Lesson: Values Formation

Objectives

At the end of this lesson students should be able to:

1. To understand the concepts of values formation.

2. To cite examples of concepts of value formation.

3. To demonstrate the concepts of values formation in a role playing activity in the class.

Introduction

Value formation is the confluence of our personal experiences and particular culture we are entwined in. Values are
imposed from our family in childhood and reinforced through culture and life experiences. The value of, for example,
kindness was imposed on you from your parents, and reinforced throughout early childhood. Then you applied that value
on the school playground and experienced how it helped you create greater social bonds with your school mates. Your
personal experiences growing up reinforced the value of kindness as you experienced the adaptive effects of showing
kindness and the maladaptive effects when choosing malice over kindness. All through your upbringing, both your
personal experiences and cultural surroundings both reinforced the value of kindness.

Activity: Health or Wealth Debate

Materials:

- Online Platform

- Laptop for teacher

- Laptop or smartphones for students

In this debate challenge, student will defend himself about the issue:

What is more important, health or wealth?

Directions:

1. 2 students will be asked about the COVID-19 issues. 1 will be assigned for the importance of health, and 1 student
will be asked for the importance of economic issue.
2. The students will be given 1 minute to defend themselves. At the end of 1 minute the other student will also defend
himself about the issue.
3. In the second round of debate, the first student will rebut the argument of the second student. In return, the other
student will rebut the argument of the first student.
4. At the end of the debate the teacher will ask for votation, by raising the hands of the students who are in favor of
the economic importance and then will ask the students who are in favor of the health importance.
5. After counting the most number of votes, the teacher will declare the winner of this debate.

Process Questions:

1. If you are going to ask, which of the two debaters do you favor? And why?
2. In this time of pandemic, what would you suggest to your parents to manage the economic difficulty of the
COVID-19?
 3. In this time of pandemic, what would you suggest to your parents to cope up with the health issue of the COVID-
19?

A. What is Values?

Values are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. They serve as a guide for human behavior.

Generally, people are predisposed to adopt the values that they are raised with. People also tend to believe that those values
are “right” because they are the values of their particular culture.

Ethical decision-making often involves weighing values against each other and choosing which values to elevate. Conflicts
can result when people have different values, leading to a clash of preferences and priorities.

Some values have intrinsic worth, such as love, truth, and freedom. Other values, such as ambition, responsibility, and
courage, describe traits or behaviors that are instrumental as means to an end.

Still other values are considered sacred and are moral imperatives for those who believe in them. Sacred values will seldom
be compromised because they are perceived as duties rather than as factors to be weighed in decision-making. For
example, for some people, their nation’s flag may represent a sacred value. But for others, the flag may just be a piece of
cloth.

So, whether values are sacred, have intrinsic worth, or are a means to an end, values vary among individuals and across
cultures and time. However values are universally recognized as a driving force in ethical decision-making.

B. Types of Values

The values that are important to people tend to affect the types of decisions they make, how they perceive their
environment, and their actual behaviors.

There are four types of values that we find in an organizational setting: individual values, relationship values,
organizational values and societal values.

1. INDIVIDUAL VALUES

Individual values reflect how you show up in your life and your specific needs-the principles you live by and what
you consider important for your self-interest. Individual values include: enthusiasm, creativity, humility and
personal fulfillment.

2. RELATIONSHIP VALUES

Relationship values reflect how you relate to other people in your life, be they friends, family or colleagues in your
organization. Relationship values include: openness, trust, generosity and caring.
3. ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES

Organizational values reflect how your organization shows up and operates in the world. Organizational values
include: financial growth, teamwork, productivity and strategic alliances.

4. SOCIETAL VALUES

Societal values reflect how you or your organization relates to society. Societal values include: future generations,
environmental awareness, ecology and sustainability.

C. Types of Conflict Values

By evaluating a conflict according to the five categories below -- relationship, data, interest, structural and value --
we can begin to determine the causes of a conflict and design resolution strategies that will have a higher
probability of success.

Relationship Conflicts

Relationship conflicts occur because of the presence of strong negative emotions, misperceptions or stereotypes,
poor communication or miscommunication, or repetitive negative behaviors. Relationship problems often fuel
disputes and lead to an unnecessary escalating spiral of destructive conflict. Supporting the safe and balanced
expression of perspectives and emotions for acknowledgment (not agreement) is one effective approach to
managing relational conflict.

