Journal of Optical Communications

The Performance Comparison of hybrid WDM/TDM, TDM and

WDM PONs with 128 ONUs

Journal: Journal of Optical Communications

Manuscript ID JOC.2020.0046

Manuscript Type: Research Article

Date Submitted by the

03-Mar-2020
Author:
Fo
Complete List of Authors: /, HAMADOUCHE; Algerie Ministere de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la
Recherche Scientifique, Faculty of Science and Technology Mustapha
Stambouli University of Mascara
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Boualem, MERABET; Algerie Ministere de l'Enseignement Superieur et de
la Recherche Scientifique, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Mustapha
Stambouli University of Mascara, Algeria
Mouweffeq, Bouregaa; Mustapha Stambouli University of Mascara Faculty
ev

of Exact Sciences, Télécommunications

Classification: amplifiers, fibers, detectors, lasers, measurements

iew

Keywords: Hybrid WDM/TDM PON, WDM, EDFA, BER, Q-Factor

Here, we have simulated different unidirectional passive optical networks

technologies such as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time-
division multiplexing (TDM) and hybrid passive optical networks (PONs)
with different users for varying fiber length, data rate, continuous wave
On

laser power and number of users. Their performances based on the

quality-factor (Q-factor) and bit error rate (BER) using OptiSystem
Abstract:
software 7-0 with using an Erbium doped-fiber amplifier (EDFA) were
compared. Our model used 16 and 128 users, where the performance of
the unidirectional Hybrid WDM/TDM PONs with 4 wavelengths and 128
ly

user systems have better high Q-factor and lower Bit Error Rate,
compared to that of 128 user WDM PON and 128 user TDM PON
systems.

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Page 1 of 14 Journal of Optical Communications

1
The Performance Comparison of hybrid WDM/TDM, TDM
2 and WDM PONs with 128 ONUs
3
4
5
Hadjira HAMADOUCHE 1,2,3 Boualem MERABET 1,* Mouweffeq BOUREGAA 1,4
6 2 1 4
hadjira.hamadouche@univ-mascara.dz Mustapha Stambouli University of m.bouregaa@univ-mascara.dz
7 3
LSTE Lab at Mascara University. Mascara, Algeria *b.merabet@univ-mascara.dz
8
9
10
11 Abstract— Here, we have simulated different unidirectional for 64 users the length up to 32,5Km with Q=6,28 and for
12 passive optical networks technologies such as wavelength 128 users the length up to 23,5Km with Q=6,85 with. Meet
13 division multiplexing (WDM), time-division multiplexing Kumari et al [12] concluded that TWDM-PON is suitable
14 (TDM) and hybrid passive optical networks (PONs) with for low-cost, high-speed and true long-distance application with
15 different users for varying fiber length, data rate, continuous favorable input power.
16 wave laser power and number of users. Their performances In this paper, we have analyzed the performance that a hybrid
17 based on the quality-factor (Q-factor) and bit error rate PON with 128 users exhibits, with a bit rate of 2,5 Gbps per
18 (BER) using OptiSystem software 7-0 with using an Erbium wavelength and a distance of 60 km using EDFA amplifiers. We
have also compared a proposed hybrid PON system with TDM
19 doped-fiber amplifier (EDFA) were compared. Our model
used 16 and 128 users, where the performance of the PON and WDM PON systems using EDFA where Shubham
20
unidirectional Hybrid WDM/TDM PONs with 4 wavelengths Kheraliya et al [13]demonstrated that the EDFA is best
21
Fo

and 128 user systems have better high Q-factor and lower in terms of BER and Q factor at a reasonable long fibre. EDFA
22 is the best in terms of BER and Q factor versus. Laser power at
23 Bit Error Rate, compared to that of 128 user WDM PON
and 128 user TDM PON systems. the transmitter for for 32-Channel WDM System. This work
24 deals with a performance comparison between TDM PON,
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25 WDM PON and Hybrid WDM/TDM PON, focusing on the

26 Keywords — Hybrid WDM/TDM PON,WDM,TDM, EDFA,
BER, Q-Factor, Optisystem. downlink part only. It presents the transmission performance of
27 a downstream link of these three distinguished networks, by
28
ev

