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An Introduction to Recent Trends in
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Antennas
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E Dr Sanjeev Kumar Mishra
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OUTLINES
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• Introduction
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• Antenna parameters
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• Types of antenna
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Y • Applications
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I • Challenges
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• Electromagnetic spectrum
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T INTRODUCTION
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N • An antenna is defined by Webster’s Dictionary as “a usually metallic
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device (as a rod or wire) for radiating or receiving radio waves.”
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A • The IEEE Standard Definitions [IEEE Std 145–1983]: Antenna (or
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A aerial) “a means for radiating or receiving radio waves.”
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S • An antenna is:
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S • an electromagnetic radiator,
& • a sensor,
S • a transducer and
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• an impedance matching
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H device.
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S E & H Fields surrounding an Antenna
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• The antenna is the transitional structure between free space and a
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N guiding device.
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Transmission-line Thevenin equivalent of antenna in transmitting mode
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Z A  RA  jX A
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Y  ( Rr  RL )  jX A
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T Where ZA : antenna impedance
H RA : Antenna resistance
E Rr : radiation resistance
S RL :loss resistance (i.e. due to conduction & dielectric losses)
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XA : equivalent antenna reactance
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ANTENNA PARAMETERS
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• Circuit Parameters
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N • Input Impedance
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A • Radiation Resistance
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A • Antenna Noise Temperature
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Y • Return Loss
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• Physical Quantities
S • Spatial Parameters
• Size
& • Weight • Field Pattern (Beam Area,
S • Profile Directivity, Gain)
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N • Shape • Bandwidth
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H • Efficiency
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S • Effective Length and effective area
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• Polarization (LP/CP/EP)
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ANTENNA History
E • Maxwell’s equation 1864
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N • Hertz 1888: Parabolic metal cylinder
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• Prof J C Bose 1898: EM wave experiment
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N • Marconi 1901: Transatlantic transmission
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L • World war II: Radiating apertures, Reflectors, Arrays
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N Hertz (1857 – 1894) confirmed by
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experiment that electromagnetic radio
H James Clerk Maxwell (1831 –1879) -
E waves have the same velocity as light and
S predicted the existence of radio waves in
I his theory of electromagnetism. [Scottish can be reflected by metallic and dielectric
S Mathematician] bodies.
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N TYPES OF ANTENNA
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E • Structural classification:
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N • Wire Antennas
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A • Aperture Antennas
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• Microstrip Antennas
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S • Reflector Antennas
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S • Lens Antennas
& • Frequency dependency classification:
S • Frequency Dependent Antennas
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N • Frequency Independent Antennas
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** Rumsey’s principle states that the impedance and pattern properties of
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an antenna will be frequency independent if the antenna shape is specified
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Wire Antennas
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I Circular (Square) loop antenna
S Dipole antenna

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S Helix antenna
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Aperture Antennas
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I Horn antennas
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I Slotted Waveguide antennas
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Microstrip Antennas
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Y Rectangular patch antennas Circular patch antennas
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Array Antennas
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S Yagi-Uda antenna
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E Slotted waveguide array antenna
S Microstrip array antenna
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Reflector Antennas
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L Parabolic reflector antenna with front feed
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S Parabolic reflector antenna with cassegrain feed

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Lens Antennas
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S Lens antennas with refraction index <1
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Frequency dependent Antennas
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N • Wire Antennas
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A • Aperture Antennas
A • Microstrip Antennas
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A • Reflector Antennas
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Frequency independent antennas
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S Log periodic antenna Planar Log periodic slot antenna Log-spiral antenna
I Satellite Communication System
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H Various versions of Biconical antennas – Infinite
E Discone antenna Biconical antenna, Finite Biconical antenna, a cone
S with finite ground, a cone with a stem and discone
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EM Solvers/ Softwires
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N EM Solvers IE3D FEKO HFSS CST-MWS
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A Solution Type Method of Method of Finite Finite Elements
A Moments Moments Elements Method and
N (MOM) (MOM) Method Finite Difference
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(FDTD)
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N Input Reflection Radiation
N Directivity Gain
Coefficient Pattern
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N Antenna Half Power
A Testing Parameters Beamwidth
Efficiency
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I Beam Efficiency Input Front-To-Back
Polarization
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S RF Signal Generator Vector Network Analyzer Anechoic Chamber
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T CHALLENGES
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N • Low cost
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A • Compact
A • Easy to integrate with other system
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A • Provide desired antenna characteristics or meet the desired specification
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S APPLICATIONS
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• Wireless communication
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• Remote sensing
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• Direct broadcast satellite system
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N • Navigation
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H • Point to point communication: Satellite Communication
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• UWB Communication [High data rate]
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UWB Communication:
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C  B log2 1  SNR
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Different Technologies are used
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L • UWB Technology
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• Combination UWB-MIMO Technology

