JAMIA MILIA ISLAMIA

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND EKISTICS

PRESENTATION ON :

TYPES OF LIFTS

SUBMITTED BY:-
MUSADIQ ZAHOOR
`

SUBMITTED TO:-
MOHD. FIROZ ANWAR
INTRODUCTION:-

An elevator lift is a type of vertical transportation

that moves people or goods between floors
(levels, decks) of a building, vessel or other
structure. Elevators are generally powered by
electric motors that either drive traction cables or
counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump
hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like
a jack.
 HISTORY :-
▪ The earliest known reference to an
elevator is in the works of the
Roman architect Vitruvius, who
reported that Archimedes (c. 287
BC – c. 212 BC) built his first
elevator probably in 236 BC.[9]
Some sources from later historical
periods mention elevators as cabs
on a hemp rope powered by hand
or by animals.

▪ On March 23, 1857 the

first OTIS passenger
Elevator was installed at
488 Broadway In NEW
YORK CITY.

▪ The Equitable life Building

completed in 1870 in NEW YORK
CITY was the first office building to
have passenger elevator.
 TYPES OF LIFTS:-

• ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM

• ACCORDING TO BUILDING HEIGHT

• ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPES

• ACCORDING TO ELEVATOR LOCATION

• ACCORDING TO SPECIAL USES

 ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM:-

Elevators will be classified according to hoist mechanism to 4 main

types as follows:-

1. HYDRAULIC ELEVETOR
2. TRACTION ELEVETOR
3. CLIMBING ELEVETOR
4. PNEUMATIC ELEVETOR
1.HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR:-
 Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator
that pushes the elevator up. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8
stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The
machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level
adjacent to the elevator shaft.
 Hydraulic elevators have many two main types as follows:
A. Holed (Conventional) Hydraulic Elevators:-
 They have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit,
which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends.
 Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet.

B. Hole-less hydraulic elevator:-

it is further classified into three parts-
a.Telescoping hydraulic elevator-
In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the
pit and do not require a sheave or hole below the pit and has 2 or 3
pieces of telescoping pistons. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50
feet of travel distance.
b. Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic Elevators:-
it has one piston and only allows about 20 feet of travel distance.
c. Roped Hydraulic Elevators -
They use a combination of ropes and a piston to move the elevator.
Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet.
2.TRACTION ELEVETOR (PULL ELEVETOR) :-
 Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached
to an electric motor above the elevator shaft.
 They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher
travel speeds than hydraulic elevators.
 Traction elevators have main types as follows:

A- Geared Traction Elevators:

They have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel
that moves the ropes. These are capable of travel speeds up to 500 feet
per minute.

B- Gear-less Traction Elevators:

They have the wheel attached directly to the motor. These are capable of
speeds up to 2000 feet per minute.

C- Machine-Room-Less Elevators:
They are typically traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine
room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and
the controls sit above the ceiling adjacent to the elevator shaft.
3. CLIMBING ELEVETOR:-
 They hold their own power device on them,
mostly electric or combustion engine.
 Climbing elevators are often used in work
and construction areas.

4. PNEUMATIC ELEVETOR :-
 pneumatic elevators are raised and powered
by controlling air pressure in a chamber in
which the elevator sits.
 By simple principles of physics; the
difference in air pressure above and beneath
the vacuum elevator cab literally transports
cab by air. It is the vacuum pumps or
turbines that pull cab up to the next Floor
and the slow release of air pressure that
floats cab down.
 They are especially ideal for existing homes
due to their compact design because
excavating a pit and hoist way are not
2. ACCORDING TO BUILDING HEIGHT

A- Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 stories):-

Buildings up to about (1 to 3) stories typically use hydraulic elevators
because of their lower initial cost

B- Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories):-

Buildings up to about (4 to 11) stories typically use Geared Traction
Elevators

C- High-Rise buildings (12 + stories):-

Buildings up to about 12+ stories typically use Gear-Less Traction Elevators
3. ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPES:-
Elevators will be classified according to building type to 5 main types as
follows:

1. HOSPITAL ELEVETORS.
2.RESIDENCIAL /DOMESTIC ELEVETORS.
3.INDUSTRIAL ELEVETORS.
4. COMMERCIAL ELEVETORS.
5. PARKING BUILDINGS ELEVATORS.
Function Lif capacity (lbs) Min. Speed Building height (ft)
(ft/min.)
Office Building
Small size 2500 350 – 400 0 – 125
500 – 600 126 – 225
Medium size 3000 700 226 – 275
800 276 – 375
High scale 3500 1000 > 375
Hotel 2500 Same as above
3000
Hospital 3000 150 0 – 60
200 61 – 100
3500 250 – 300 101 – 125
350 – 400 126 – 175
4000 500 – 600 176 – 250
700 > 250
Residential 2000 100 0 – 75
200 76 – 125
2500 250 – 300 126 – 200
350 - 400 > 200
Commercial 3500 200 0 – 100
4000 250 – 300 101 – 150
350 – 400 151 – 200
5000 500 > 200
 1.HOSPITAL LIFTS:-
 Hospital bed elevators generally
transport patients who are not well
enough to sit up even in a
wheelchair.
 One of the features of bed elevators
should be its ability to transport the
patient has smoothly as possible with
minimal amount of bumping and
jostling.
 Many contemporary bed elevators are
manufactured to consume extremely
low amounts of power and to be durable •
with a number of safety features built-in.
 Hospital bed elevators generally draw
very little power so that should there be ▪
a power outage they are still operational
off the hospital's backup power supply.
 Most often there will be a rear and a
front entry to the elevator cabin.
 2.RESIDENTIAL LIFTS:-

 Domestic elevators which are

intended to move passengers up
and down stairs in a multilevel
residence are quite similar to
those used in large public
buildings.
 They can be built either inside the
home or outside the home.
 Most often domestic elevators
designed for carrying passengers
in a residential setting only carry
perhaps two to four people safely
and comfortably.
 3. INDUSTRIAL ELEVETOR
This type of elevators is used in construction, warehouses, and shipyards.
These are two types:-
hoist elevators and incline elevators.

A.Hoist elevator:-
 Hoist elevators are operated by a
pulley and they can be a simple
platform or a cage in which humans
or heavy materials are moved up
and down during industrial
applications.
 Generally, a pulley operates a rope
or chain that wraps around a drum
causing the elevator to rise or
descend.
 Hoist elevators carrying materials
and equipment to upper levels as
needed while the building is being
constructed.
B. Incline elevator:-

 The equipment and supplies are placed on

a form of conveyor belt that continues
turning bringing the cargo up to its
destination where it is quickly unloaded
as the belt continues turning around.
This is a much quicker method of loading
and unloading cargo than with a hoist
elevator because there is no stopping to
unload. Everything happens in one fluid
motion. Incline elevators when used for
industrial purposes are usually temporary and
mobile. Many are on wheels and can be easily
moved from one dock or location to the next.
4. COMMERCIAL ELEVETOR-

A- Commercial passenger elevators

A passenger elevator is designed to move people between a building's
floors. Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor
space.

B- Freight elevators
A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry
goods, rather than passengers.
Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier
loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg.
5.PARKING LIFT:-

It is of two types-
1.Conventional car parking
2.Auto car parking elevetor

1.Conventional car parking:-

The conventional parking elevators are built to

move vehicles to upper or lower levels of the
building because of their space saving feature
ith ramps on and off parking levels consume
alot of space which could be better utilized as
parking spaces for vehicles. With the addition of parking elevators, vehicles
can be transported up and down as many levels as necessary by taking up
only the space required for that vehicle. But maintain the need for attendants
to sit in the car, in the elevator and park it on the floor on which there is
space.
2. Auto car lift parking:-

 As against cars being driven (on ramps) or carried (in car lifts) to
different levels in conventional multi-level parking, cars are driven at only
one level for parking or retrieval, Cars are parked in steel pallets and a
target pallet comes up or down to the driveway level at the press of a
button, for parking or retrieval.

Such car parking systems or auto parking systems are also referred to
by various other names in different parts of the world, such as “auto-
parking”, "stack-parking", "mechanized parking", "mechanical parking",
"parkomat “modular parking” etc.
ACCORDING TO ELEVATOR LOCATION:-

A- Outdoor Elevator
Common types of outdoor elevators are platform elevators and incline
elevators.