I. INTRODUCTION using 16 and 128 users.

29
PONs are considered as a successful access architecture that
30 can provide high capacity and long reach by implementing
II. WHAT OUR PON CONSIST OF?
31 PON, as a fiber-optic access network architecture, brings fiber
iew

optical fiber, since these offer services by various multiplexing

32 schemes, like TDM, WDM and Hybrid WDM/TDM [1]. cabling and signals to the home, using a point-to-multipoint by
33 Although TDM PONs uses a single wavelength providing more means of passive components. As shown in Fig. 1, it consists of
34 channels, they moderate bandwidth with reasonable cost [2]. an optical line terminal (OLT) at the service provider’s central
35 WDM can support more users but it is more expensive with uses office, an optical fiber and optical network units (ONU), and an
36 of multiple wavelengths in a single fiber to multiply the capacity optical network terminal (ONT) [10].
 As an engine, OLT drives the FTTH-GPON system. It has
On

37 without increasing data rates. A hybrid WDM/TDM network has

38 positive characteristics of both of these multiplexed, and could two key network functions, that are: device traffic control
39 at the same time meet the PON characteristics [3-4]. As a and dynamic allocation of bandwidth to its modules [8]. It
40 promising solution for fiber to the home (FTTH) networks, it includes a bit sequence generator (BSG), a continuous wave
ly

41 provides large transmission distance, high capacity, large (CW) laser, a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM), and a non-
42 bandwidth and multi-service convergence access network [5]. return-to-zero (NRZ) pulse generator.
43 Different investigations have been conducted for TDM ,WDM  Connected to OLT via optical fiber, ONT includes a Bessel
44 and hybrid (WDM-TDM) PON. Jacob et al., [6,7] have studied optical fiber, a photodiode PIN and a low pass Bessel filter.
45 the performance of unidirectional WDM PONs with 2 users and
46 reported high Q-factor and low BER, compared to that of 2 users
47 TDM PON systems. Rajalakshmi et al., [2] demonstrated that
48 WDM PON network performance is better than TDM PON
49 networks [8]. Hybrid PON (WDM/TDM) performance analysis
with unequal channel spacing performs better than equivalent
50
channel spacing with investigated hybrid PON at bit rate 5 Gbps
51
per wavelength For range 50 km without using any amplifier [9].
52
On another hand, Rakesh et al., [10] analyzed the performance OLT
53 of hybrid (WDM/TDM) PON with 128 users at 1.25 Gbps up to
54 28km distance. Abdalla et al. [9], demonstrated that the hybrid
55 architecture has great performance compared to the 10G TDM-
56 PON. A. Hambali et al.[11] demonstrated that the Hybrid
57 Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing/Time Division
58 Multiplexing (CWDM/TDM) demonstrated that the Q-Factor's ONT
59 value on passive splitter 32 users is capable of reaching a
60 maximum value of 40 km at cable length, which is equal to 6.62. Fig. 1. OLT and ONT

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 Journal of Optical Communications Page 2 of 14

