 3 wheelers from April 1994
vide CMVR Rule 125/1993.

Fitment of seat belt on all front facing rear seat

mandatory for only M1 class (Ref. CMVR Rule 125-1A/ 2000) w.
e. f. 1st October 2002.

10
 Seat belts contd.
 The seat belts not
only stops the
movements but also
pulls the body
towards the seat.
 The retractor locks
the belts
mechanically but the
pretensioners with
load limiters pulls the
belts controlled by
processors.
 TYPES OF SEAT BELTS
Two point lap Three point belt
(static) belt

Static belt

Emergency
Locking Retractor
ELR
Pre-Tensioner
Load limiter

15
 SEAT BELTS COMPONENTS

BUCKLE ELR UNIT

TOUNGUE WEBBING

16
 Seat Anchorage Test

20
What are Airbags?
 Supplementary Restraint System for driver and/or
passenger safety in case of a crash.
 Basic Mechanism: A thin nylon bag in the steering
wheel / above glove compartment inflates in the event
of an impact and prevents the driver/passenger from
hitting the steering wheel/dashboard.
 3 Main Components: 1) Airbag module
2) Diagnostic Unit
3) Crash sensors
PURPOSE:
 It may be stored in door trim panels, roof trim panels,
or seatbacks
 Vehicles have air bags that deploy in frontal crashes to
protect front seat occupants; these are stowed in the
steering wheel (driver) and the instrument panel
(front passenger).
NEWTONS LAW:
 more momentum, harder the air bag will strike
 when body in motion, wants to resist changes in their
state of motion, like when coming in contact with an
air bag, is called its inertia
CONSTRUCTION:

Airbags are consists of following main

units.
1. Control Unit.
2. The Inflation Unit.
3. Airbag Unit.
4. Impact Sensor.
 Airbag Module
 Contains both inflator unit and light-weight fabric
airbag and is located either inside:
 1) Steering wheel hub
 2) Above glove compartment
 3) Near side compartment (as separate/combined
head/side/window-curtain airbag)
 Airbag: Thin nylon fabric bag folded neatly into
steering wheel that inflates to the size of a large
beach ball on impact.
Inflator unit:
Contains a number of sodium azide pellets which are
electrically ignited to produce N2 that then fills the
airbag.
This is preferred to storing compressed gas in the unit
(space, durability)
Both airbag and inflator unit are for single deployment
only – ie have to be replaced after a crash
 Air bags are fabric bags that are filled quickly with
a gas to provide supplement protection
 One or more sensors detect intensity and direction
of vehicle deceleration during a collision.
 The sensor sends an electric signal to start a
chemical reaction that inflates the air bag with
harmless nitrogen gas.
 Air bags have vents, so they deflate immediately
after cushioning you
 Airbags is one of the passive safety system which
prevents the person inside vehicle after accident
occurs
 Diagnostic Unit
 Enables inflator unit and sensors when vehicle is
turned on, performs self check.
 Constantly monitors airbag readiness and
indicates malfunctioning through an indicator on
dashboard
 Usually stores electricity to activate airbag in the
event that a crash damages the battery / link to
battery
 Sensors
• Several crash sensors located in the front of
vehicle and in the passenger compartment
• Each senses the sudden deceleration or impact
in the event of a crash and flips a mechanical
switch to indicate a crash.
The control unit includes the following
circuits :

Crash sensors and their associated wiring

harness
Diagnostic module with readiness indicator
Electrical System
With Airbag Modules Inflators
 IMPACT SENSORS
 Impact sensors are important components in
inflatable restraint systems
 several sensors are mounted in remote frontal areas of
the vehicle, wired in series or parallel combination
with a safing sensors located with the system
diagnostics
 The primary function of the safing sensors is to
prevent an accidental detonation from shocks and jolts
not related to the accidents
Types Of Sensors :
 Electromechanical Sensor :
 Electronic Sensor :
 Silicon Micro Machined Sensors :
THE INFLATION UNIT:
pyrotechnic inflators are an aluminium encased units that
contain an igniter (squib), gas generant pellets or wafers of sodium
azide propellent and the filters to screen out combustion process
when a sensor detects a sufficiently severe collision, the system
triggers an electrical signal that energizes the thin bridge wires in
contact with a few milligrams of an initiator pyrotechnic material
Clock Springs
•Located inside the steering
wheel.
• This device is used to
connect the hard wired air
bag harness to the systems
harness.
• while allowing the steering
wheel to maintain a full
range of motion.
Air Bag Circuit Harness and
Connectors.
•The air bag
harness and
connectors are
yellow in color.
•DO NOT ATTEMPT
ANY TYPE OF
REPAIRS ON THIS
CIRCUIT!
Typical Air
Bag Harness
Airbag Deployment
 Frontal crash scenario: Car crashes into an
obstacle (wall) at 20+ mph
 Sensors detect the deceleration and inflator
unit activated
 Deployment sensitivity: To guard against
accidental inflation on hard braking, sensors
detect collisions into a solid barrier at speeds greater than 8-14
mph only as impacts
 An electric current is used to heat a filament wire that ignites the
NaN3 capsules, producing N2:
2NaN3  2Na + 3N2
10Na + 2KNO3 K2O + 5Na2O+ N2
K2O + Na2O SiO2 alkaline glass (safe, unignitable)
130 g of NaN3 produces 67 ltrs of Na
Chemistry behind airbags
The mixture present in the airbags is of sodium azide (NaN3), together
with the fiberfrax material of potassium nitrate (KNO3) and silica (SiO2).
This mixture is ignited through an electrical impulse and causes relatively
slow detonation called as ‘Deflagration’
This liberates precalculated volume of nitrogen gas which in turn fills the
bag.
NaN32Na+3N2
Additional nitrogen gas is provided as,