1. INCLINED ELEVETOR-

•Outdoor elevators built on an incline can all

be used to transport passengers or goods.
•Incline elevators are most often recognized as
passenger elevators called ski lifts. However,
outdoor elevators that move cargo on an
incline are generally constructed with a
conveyor belt and most often seen when loading
cargo on ships and some types of aircraft.
2.PLATFORM ELEVATOR-

 While it is possible to use

platform elevators indoors they
are generally classified as
outdoor elevators because that is
where they are most often used.
Platform elevators usually are not
enclosed by having a have a
fence or gate running around the
perimeter to keep cargo from
slipping off during transport.
Platform elevators usually use a
system of pulleys as the working
mechanism. Outdoor elevators
consisting of a platform are most
often used at new construction
sites but they can also be used
for such things as elevating
workmen renovating the façade
of a building or washing windows
on a high-rise.
ACCORING TO SPECIAL USES:-

It is of two types-
 HANDICAPPED ELEVATOR
 GRAIN ELEVATOR

1.HANDICAPPED ELEVATOR-

In reality, any type of elevator that can assist a handicapped person in going
up and down various levels of the building could be considered a handicap
elevator. However, specific types of elevators are manufactured with
handicapped persons in mind. A good example of this would be a wheelchair
lift that gets a handicapped person in and out of vans. The lift comes out the
sliding doors and descends in order to allow the wheelchair on the platform.
Then the lift is raised up and backs into the vehicle. Most city buses have this
type of handicap elevators installed on them,
2. GRAIN ELEVATOR

 A grain elevator is a tower

containing a bucket elevator,
which scoops up, elevates, and
then uses gravity to deposit grain
in a silo or other storage facility.
They can be classified as
either “country” or “terminal”
elevators, with terminal elevators
further categorized as inland or
export types. Operations other
than storage, such as cleaning,
drying, and blending, often are
performed at elevators. The
principal grains and oilseeds
handled include wheat,
corn,oats, rice soybeans, and
sorghum
COMPONENTS OF LIFT:-
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
 LIFT SUB SYSTEM

 Control Motion – includes

motor, gear, engines,
brakes and power supply.
 Control System - to get
control the movements of
the lift.
 Door Control – contained
motor connecting lift car
doors, platforms gates and
door safety devices.
 Safety Control – contain
the safety gear, speed
controller for the first
balance, heat and lack of
power.
TYPICAL TRACTION LIFT DESIGN
LIFT SHAFT