A. TDM-PONs 16 users by using EDFA (with a fiber length L of 5m), where a

1
TDM-PON, whose popular versions are Broadband, Ethernet
2
and Gigabit-capable-PONs (BPON, EPON and GPON), applies
3 TDM in PONs, while ONTs use the same wavelength and share
4 a common line of transmission of optical fiber [10-9]. However,
5 TDMA (time multiple access division) must be used to prevent
6 collisions between traffic from various ONTs, where each user
7 transmits information at a prearranged data rate within a specific
8 assigned time slot [4-7].TDM-PON is a law cost
9 strategy for installation and maintenance, since the total system
10 bandwidth is split into users for different time slots. However, it
11 has limited capacity of users and a multipoint control protocol to
12 control the message flow[12].
13
14 B. WDM-PONs
15 Based on WDM, one of the most commonly used technology for
16 high capacity optical communication systems, WDM-PONs can
17 introduce good data transmission rate and large bandwidth
18 [5,12], where each communication channel having a special
19 wavelength is multiplexed to a single fiber. Different
20 wavelengths are demultiplexed at destination, and spatially
21 separated to different receiver channels, so that WDM-PONs
Fo
power splitter is used to receive and separate the users' signals.
OLT plays the role of a transmitter block. As for the receiver
block, it consists of ONT, a 3R regenerator and a BER analyzer.
The unidirectional TDMPON has been simulated using the
wavelength 193,1THz for different fiber lengths. Data signal are
generated at a data rate of 5 Gbps and CW laser power of 6dBm.
2. Unidirectional WDM-PONs
Our unidirectional WDM-PON is a PON with the downstream
transmission using EDFA (L=5m). Fig. 3 gives an unidirectional
WDM-PON simulation setup for with 16 users, where WDM-
MUX is used to separates all wavelengths, using the frequency
and frequency spacing 193,1THz and 100GHz, respectively. An
input power of 6 dBm and data rate about 5 Gbps are used, with
different fiber lengths. To combine signals/relay them as a single
signal through optical fibers, WDM-MUX/DMUX are used at
OLT, and to isolate all wavelengths, respectively [3-18-19].

22 could use point-to-point and point-to-multipoint (or hybrid)

23 communications[14,15].
24 Very commonly the complex wavelength division multiplexing
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25 is used in WDM-PON networks.This technology is one of the

26 Most advanced systems used in the optoelectronics industry.
The distance between channels is only 0.8 nm or 0.4 nm, as low
27
as 0.2 nm (ultra- DWDM) theoretically[5].
28
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29 C. Hybrid WDM/TDM-PONs
30 In hybrid PONs (in which TDM and PONs are combined into a
31
iew

single passive optical network) the advantages of TDM PON's

32 resource sharing are used to allow WDM PON's platform cost-
33 efficient and high energy capacity to meet future bandwidth
34 demand [7,14]. In hybrid WDM/TDM-PONs, considered to be
35 the key solutions for the next generation of PONs, offering high
36 bandwidth and high use of resources [15], the high split ratio
On

37 that TDM-PONs provide and the large number of wavelengths Fig.3. WDM PON simulation setup
38 they offer are joined into one hybrid [16,17].
39 3. Hybrid WDM/TDM-PONs
III. SIMULATION SETUP A block diagram of simulation setup for hybrid PONs (using
40
ly

41 1. Unidirectional TDM-PONs 128 users)using OptiSystem software 7-0 is shown in Fig. 4.

42 These are PONs with only the downstream transmission. Fig. 2 This central office system consists of four(4)OLTs, where light
43 shows a simulation diagram for unidirectional TDM PON with sources emit at different frequencies.
44
45
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Fig.2. TDM-PON simulation setup. Fig.4. Hybrid WDM/TDM PON simulation setup(16 users)
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Page 3 of 14 Journal of Optical Communications
Frequencies at OLT1, OLT2, OLT3 and OLT4 are respectively It can be clearly seen (from Fig. 5) that WDM/TDM-PONs and
193.1, 193.2, 193.3 and 193.4THz. Signals were combined hybrid WDM/TDM-PONs integrated with EDFA give optimized
1 Q-factor and BER, so that Q-factor was 7.03 for WDM-PONs
together by a WDM-MUX for transmission over the fiber. At the
2 integrated with EDFA, however, without EDFA it was 0 for a
remote node these signals were separated out using a WDM-
3 DEMUX. Then, power splitters were employed to broadcast the fiber length of 200 Km. For TDM-PONs, Q-factor was 8.04 for
4 signal to ONUs. Here, four power splitters were used with a TDM-PONs with EDFA, while it was 0 without EDFA for for
5 splitting ratio of 1x4. A hybrid WDM/TDM PON consists of 16 the same fiber lentgh. For hybrid WDM/TDM-PONs, Q-factor
6 ONTs, with an EDFA amplifier, a data rate D=5Gbps and a CW was 7.24 for hybrid WDM/TDM-PONs with EDFA, while for
7 laser power (P) of 6dBm. Since BER and Q-factor are the most without EDFA it was nul for a fiber length of 160 Km, which
8 means that the Q-factor performance by using EDFA is much
commonly used performance parameters, they were adopted as
9 better than without using it.
key-factors for this study. The first, Q-factor, an argument to the
10 normal error function to calculate the second (BER), is then [4- 2. WDM et TDM-PONs and hybrid WDM/TDM-PONs by using
11 5]: EDFA (For 128 users):
12   0 (1)
13 Q 1
1   0
14
15 where μ1, μ0 are the mean of the received signal at the sampling
16 instant when a logical ‘1’ and ‘0’ are transmitted, and  1 , 0 is
17
18 the standard deviations sum of intensities around the levels of
19 ‘1’ and‘0’. Estimated using the regenerator’s decision circuit to
probe the data eye rails, it includes the Inter symbol Interference
20
(ISI) present in regenerator’s linear channels and that generated
21
Fo