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& Spectrum Over lay of UWB over other technologies

S Bluetooth Band : (2.4 GHz -2.484) GHz, UWB Frequency band: (3.1 - 10.6 )GHz, WiMAX and C
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N band Satellite: (3.3 - 4.2) GHz WLAN Frequency band: (5.15 – 5.35) GHz & (5.725-5.825) GHz, ITU
T Band - 8GHz
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E Challenging issues:
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• Obtaining efficient antenna
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Future Challenges
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N • Phased Array Antenna
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A • Embedded/Wearable Antennas for Humanitarian Technology
A • RF Energy Harvesting/ Rectenna Design
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A • mm wave Antenna
L • THz Quasi-optical Antennas
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S • DRAs
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• Massive MIMO for 5G
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• LTE
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• Smart Antennas
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H • Next Generation Multiple Beam Forming Antennas,
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• Wireless Power Transmission
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Conclusion
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N • Future communication systems will satisfy the commercial user by
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A providing seamless connectivity anywhere, in any weather, with five
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nines (99.999%) service availability, high-throughput broadband
A services.
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Y • This will be made possible with multi-functional reconfigurable
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I wireless antenna systems.
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• Future’s primary efforts will be toward mass production and cost
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reductions.
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• Multifunctional hybrid antenna configurations capable of
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N • Generating narrow beams with high gain,
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• Wide impedance and axial bandwidth
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• Low cross polarization,
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• Wide scanning beam capabilities,
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• Beam shaping
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N • Collaboration between Research Centre and Academic Institute.
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H • Theoretical Analysis
E • Antenna Design and Modelling
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I • Work in practical problems
S AICTE Sponsored Seminar, “Emerging Trends in Communication & Computing” at COEB, Bhubaneswar
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N One can think
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N • On-chip antenna.
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• Using high dielectric material (Silicon etc)

A • Meta-material antennas
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• DRA
L • Microstrip patch antenna
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S • Circular polarized antenna
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S • Array antenna/ space feed array antennas

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• Multi band antennas

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• UWB antenna.
Y • Planar monopole array
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• Beam steering antennas/ Smart antenna
S • Analyze the performances of wide band antennas in frequency domain, time
I domain and space domain by simulations and experiments.
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Satellite Communication
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N UHF Band &
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17.7-21.2GHz &
A 27.5-31GHz
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Y 31.8-32.3GHz &
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The Goal of the Satellite communication is
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T Classification based upon Orbits
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N GEO
A 35800
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I LEO
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MEO
2000 Km
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N Geostationary earth orbit (GEO) Systems applications include
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military communications,
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broadband services and Internet access,
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and deep space telemetry.
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LEO and MEO systems [Europe and Australia] are going to play a key role in
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forming future broadband in the sky networks to provide 21st century digital
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N services to people in the air, at sea, on the move and residing in remote areas
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H [1].
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I Summary satellite communications system and its challenging diverse services [1]
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T Classification of Satellites based on mass [4]
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S CubeSats  Typical weight [1.33 kg], with a typical volume  [10 × 10 × 10 cm3]
I 23-Dec-20 32
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N • There is a tradeoff between size and the multifunctional capabilities
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A that a satellite can offer, but this can be offset by launching a
A constellation of small satellites (SmallSats).
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A • CubeSat missions operate over a broad range of frequencies, from
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Y UHF (400 MHz) up to W band (110 GHz), & antennas ranging from
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I miniaturized patch antennas to large reflector antennas.
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E Chart showing the number of Cube Sat missions
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N year [4]
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L Number of CubeSats launched as a function of
Y volume as of January 2016. www.nanosats.eu. [4]
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S Twelve meter diameter Astro MeshTM offset reflector on the Thuraya

Y [http://www.thuraya.com]
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H Thuraya constellation of 3 satellites provides L-band satellite phone services globally.
E Iridium constellation of 66 LEO satellites.
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I A graphical depiction of the various antennas
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Satellite Communication System
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E HORYU-IV CubeSat [Japan, Jan 2016]
S 145.84 MHz, 437.375 MHz & 2.4GHz
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HIT-SAT
S AICTE Sponsored Seminar, “Emerging Trends in Communication & Computing” at COEB, Bhubaneswar
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H View of the spacecraft and allocation of onboard equipment
E (image credit: HIT-SAT Development Team)
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UHF Band [145 MHz] & VHF Band[430MHz] Size: 12 cm x 12 cm x 12 cm
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S Monopole antenna: 25 cm, Dipole antenna: 16 cm