 It is determined by the
number of user.
 Constructed with
reinforced concrete.
 To accommodate the
loading and fire
resistance. Size of lift
shaft space
 HOSPITAL LIFT
Healthcare facilities are
greatly depended on
lifts to provide a reliable
and efficient vertical
transport system for the
movement of patients,
staff, visitors, medical
equipment, and
associated support
services. They are also
dependent on lifts to
provide firefighting and
evacuation facilities.
All lifts shall meet the
statutory regulations
from Municipality and
Civil Defense
authorities.
Lift Categories
The lifts in healthcare buildings shall be categorized and provisioned based on the
function as below:
▪ General Passenger Lifts
These lifts supporting general passenger traffic
including wheelchair users. The clear internal
dimension of a general passenger lift serving
clinical areas should not be less than 2000mm
wide by 1700mm deep with a minimum
loading capacity of 1250kg with a minimum
clear door opening width of 1100mm and
clear height of 2100mm. This is to enable
proper circulation space for patients on
wheelchair and accompanying persons. The
lifts intended for housekeeping services may
be part of a group of general passenger lifts.
However, housekeeping activities should be
scheduled not to coincide with general peak
passenger demands. As far as practically
possible, care should be taken so that public
passenger lifts are separated from the Bed,
Service and Goods lifts with access to
separate lifts lobbies.
▪ Bed Lifts
These lifts are intended for
the carrying of a patient on
patient beds or stretchers
together with the
necessary staff and support
equipment. The bed lifts
should have a minimum
rated load capacity of
2500 kg, with a minimum
clear car dimension of
1800mm wide by 2700 mm
deep. Clear door- opening
width must be no less than
1400mm and 2200mm
high. Lift car internal height
should not be less than
2500mm.
▪ Service/Goods Lift/s
These lifts are intended for the movement
of items such as furniture, equipment,
building materials, equipment
maintenance supplies, waste etc. The
service/goods lifts should have a minimum
rated load capacity of 2500 kg, with a
minimum clear car dimension of 1600mm
wide by 2200 mm deep. Clear door-
opening width must be not be less than
1200mm and 2200mm high. Lift car
internal height should not be less than
2500 mm. For smaller healthcare facilities
(less than 50 beds) smaller sized goods lifts
may be considered based on proper due
diligence.
However, in facilities where heavier
equipment is anticipated to be
transported, larger goods/service
lift with wider door opening size to
be provided.
 DesignConsiderations
Below is key recommendations and requirements to be adhered with while designing vertical
transportation solution for healthcare facilities.
▪ Selecting the appropriate lift operational speed and drive system is important in order to optimize the
operation, comfort, and efficiency of the system.
▪ Lifts to be located away from sensitive areas in consideration of vibration and acoustics, and with
respect to magnetic distortion for MRIs.
▪ Depending upon the nature of the facility firefighting lift/s to be provided where called for as per Civil
Defense requirements.
▪ In large facilities with numerous lifts, Passenger Lifts may be categorized based on different usage such
as VIP Lifts, OPD Lifts and Visitor’s Lift etc., Such designation, however, is not mandatory.
▪ It is recommended that as far as possible the Bed Lifts and Service Lifts to be identical in design and
specifications. This will give the operator maximum flexibility allocate the lift types for different use as
the need arises and the operation of the facility changes over time.
▪ The Service Lifts need to be categorized for different types of use. As a minimum there should be two
groups, Dirty Lifts and Clean Lift.
Dirty Lifts may be used for: Transport waste bins, Dirty Linen, Diseased patients, Infected Patients,
Dirty SSU goods, Returned food trolleys and similar goods as well as staff.
Clean Lifts may be used for: Transportation of items from the central stores, clean food trolleys, Clean
SSU goods, medication and occasionally a patient bed (when the bed lift is under maintenance) and
staff.
▪ In large facilities, with numerous lifts, the operator should consider designating specific tasks to the
service lifts such as: Food Safe Lift, Waste Lift, Clean Goods, Etc. Apart from Clean/Dirty, the above
subdivisions are not mandatory.
▪ Firefighting lift can also be used for regular passenger/patient use during normal operation of
the healthcare facility. However, it is recommended that the designated firefighters lift is not
used for moving waste, goods, equipment etc. in order to prevent the risk of the lift being
occupied or its entrance being obstructed when the lift is required for firefighting.
▪ In healthcare buildings, choosing the appropriate number, capacity and operational speed and
drive system is important in order to minimize any adverse effects, particularly on patients and
care providers. The criteria to consider while determining the vertical transportation solution
include but not limited to:
▪ Anticipated number of patients Anticipated number of staff Operation and visiting hours
Nature of the departments
▪ Location of Imaging equipment such as MRI’s
▪ Food deliveries Waste disposal
▪ Emergency evacuation
▪ Clinical workflows Configuration of the building
▪ Because a healthcare environment has a higher percentage of sick and vulnerable people,
special consideration needs to be given during the traffic analysis.
▪ The selection of an appropriate speed is dependent on building height. Table below indicates
suggested values. However, speed has very little effect on the handling capacity of lifts in
healthcare facilities due to the longer loading and unloading times; therefore, rated speeds
could be lower than would normally be required in office buildings. The average interval of the
lift (the time between successive lift arrivals at the main entrance floor) can be longer than
that is recommended for office building. Interval time of 30s to 50s is generally acceptable for
healthcare buildings.
▪ Centre opening doors provide better traffic performance as compared to side opening
doors; in consideration of this, only center opening doors shall be provided for lifts serving
patient and clinical staff. Side opening lifts may be acceptable for goods lifts not intended
for clinical staff or patients. The center opening doors shall be in two leaves or four leaves
configuration to suite the available lift shaft.
▪ In order to reduce the stress imposed on vulnerable patients the acceleration of the lift cars
used to serve surgical and clinical areas shall not exceed 0.6 m/s2, while rate of change of
acceleration or deceleration shall not exceed 1.0m/s3.
▪ During vertical transportation traffic analysis for healthcare buildings, lift car occupancy to be
considered lower than the normal 80% of rated capacity used in commercial building traffic
calculations to account for the space requirement for wheel chair, stretchers, equipment
etc.; 25% of the rated capacity will be more appropriate for healthcare buildings.
▪ Diffused soothing illumination of 100 lux to be provided in lift cars at floor level. The car
should not be widely over lit or under lit due to patient safety and comfort considerations.
▪ Emergency lighting to be provided in lift cars as part the lift car design with 3hr local battery
back up to provide a minimum illumination of 10 lux.
▪ Lift shafts generally penetrate all floors of a healthcare building and therefore pose a risk for
the transmission of infection across the floors. To reduce this risk, lift shaft wall and ceiling
should be sealed and painted.
▪ Lift car doors should be fitted with contact free passenger/obstruction detection to minimize
the risk of car/landing door collisions with persons, beds, or equipment, working in
conjunction with the automatic door operator.
▪ Lift cars and all landing shall indicate the floor number and direction of travel of the lift car.
▪ When function of the lifts physically located as a group are similar, such cars shall be
grouped and controlled in “collective” method, while the function of each lift in the
group are different (such as dirty, clean, staff etc.) the cars may have to be controlled
individually (simplex).
▪ Depending upon operational workflows and security strategy, electronic card access
systems to be implemented, along with emergency bed services function. Emergency
bed services facilitate priority lift car call option for patients in critical care and
associated staff.
▪ At least one elevator in a bank of lifts to be fed from the emergency (secondary) branch
of power distribution.
▪ Power supply for lifts to be sourced directly (grouped or individually) from the main
distribution board (MDB) of the healthcare building.