in systems from dispersion and fiber nonlinearity, involving the

22
impact of ISI and noise, so as a large eye opening corresponds to
23 a low BER. This later, measured by evaluating the statistical
24 fluctuations characterized by Q-factor, in given as follows [4-5]:
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25
1 1 Q2
2

BER  erfc  Q2  
26 1 (2)
e
27 2 2 Q
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Q factor and BER are Calculated by using OptiSystem,

29 optiwave has been using OptiSystem as a groundbreaking
30 platform for simulation of optical communication systems to add
31 ress the academic needs of system designers, optical communica
iew

32 tion engineers and researchers[20]. Fig.6. Hybrid WDM/TDM PON simulation setup (128 users)
33
34 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The proposed models architecture of hybrid PONs is designed
35 for 128 subscribers(fig 6), and 128 users for WDM-PONs with a
36 channels spacing of 25GHz (0.2nm), and TDM with
On

37 1. WDM PON, TDM PON and Hybrid WDM/TDM PON 128users,as shown below in Fig. 6.
with and without EDFA (For 16 Users) :
38
39 The proposed models for WDM PON, TDM PON and Hybrid A. Impact of CW laser Power:
40 WDM/TDM-PONs are integrated (with and without EDFA) and
ly

41 simulated using Optisystem, involve the following parameters: The first scenario focuses on a maximum power of CW laser,
42 Bit Rate of 5 Gbps, EDFA length equals to 5 m, CW laser power when the data rate (D) is set at 2,5Gbps, for a link length of
43 of 6dBm, number of users of 16, and frequency of 193.1THz 60km and 128 users. The simulated Q-factors and BER with
44 with 100 GHz (0.8 nm) as a channels spacing (for WDM-PONs- different powers (P), and transmitted powers varying in the
45 and Hybrid WDM/TDM PONs). The results are shown in Fig. 5. range (‒6,12) dBm. Then, the results are shown in the following
46 Figs 7 and 8.
47
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Fig.7. Q Factor versus Power
Fig.5. Hybrid WDM/TDM and WDM/TDM-PONs in both cases.

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 Journal of Optical Communications Page 4 of 14
a) WDM-PON(‒6dBm), b) hybrid WDM/TDM-PON (‒6dBm),
c) WDM-PON (12dBm), d) Hybrid WDM/TDM-PON (12dBm).
1
2
B. Impact of transmission distances
3
4 The second scenario investigates the maximum of fiber length
5 allowed, when the power of CW laser is fixed at 6 dBm, a users
6 number of 128, D about 2,5Gbps, and transmitter/receiver fibers
7 of lengths varying in the range (5 to 240) Km. Figure. 12 (a, b
8 and c) show how eye diagrams of downlink change with a fiber
9 length of 200km, however, Q-factor and BER results (Figures 10
10 and11)show that Q-factor decrease and BER increase when the
11 fiber length increases.
12
13
Fig 8. Min BER vs Power
14
15 From this figures (7,8) we can notice that when the power
16 increases from -6dBm to 12dBm,Q factor increases and BER
17 decreases for TDM PON , but for WDM PON Q factor
18 decreases and BER increases when the power increases from
19 -6dBm to 10dBm (for P=10dBm Q=6.43 and for P=12dBm
20 Q= 3,87) , note that P should be less than 10dBm to guarantee
21 BER less than 10-9 and Q great than 6.
Fo

