RESEARCH WORK 3

POISONOUS PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Plant Poisons
Plant Poisonous Parts Poisonous Constituents Antidotes
Adelfa All parts of this plant, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, Digoxin-specific
(Nerium including the sap, either amino acids, phenols, Fab antibody
oleander) fresh, dried or boiled, are terpenoid, carbohydrates, loco fragments have
toxic. anthocyanidine, steroids, and been used
A single leaf intensively glycosides. successfully in an
chewed has been reported adult patient
to be lethal. intoxicated with N.
oleander

Chrysanthemum Leaves and flower Arteglasin A No Antidote

Tubang Bakod Seeds, fruit and sap No Antidote
Pobreng kahoy Stems alkaloid, coumarins, Latex boiled in milk
(Euphorbia polyphenols and tannins, and used as antidote 
tirucalli) triterpenes.
Apple fruit Seeds amygdalin -
Kamoteng kahoy Leaves and stems linamarin and lotaustralin -

Other Plant Poisons

Common Name Scientific Name Poisonous Constituent/s Toxic Parts
Rosary pea, Abrus precatorius Atropine, hyoscine The entire plant is toxic, but
crabseye, jequirity (scopolamine), and the beans are highly toxic to
bean hyoscyamine humans.
Belladonna, deadly Atropa belladonna Atropine All parts of the plants are
nightshade toxic.
Caladium Caladium bicolor Asparagine Leaves, roots, and stems
Elephant ear Colocasia Asparagine Leaves and stem
Dumbcane Dieffenbachia Raphides Stems, leaves and roots
Hyacinth Hyacinthus Oxalic acid Flowers and leaves
Oleander Nerium oleander Saponins, digitoxigenin, Leaves, flowers, twigs and
oleandrin, oleondroside, stems
nerioside
Mistletoe Phoradendron  Viscotoxins and lectins  Stems and leaves
serotinum 
Castor bean Ricinus communis Ricin Seed
Jerusalem cherry Solanum Solanocapsine All parts of the plant are
pseudocapsicum toxic.
Bitter bark Alstonia scholaris  Alkaloids, phenols, Leaves, bark and seeds
tannins, saponins,
terpenoids,
anthraquinones and
steroids
Bloodroot Sanguinaria Sanguinarine All parts of the plant are
 canadensis toxic.
Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum Nicotine Leaves, stems, roots and
flowers
Devil’s trumphet, Datura metel Scopolamine and atropine Seeds and foliage
betel nut
Nux vomica Strychnos nux- Physostigma, eserine Seeds and bark
vomica
Fish berries Anamirta cocculus picrotoxin Seeds
Nutmeg Myristica fragrans Myristicin and elemicin Seeds
Calabar bean Physostigma Physostigmine Seeds
venenosum
Wisteria Wisteria sinensis Lectin and wisterin seed pods and seeds
Flower and Garden Plants
Common Name Scientific Name Poisonous Constituents Toxic Parts
Monkshood Aconitum napellus Aconitine, mesaconitine, All parts of the plant,
and hypaconitine  especially the roots.
Autumn crocus Colchicum Colchicine and colchicines Flowers and seeds
autumnale
Lily-of-the-Valley Convallaria majalis Glycosides Stems, leaves and flowers
Larkspur Delphinium Norditerpenoid alkaloids Seeds
Dutchmen's Dicentra cucullaria Alkaloids Roots
breeches, Bleeding
heart
Foxglove Digitalis Digoxin and digitoxin
Iris Iris germanica Iridin, irisin, or irisine Roots
Vegetable Garden Plants
Common Name Scientific Name Poisonous Constituents Toxic Parts
Irish potato Solanum Solanine and chaconine Stems and leaves
tuberosum
Rhubarb, Boston Rheum Oxalates Leaves
Ivy rhabarbarum
Trees and Shrubs