Data Conflicts

Data conflicts occur when people lack information necessary to make wise decisions, are misinformed, disagree on
which data is relevant, interpret information differently, or have competing assessment procedures. Some data
conflicts may be unnecessary since they are caused by poor communication between the people in conflict. Other
data conflicts may be genuine incompatibilities associated with data collection, interpretation or communication.
Most data conflicts will have "data solutions."

Interest Conflicts

Interest conflicts are caused by competition over perceived incompatible needs. Conflicts of interest result when
one or more of the parties believe that in order to satisfy his or her needs, the needs and interests of an opponent
must be sacrificed. Interest-based conflict will commonly be expressed in positional terms. A variety of interests
and intentions underlie and motivate positions in negotiation and must be addressed for maximized resolution.
Interest-based conflicts may occur over substantive issues (such as money, physical resources, time, etc.);
procedural issues (the way the dispute is to be resolved); and psychological issues (perceptions of trust, fairness,
desire for participation, respect, etc.). For an interest-based dispute to be resolved, parties must be assisted to
define and express their individual interests so that all of these interests may be jointly addressed. Interest-based
conflict is best resolved through the maximizing integration of the parties' respective interests, positive intentions
and desired experiential outcomes.

Structural Conflicts
 Structural conflicts are caused by forces external to the people in dispute. Limited physical resources or authority,
geographic constraints (distance or proximity), time (too little or too much), organizational changes, and so forth
can make structural conflict seem like a crisis. It can be helpful to assist parties in conflict to appreciate the
external forces and constraints bearing upon them. Structural conflicts will often have structural solutions. Parties'
appreciation that a conflict has an external source can have the effect of them coming to jointly address the
imposed difficulties.

Value Conflicts

Value conflicts are caused by perceived or actual incompatible belief systems. Values are beliefs that people use to
give meaning to their lives. Values explain what is "good" or "bad," "right" or "wrong," "just" or "unjust."
Differing values need not cause conflict. People can live together in harmony with different value systems. Value
disputes arise only when people attempt to force one set of values on others or lay claim to exclusive value systems
that do not allow for divergent beliefs. It is of no use to try to change value and belief systems during relatively
short and strategic mediation interventions. It can, however, be helpful to support each participant's expression of
their values and beliefs for acknowledgment by the other party.

D. What is man as person?

Irreducibility signifies that man cannot be merely cognized, that what is essential in him cannot be reduced, but
only manifested and revealed (through experience). This belief in irreducibility serves as the foundation for
understanding personal subjectivity. The inward characterization of man transcending cosmological and corporeal
limitations, views man as distinct among the reducible things, as somebody who has his own powers and abilities.
It clearly points the unique character of the human being as someone who stands incomparable to other creatures
because of his capacity as a personal subject to go beyond his cosmological composition. He is not just a mere
“man” which is reducible to the world, but a person, a subject that transcends his corporeality. Wojtyla tries to
reconcile the two ways of understanding human being– the cosmological and personalistic, with the latter
complementing the former. He does it treating man in two opposing ways: both as 1.) subject and 2.) object.
Wojtyla further argues that, “the subjectivity of the human person is also something objective.”9 This is made
possible through the human experience. In other words, man as a subject, determines outwardly the object of his
action. But also along with the determination of the object of his action, the act bounces back to himself as a
determined object of his own action. In action, the subject determines an outer object, but he is also the object
determined by his action. He knows that he performs certain action, and above all, he knows that he is the one
performing the action. He meets and knows himself as the doer of his action. Man, therefore, becomes the subject
and object of the action.

E. Self- Concept and Self- Awareness

What is self-concept?

Self-concept is the image that we have of ourselves. How exactly does this self-image form and change over time? This
image develops in a number of ways but is particularly influenced by our interactions with important people in our lives.
Self-concept is generally thought of as our individual perceptions of our behavior, abilities, and unique characteristics—a
mental picture of who you are as a person.1 For example, beliefs such as "I am a good friend" or "I am a kind person" are
part of an overall self-concept.

Self-concept tends to be more malleable when people are younger and still going through the process of self-discovery and
identity formation. As people age, self-perceptions become much more detailed and organized as people form a better idea
of who they are and what is important to them.

What is self-awareness?

Anyone who is dedicated to self-improvement, personal development or the higher goal of spiritual growth needs to
actively seek to understand oneself. This is because only when one understands where one lacks, can he or she focus their
efforts on what to improve.