10Na+2KNO3K20+5Na20+N2

Now the two oxides react with silica forming alkaline

silicate which is safe stable and unignitable compound.
K20+Na20+siO2Alkaline silicates (Glass)
Airbag Deployment
 The airbag then inflates fully at speeds > 320mph within 0.05s of
crash. For maximum safety, occupant must have seat belt on and sit
with chest 10” from steering wheel
 Immediately after full inflation, the airbag deflates through tiny
pores on the surface within 0.3s

Accelerometer
 AIRBAG UNIT:

sides airbags are constructed of circular shape with light weight nylon fabric
measuring 714 mm in diameter are 152 mm deep and fill volume of 65 liters

Passenger side airbags are of tear drop shaped may be as much several
times larger, and are designed to hold 100-300 liters.

passenger side unit must be designed to protect a large range of human body
sizes, shapes and weights

Nylon has higher specific heat and higher melting point as compared to
polyster materials, as well as greater heat of fusion
ACTUAL WORKING
entire inflation/deflation cycle takes
less than 1/2 second. The speed of the
airbag inflating is around 200 MPH*

The blink of an eye lasts 10 to 13

milliseconds.

Airbag Deployment

less than the space of two eye blinks an automobile’s air bag
sensor begin a process that could save person’s life in a
crash. Air bags are balloon type devices that inflate
automatically to protect the driver & front passenger if a
frontal collision occurs.
 Airbag After Collision
Airbag Before Collision
TYPES :
PASSENGER AIR BAG
DRIVERS SIDE AIRBAG
RISK AND DANGER FROM AIRBAG

air bags are small canister of sodium azide that releases

nitrogen gas and sodium hydroxide dust. This product is both
flammable and toxic

During pre-crash braking, an unrestrained passenger may be

thrown against the dashboard area, in immediate proximity to
an airbag. Since airbags inflate in less than 1/25th of a second,
faster than the blink of an eye, drivers and passengers who are
unrestrained or are wearing only the lap portion of their safety
belt can receive serious or even fatal injuries from deploying
airbags
ARMORED AIRBAGS TO PROTECT
VEHICLES FROM RPS AND ROAD
SIDE BOMBS
 Safety Tips
Airbags are a success. They've inflated in millions of
crashes, saved thousands of lives, and prevented many
more serious injuries

Children should put in the back and

using appropriate restraints for
youngsters' sizes, as the law requires in
all 50 states. we can eliminate the risk of
airbag inflation injury without getting
an on/off switch for the passenger
airbag. Restrain children in a back seat
DRIVERS CHECK

•When you get in your vehicle and turn the key, look at the
dash to find your Airbag or SRS(Supplemental Restraint
Systems ) light.
•It should come on for 7-10 seconds and then go out. This
tells you all is well with the Airbag System.
•If the light does not come on, HAVE IT CHECKED. After
all, it could just be a burnt out light bulb.
•If the light does not go off after this period(usually 7-10
seconds) there is a problem
•If the light comes on while you are driving, it also needs
attention.
•You need to take it to a repair shop that has the
equipment to diagnose and repair the problem.
.
 NEW TECHNOLOGY

 Reducing airbag inflation energy is a design change

that will lower injury risk, although it won't entirely
eliminate the risks, particularly for children
 The number of airbag deaths appears to be shrinking
even as the number of airbag-equipped vehicles
increases.
 Safety belts, both lap and shoulder, should be used
with airbags. Safety belt use, currently at 69 percent in
the United States, needs to increase.
 CONCLUSION

 Inflating in a fraction of a second immediately after a

serious crash begins, airbags become energy-
absorbing buffers between people and the hard
interior surfaces of vehicles.
 As belts offer more protection in other than frontal
type of crashes by preventing ejection from the
vehicles, air bags are only to supplement safety belts
and not to replace them.
Technology Enablers

• Accident Prevention Systems

• Drowsiness Warning

• Side Obstacle Advisory system

• ASR & ABS SYSTEM

• Adaptive Cruise control System

• Under Run Protections

• Night Visions
Accident Prevention System
ASR & ABS SYSTEM

 Anti slip regulation

enhances the torque
measuring the slipping
tendency at slopes. Also
helps at wet roads.
 Anti-lock brake system
controls the braking
pressure at wet , snow ,
slippery & at turning.
Adaptive Cruise control System

 The laser eye retards the

vehicle after sensing the safe
distance & prevents the
accidents. The rear eye also
warns the driver approaching
vehicles.
 At snow/wet slopes the
fine grip system through air
suspension equals the load to
all wheels. Also the
overpowering of engine is
reduced.
Front Under run Protection

 The use of energy

absorbing materials
can reduce a lot of
damage caused
underneath of the
heavy vehicles. The
front structure can also
absorb the impact in
case of accidents.
 Rear Under run
Protective Device

Vehicle
Force Transducer for measurement of anchoring
force arrangement to
ground
Servo-Hydraulic Actuator for static force
generation

TEST SET UP FOR RUPD

58
NIGHT VISION DEVICES
for looking in darkness
THANK YOU