Common Name Scientific Name Poisonous Constituents Toxic Parts
Horse chestnut Aesculus Esculin seed, bark, flower, and leaf
hippocastanum
Privet Ligustrum Terpenoid, glycosides flowers
Apple, Crabapple Malus domestica Cyanogenic glycosides Seeds, stems and leaves
Chokecherry Prunus virginiana Glycosides Seeds
Oaks Quercus Tannins  young oak browse, sprouts
in cutover areas, mature
foliage on felled trees, and
acorns, 
Laurels, Azaleas, Rhododendron Diterpenoids stem, leaves, flower, and
Rhododendrons maximum nectar.
Black locust Robinia Robin and robinin seeds, sap, roots, wood,
pseudoacacia leaves, and bark
Elderberry Sambucus Cyanide  stems, unripe fruit and
leaves
Japanese yews Taxus cuspidata All parts of the plant are
toxic.
Plants in Wooded Area
Common Name Scientific Name Poisonous Constituents Toxic Parts
Baneberry Actaea Glycoside, ranunculin Roots
Jack-in-the-Pulpit Arisaema Roots
triphyllum
Water hemlock Cicuta Cicutoxin Roots
Mayapple, Podophyllum, Podophyllotoxin Unripe fruit, roots and
Mandrake Mandragora foliage
officinarum
Skunk cabbage, Veratrum Steroidal alkaloids Roots, leaves and stems
False Hellebore, californicam.
Corn Lilly
Plants in Fields, Pastures or Wild
Common Name Scientific Name Poisonous Constituents Toxic Parts
Poison hemlock Conium Alkaloids seeds, flowers, leaves, and
maculatum fruits
Jimsonweed Datura Hyoscyamine , hyoscine Seeds, flowers, leaves and
stramonium (scopolamine) and roots
atropine
Pokeweed Phytolacca Triterpene saponins, Leaves, stems and roots
decandra tannin, and resin,
Buttercup Ranunculus Ranunculin  Sap, flowers, seeds, and
leaves 
Horse nettle Solanum Solanine All parts of the plant are
carolinense toxic.
European Solanum All parts of the plant are
bittersweet dulcamara toxic.
Nightshade Solanaceae Atropine, scopolamine foliage and berries
and hyoscyamine
Death camas Zigadenus Zygacine nectar and seeds
venenosus
Plants Sometimes Poisonous to Touch
Common Name Scientific Name Poisonous Constituents Toxic Parts
Lady slipper Cypripedium Sap
reginae
Spurges Euphorbia Phytotoxins Flowers
Iris Iris germanica Iridin, irisin, or irisine Roots
Parsnip Pastinaca sativa  Furanocoumarins, Shoots, sap and leaves
phototoxic
Buttercup Ranunculus Ranunculin Sap, flowers, seeds, and
leaves 
Poison ivy, oak, Toxicodendron Urushiol Leaves and stems
sumac radicans
Animal poisons

Animal Source   Poisonous        Constituent Management

The southern black venom

Black widow widow
Spider/Hourglas (Latrodectus
s spider mactans), the
northern black widow
(Latrodectus variolus)
and the
western black widow
(Latrodectus
hesperus.

species Venom,
Scorpion of Centruroides, Tityus, a neurotoxins
nd Leiurus); warm
temperate and tropical
regions

bee, wasps,
ants

Snakes

FROGS-some species Bufotenine, physalaemin,

Amphibians of Dendrobates, Physalae serotonin,
(toads, frogs, mus, and Rana; northern bufotoxin, bufogenins, and 5-
puffer fishes) hydroxytryplanime
South America and
Central America
toads (Bufo species);
temperate and tropical
regions

Blister
fly/Spanish fly

Osyter, sardines
(verepin),
anchovies
 Tuna

Mackerel

Fish organ

References :
https://plants.usda.gov
https://www.healthline.com
Owlcation.com
https://www.medicinalnwestoday.com
https://www.britannica.com/science/poison-biochemistry/Animal-poisons-zootoxins