Definition of self-awareness:

- Self-awareness is the capacity that a person has to introspect.

- It includes gaining an understanding of and insight into one’s strengths, qualities, weaknesses, defects, ideas,
thoughts, beliefs, ideals, responses, reactions, attitude, emotions and motivations.
- Thus introspection also includes assessing how one is perceived by others and
- How others are impacted based on one’s behavior, responses and conduct.

Psychologists often break self-awareness down into two different types, either public or private.

- Public Self-Awareness: This type emerges when people are aware of how they appear to others. Public self-
awareness often emerges in situations when people are at the center of attention, such as when giving a
presentation or talking to a group of friends. This type of self-awareness often compels people to adhere to social
norms. When we are aware that we are being watched and evaluated, we often try to behave in ways that are
socially acceptable and desirable. In short we display our best behavior, which may not be reflective of our true
personality. Public self-awareness can also lead to ‘evaluation anxiety’ in which people become distressed,
anxious, or worried about how they are perceived by others.
- Private Self-Awareness: This type happens when people become aware of some aspects of themselves, but only in
a private way. For example, seeing your face in the mirror is a type of private self-awareness. Feeling your
stomach lurch when you realize you forgot to study for an important test or feeling your heart flutter when you see
someone you are attracted to, are also good examples of private self-awareness. Close family members and friends
are privy to some aspects of our private self as we let our guard down in front of them. Hence, they become
invaluable aides in helping us assess ourselves.

As we practice becoming more aware of ourselves and how we are perceived by others, we learn many more shades of our
characteristics to a minute level. Hence we are in a better position to overcome our personality defects and understand
where our strengths lie. In the following paragraphs, we will examine some of the ways one can increase one’s self-
awareness.

F. Core and Related Values

The following are the Dimensions and its Related Values:

1. Physical

a. Health
 - physical fitness
- cleanliness
- harmony with material universe
- art and beauty

2. Intellectual

a. Truth

- knowledge
- creative and critical thinking

3. Moral

a. Love

- integrity
- honesty
- self-worth
- self-esteem
- personal discipline

4. Spiritual

a. Spirituality

- faith in God

5. Social, Family, and Society

a. Social Responsibility

- mutual love
- respect
- fidelity
- responsible parenthood
- concern for others / common good
- freedom / equality
- social justice / respect for human rights
- peace / active non-violence
- popular participation

6. Economic

a. Economic Efficiency

b. Thrift Conservation of Resources

- work ethics
- self-reliance
- productivity
 - scientific and technological knowledge
- vocational efficiency
- entrepreneurship

7. Political

a. Nationalism

- common identity
- national unity
- esteem
- commitment
- civic consciousness / prode
- bayanihan / solidarity
- loyalty to country

G. Values Formation through Community Service

- Are caught not taught

- Whatever we have learned at home, in school and in the environment are internalized within ourselves
- Values are said to be worth the importance we attach to different factors in our lives.
 Comes from a latin word “valere”
- A value has been defined as any object, activity, or frame of mind that a person considers to be very important to
his or her life
- Unlike attitudes, values come in, as conscious list of priorities
- All of our values taken together are called value system.
- a corporate culture
- Is a system of values shared throughout any given place or organization
- Values education is founded on a sound philosophy of the human person with all its philosophical ramifications
and implications. The system and overarching value that characterizes education is HUMAN DIGNITY.
- The meaning of man as a person
- The term “person” can be exclusively attached to human being since not all person are considered human beings
and vice versa
- To speak of man as a being with others is to speak of man as a person.
- Ample consideration was rendered in an inquiry on personalism.
Practice Quiz

Directions: Read carefully and thoroughly the textual content of this topic and answer the following questions:

1. What is values formation?

2. What are the four types of values in an organizational setting? Explain each.

3. What is self-awareness?

4. What is self-concept?

5. What are the core and related values? Explain each.

Application

Make 2 pager essays on the following topics:

1. INDIVIDUAL VALUE
2. RELATIONSHIP VALUES
3. ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES
4. SOCIETAL VALUES

List of References:

1. https://www.valuescentre.com/values-are-important/
2. https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/values
3. https://www.mediate.com/divorce/pg17.cfm
4. http://www.kritike.org/journal/issue_1/mara_june2007.pdf
5. http://cwts-love.blogspot.com/2009/10/core-and-related-values.html
6. http://nstpcksc.blogspot.com/2011/08/values.html