22 For Hybrid WDM/TDM PON when the power increases from

23 6dBm to 12dBm, Q factor increases and BER decreases (for
24 P=-6dBm ,Q=3.98 and for P=6dBm Q=6.15), note that P should
be greater than 6dBm to guarantee BER less than 10 -9 and Q
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25
great than 6.
26
The comparison between the WDM PON and Hybrid
27 Fig.10. Q-factor versus (vs) fiber length (in Km).
WDM/TDM PON justifies that the WDM PON is more
28
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advantageous than the Hybrid WDM/TDM PON especially for

29 the low Power of CW laser.
30 Figure 9 (a) ,(b),(c) and (d) show the results of eye diagrams of
31
iew

downlink when P is -6dBm and 12dBm for WDM PON and

32 Hybrid WDM/TDM PON , respectively. The slope of bevel edge
33 of eye diagram represents the sensitivity to time error of system.
34
35
36
On

37
38
39
40
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41
42
43 Fig.11. Log of Min BER versus Length
44
45 Q-factor and BER are respectively (7.58, 1.66E-14) and (10.71,
46 (a) (b) 3.43E-27), for a fiber length (L) of 200Km, for TDM-PONs and
47 WDM-PONs. For Hybrid WDM/ TDM-PONs and L of 200Km,
48 Q=0 and BER=1, but L is optimized to be 60Km for hybrid
49 WDM/TDM-PONs and 200Km for TDM-PONs and WDM-
50 PONs (for 128 users).
51
52
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58
(c) (d)
59
Fig. 9. Eye diagram of downlink shown in BER analyzer, (a, b)
60
above and (c, d) below, where the red curve represents Q-factor:

(a) (b)
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 (c)
12
13 Fig 12. Eye diagram of downlink (for L=200Km, focusing on Q-
14 factor again in red curve and BER value: above a) WDM-PON,
15 b above) Hybrid WDM/TDM-PON, and below c) TDM-PON. Fig.14. Min BER versus data rate (D).
16
D= 10Gbps. Also, for WDM-PON, Q reaches 13,24, while BER
17
Figs. 12 show the results of eye diagrams of downlink when L is is of 2,04E-40, when D=5Gbps. For hybrid WDM/TDM PON at
18
200Km for WDM-PONs, Hybrid WDM/TDM-PONs and TDM- 2,5Gbps, Q and BER are respectively equal to 6,15 and 3,64E-
19
PONs. 10. For 128 users, D is highest for hybrid WDM/TDM-PON of
20 2,5 Gbps. For WDM-PONs the high data rate is 5Gbps and for
21
Fo

TDM-PON is 10Gbps.
22 C. Impact of data rate:
23 An advantage of WDM PON is that even though users share a
24 The third scenario focuses on the max-value of the data rate, single fiber as well, each user has its own channel. In the conve
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25 varied from 1,5 to 12Gbps. The simulated performances (quality ntional PON case, the total transmission rate is divided between
26 of service) in terms of Q-factor and BER, with power CW laser end users, whereas each wavelength channel has its own transmi
27 and a link length fixed respectively at 6dBm and 60km, a users ssion rate with the WDM-PON networks.
28
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number of 128, are shown in Figures.13 and14.

29
30
31 D. Impact of Number of users
iew

32
33 The fourth scenario studies the maximum of number of users.
34 We have considered the data rate of the three systems, so that D,
35 L and P are respectively 2,5Gbps, 60Km and 6dBm, We have
36 changed many parameters such as the users number on the
On

37 receiver side of the networks. Then, we obtained the results are

38 shown in Fig.15. It can be clearly mentioned that Q-factors of
39 WDM/TDM-PON and hybrid WDM/TDM-PON decrease with
40
ly

