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A ANTENNA PARAMETERS
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Lecture No # 4
R
Y
& Dr Sanjeev Kumar Mishra
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N FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF ANTENNA
T
E • Introduction
N
N • Radiation pattern
A
• Radiation power density
T • Group Delay
• Radiation intensity
H
• Antenna impedance
E • Beamwidth
O • Brightness Temperature
R • Directivity
Y • Antenna Factor
• Antenna efficiency
&
• Antenna temperature
D • Gain
E
S • Bandwidth
I
• Polarization
G
N • Polarization Loss Factor [PLF]
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N Introduction
T
E Radian:
N
The measure of a plane angle.
N
A One radian is defined as the plane angle
with its vertex at the center of circle of
T
H radius r that is subtended by an arc whose
E
length is r.
O
R Steradian:
Y
& The measure of a solid angle.
D One Steradian is defined as the solid
E
S angle with its vertex at the center of
I sphere of radius r that is subtended by
G
N spherical surface area equal to that of a
square with side length of r.
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N
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E
N
N
A

T
H
E
O
R
Y
& C  2R
D dA  r 2 sin dd
E r
1rad  dA
S r d  2  sin dd
I r
C 2R
G  inafullcircle    2 dA 4r 2
N r r    d   2  2  4
r r
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N
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E
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N
A

T
H
2 
E
O A   [  r 2 sin d ]d
R 0 0
Y  4r 2
&
D 0  
E
S
0    2
I
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N Coordinate system for antenna analysis
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N Radiation pattern
T
E A graphical or mathematical representation of the radiation properties of
N
an antenna such as amplitude, phase, polarization etc as a function of
N
A the angular space coordinates θ and Φ.

T
H
E
O
R
Y
&
D
E
S
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G Polar pattern Linear pattern
N ## Plus (+) and minus (-) signs the lobes indicates the relative polarization of the amplitude
between the various lobes, which changes (alternate) as the nulls are crossed.
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N Amplitude radiation pattern
T
E (a) Amplitude pattern: A plot of field [the magnitude of the electric or
N magnetic field] on a linear scale as a function of the angular
N space.
A (b) Power pattern: A plot of power [proportional to electric IEI2or
magnetic IHI2 fields] on a linear scale or decibel (dB) scale as a
T function of the angular space.
H
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R
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&
D
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Field pattern Linear scale dB scale
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Power pattern
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N Amplitude radiation pattern
T
E (a) Isotropic – “A hypothetical lossless antenna having equal radiation in all
N directions”.
N It is only applicable for an ideal antenna and is often taken as a reference for
A
expressing the directive properties of actual antennas.
T It is not physically realizable.
H (b) Directional – “An antenna having the property of radiating or receiving
E
O electromagnetic waves more effectively in some directions than in others”.
R This is usually applicable to an antenna where its maximum directivity is
Y
significantly greater than that of a half wave dipole.
&
D Example: Horn antenna, parabolic antenna etc.
E (c) Omni-directional – “An antenna having an essentially non-directional pattern in
S
a given plane and a directional pattern in any orthogonal plane”.
I
G An omnidirectional pattern is special type of directional pattern.
N Ex: Printed monopole antennas etc.
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A

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H
E
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R
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&
D Omni-directional radiation pattern
Directional radiation pattern
E
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N Field regions of an antenna
T
(a) Reactive near field region
E
N (b) Radiating near field (Fresnel) region
N
(c) Far field (Fraunhofer) region
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&
D
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Field regions of an antenna
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T
E (a) Reactive near field region: [ R1  0. 62 D 3
/]
N In the reactive near-field (very close to the antenna), the relationship
N
A between the strengths of the E and H fields is often too complex to
predict.
T
H Phases of electric and magnetic fields are often near quadrature. Thus,
E highly reactive wave impedance
O
R high content of non-propagating stored energy near the antenna
Y
& (b) Radiating near field (Fresnel) region:
[0.62 D 3 /   R2  2 D 2  ]
D
E Fields are predominantly in phase
S Fields do not yet display a spherical wave front.
I
G This pattern varies with distance.
N Region where near field measurements are made.
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N
T
E (c) Far field (Fraunhofer) region: [ R  2 D 2  ]
N Fields exhibit a spherical wave front. Thus, pattern does not vary with
N distance.
A Fields are in phase.
Wave impedance is ideally real.
T Power predominantly real  propagating energy
H
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&
D
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S
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Typical changes of antenna amplitude pattern shape
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A

T
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&
D
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I Figure : Calculated radiation patterns of a paraboloid antenna for different
G distances from the antenna.
N (SOURCE: J. S. Hollis, T. J. Lyon, and L. Clayton, Jr. (eds.), Microwave Antenna
Measurements, Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., July 1970).
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N Radiation power density
T
E
N W  EH
N
A Where W = instantaneous Poynting vector radiation power density (W/ m2)
E = instantaneous electric field intensity (V/ m)
T
H H = instantaneous magnetic field intensity (A/ m)
E
O The time average Poynting vector (average power density) can be
R written as
Y
Wav  x, y, z   ReE  H 
&
1
D 2
E
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N Radiation intensity
T
E U  r 2Wrad
N
N Where U = radiation intensity (W/ unit solid angle)
A
Wrad = radiation power density (W/ m2)
T r = distance
H
E
It can be defined as “Power radiated from an antenna per unit solid
O
R angle”
Y dPrad
& U0 
D d
E Prad   U 0 d  4U 0
S 
I Prad
G  U0 
4
N