Hospital 3000 150 0 – 60

200 61 – 100
3500 250 – 300 101 – 125
350 – 400 126 – 175
4000 500 – 600 176 – 250
700 > 250
Scunthorpe General Hospital

A Duplex pair of bed lifts, 9

and 10, serves 4 floors over
a distance of 8 meters .
Another Duplex pair, 11 and
12, serves 6 floors with 16
meters of travel. The lift
design was modified from
Geared to Gearless to
improve efficiency and power
consumption.
The Bed Lifts
Rated load: 28 person / 2100kg per lift
Speed: 1.0m/s
Control type: Duplex full collective
Drive: VVVF traction
Roping arrangement: 1:1
Motor room
Load on motor room floor per lift: 154.3kn (not
acting simultaneously with loads under all
buffers or car guide rails)

Pit
Load under each car guide rail: 47.2kn Not
simultaneous
Load under each car buffer: 122kn Not
simultaneous
Load under each counter weight guide
rail: 7.3kn
Load under each counter weight
buffer: 85.9kn
General works – complete capability
As Principle Contractor, Stannah was given complete control of all works involved in this
refurbishment programme. This covered:

Modernisation: of landing and lift car controls, operating buttons and indicators; the
replacement of safety gear with progressive, standards-compliant, bi-directional
equipment; new, fire-rated landing entrance frames and full depth architraves; energy
saving features ensure the lifts meet with the latest building requirements.

Civil and building works and attendances: providing site entrance protection,
storage/site office establishment; managing the disposal of waste for recycling or
environmental disposal as appropriate – all within the requirements of the Construction,
Design and Management Regulations 2007 (CDM).
All deliveries in conjunction with hospital activities: maintaining hospital routines, each
lift upgrade was completed in rotation so that at least one lift, within each group of lifts,
remained in service.

All offstage essentials and making good: replacing the electrical power supplies, shaft
and machine room lighting, plus significant decoration of all machine rooms and shafts;
stripping back of all lifts to guides, retaining only steelwork sections of the slings and
counterweights; replacing the remaining equipment; increasing the speed to 1.0m/sec;
incorporating Duplex and Triplex controls.
New lift cars
Each lift car was completely replaced with new resilient steel cabins. Finished to North
Lincolnshire Hospital Trust’s specification to reflect corporate image, the lifts now have a
robust but aesthetically pleasing finish, incorporating LED tube lighting to save energy.
Hinged access panels within the lift car make tube future replacement and cleaning quick
and easy.

New equipment
This includes electronics that record the activity of the lift on a day-to-day basis. Planned
maintenance is in place as the lifts handle a substantial amount of traffic, but overall there
has been a huge reduction in service call-outs and a significant increase in reliability, giving
the hospital better circulation of human traffic at a reduced operational cost.