41
42
43
44
45
46
Fig.13. Max Q-factor versus Data Rate
47
48
49 It is clear from these of figures that Q-factor decreases and BER
50 increases when data rate increases, and that for TDM-PON, Q is
51 of 6,51, while BER is found to be 3,27E-11 when the data rate is
52
53
54
55 Fig.15. Q-factor vs users number.
56
57 the users number increasing. We collected all simulation results
58 in Table 1 below
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 Journal of Optical Communications Page 6 of 14
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iew

simulation tool, exploiting OptiSystem software, where TDM-
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33 architecture) were successfully designed using 16 and 128 users,
34 and evaluated in this research work. Eye-diagrams, Q-factors
35 and BER are shown to evaluate the performance the proposed
36 systems at different situations. basing on a comparative study
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(WDM/TDM) passive optical networks with suitable
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On

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ly

41 TDM PON is better We noticed that Q-factors increase with Comparative Analysis of High Speed 20/20 Gbps OTDM-P
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51
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To summarize, we can predict that hybrid WDM/TDM-PONs Upstream Signal Remodulation for Different Data Rates
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53
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54 wavelengths in each channel to take advantage of the high [16] K.Yousaf ,A. Muhammad Idrees , K.Ahmed udassir,
55 optical fiber bandwidth. Hence, a hard effort should be made to R.Waheed and K.Jahanzeb, “ Power Budget Analysis of
56 create a hybrid WDM/TDM-PONs with positive characteristics Colorless Hybrid WDM/TDM-PON Scheme Using
57 of both the multiplexing techniques, making them useful in Downstream DPSK and Re-modulated Upstream OOK
58 bandwidth intensive, cost effective next generation optical Data Signals”, J. Opt. Commun,2013
59 access network. [17] S.Jisha and N.Sunaina , “ Performance Analysis of Hybrid
60 Hybrid WDM / TDM multiplexing is seen as the strategy for WDM/TDM PON”, nternational Journal of Engineering
PON-based access networks of the next-generation Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 4 Issue 01,January-
2015.

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Page 7 of 14 Journal of Optical Communications
[18] A.Abdullah, S. Yaakob, R.Q. Shaddada, S.M. Idrus, M.Z. WDM 40G-PON for next generation PON,journal
Abdul Kadirb and A.B. Mohammad, “ 2.5 Gb/s hybrid Optik,2014
1
WDM/TDM PON using radio over fiber technique”, j o ur [20] www.optiwave.com
2
nal Optik, (2013) 3678– 3681
3 [19] M.lmagzoub,M.AbuBakarM,S.Redhwan,G.Samir,Physical
4 layer performance analysis of hybrid and stacked TDM–
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Page 9 of 14 Journal of Optical Communications

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 Journal of Optical Communications Page 10 of 14

Max .Q Factor(Power(dBm))
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55 Fig. 9. Eye diagram of downlink shown in BER analyzer, (a, b) above and (c, d) below, where the red curve represents Q-factor:
56 a) WDM-PON(‒6dBm), b) hybrid WDM/TDM-PON (‒6dBm), c) WDM-PON (12dBm), d) Hybrid WDM/TDM-PON (12dBm).
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Page 11 of 14 Journal of Optical Communications

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60 above) Hybrid WDM/TDM-PON, and below c) TDM-PON.

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 Journal of Optical Communications Page 12 of 14

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Page 13 of 14 Journal of Optical Communications
N° PON Data CW Length Q BER
Of Rate laser Fiber Fact
1 Users (Gbp Power (Km) - or
2 s) (dBm)
3 TDM PON 8 0 100 7,17 3,45E-013
4 WDM 8 0 70 6,11 4,58E-010
5 16 PON
6 Hybrid 8 0 95 6,18 3,02E-010
7 WDM/TDM
8 TDM PON 8 0 100 6,98 1,38E-012
9 WDM 8 3 70 6,64 1,41E-011
10 32 PON
11 Hybrid 8 3 70 6,70 1,00E-011
12 WDM/TDM
13 TDM PON 8 3 100 7,09 5,98E-013
14 WDM 8 6 50 7,04 8,88E-013
15 64 PON
16 Hybrid 5 3 60 6,94 1,89E-012
17 WDM/TDM
18 TDM PON 10 6 60 6,51 3,27E-011
19 WDM 2,5 6 60 13,9 6,66E-045
20 128 PON 9
21 Hybrid 2,5 6 60 6,15 3,64E-010
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23 Table 1. Simulation results

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