Project Work Discussion on the use of the various items of construction

equipment used in road construction

Submitted to

Engr Felix Atume ( FNSE, MNICE, FCOREN FAEng, mni)

Department of Civil Engineering

College of Engineering

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, MAKURDI.

By

GROUP11

S/NO NAMES MATRIC NO

1 IBIAMEGH AMOS AVALUMUN 17/42111/DE
2 PETER KINSLEY 17/44953/U3
3 AGIDA ERUBI E. 16/37097/UE
4 VICTOR MTEVEN SOLOMON 17/42098/UE
5 JUMBOW NCHANGTOH GENESIS 16/37103/DE
6 NYAM ZEGE 16/37049/UE
7 ASEMA SIMON MSUGH 16/37004/UE
8 TYOKOHOL TERVER THADDEUS 16/37083/UE
9 ORNAN JAMES REUBEN 15/32712/UE
10 TINGIR NONGO 11/20103/UE
11 AMODU PAUL BAYO 15/32740/UE
12 GBAA LUTER B. 16/37025/UE
13 OMAJI GABRIEL OMAJI 13/25376/UE

April, 2021.

1
 DEDICATION
We dedicate this project to THE ALMIGHTY GOD, for sustenance of life and protection in the
course of this work.

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge specially, Engr Felix Atume ( FNSE, MNICE, FCOREN, FAEng, mni) course
lecturer (ECE 405) Highway Engineering, Civil Engineering Department University of
Agriculture, Makurdi. For giving us the deserved moral guides and academic instructions to
become potential Engineers.

3
 ABSTRACT
Road construction industries do not have a proper management practice for construction
equipments. Therefore its importance to have a proper knowledge and management,
maintenance, works schedules, fuel consumption and time on road construction equipment and
plants.

It is essential to know about the utilization of machines properly and match their capacities to
specific project requirement.

In the Nigerian construction industry, the time and the cost of project is an important constraints
for the success of project. The key words: Road construction equipment; maintenance; fuel
consumption; and capacities.

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE
Title page i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

Table of content v-vi

List of plate’s vii

CHAPTER ONE (1)

1.0 INTRODUCTIION 1

1.1 Background of study 2

1.2 Aims and Objectives 2

1.3 Methodology 2

1.4 Scope and Limitations 2

CHAPTER TWO (2)

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 3

2.1 Road construction equipment 3

2.2 The role of labor vs. machinery in road construction 4

2.3 Advantages of machineries 4-5

CHAPTER THREE (3)

3.0 Earthworks equipment 6-12

3.1 Rock excavation equipment 12-13

3.2 Compaction equipment 14-20

3.3 Transportation and watering equipment 21-25

3.4 Bituminous equipment 25-27

5
 3.5 Concreting equipment 27-30

CHAPTER FOUR (4)

4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 31

4.1 Discussion 31

4.2 Recommendation 31-32

4.3 References 32

6
 LIST OF PLATE
Plate No Title Page

1.0 Tractor-dozer 7
1.1 Grader 8
1.2 Excavator 9
1.3 Backhoe 10
1.4 Trenchers 11
1.5 Forklifts 12
1.6 Core drill 13
1.7 Smooth Wheel Roller 15
1.8 Sheep Foot Roller 16
1.9 Pneumatic Roller 17
2.0 Vibratory Roller 18
2.1 Rammers 19
2.2 Vibratory Plate Compactor 20
2.3 Dumps Trucks 21
2.4 Concrete Truck 22
2.5 Flatbed Trailer 23
2.6 Motor Crane 24
2.7 Water Tanker 25
2.8 Hot Mix Plant 26
2.9 Mechanical Paver 26
3.0 Concrete Batching Plant 27
3.1 Concrete Vibrator 28
3.2 Concrete Crusher 29
3.3 Boom Placer 30

7
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Road and highway construction have the attributes of construction equipment addition to
the common characteristics of general commodities, control of cost and management,
present complexity and different levels to project ownership.

The road construction equipment will acts as a backbone for huge construction projects,
proper use of appropriate equipment will contribute economy quality, safety, speed and
timely completion of projects.

Equipment used in road construction works are from small to heavy construction
equipment. Almost 15-30% of total project cost has been accounted towards equipment
and machinery. The use of equipment and methods has made possible changes in
construction technology in recent decades.

Highway and road construction are the yardsticks to measure the development of a
country, now the highway construction projects are changing their face to proper
planning, selection, procurement, operation, maintenance and equipment’s replacement
which plays an important role in equipment knowledge and management for a successful
completion of project.

With the growing of use of machinery, it has become necessary for construction
engineers to be thoroughly familiar with the construction application and upkeep of wide
range of modern equipment.

Before starting any project, its planning is done with great care, as the efficiency of the
whole project largely depends upon its planning.

While planning each and every detail should be considered carefully. Planning a
construction project involves deciding about the extents of mechanization, equipment
planning and execution planning etc. Equipment managers should carefully decide the
extents of mechanization so as to minimize the cost of project.

Construction equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing

construction tasks, the most frequently ones involving earthwork operations. It is not
always desirable or possible for the Contractor to own each and every type of
Construction Equipment required for the Project. The basic operations involved in the
construction of any Project are Excavation, Digging of large quantities of earth, moving
them to fairly long distances, Placement, Compacting, Leveling, Dozing, Grading, and
Hauling. Etc

8
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Lack of proper understanding in identifying road construction equipment’s and

knowing their uses and operation by civil Engineering students of 400level
University of Agriculture, Makurdi have prompted the discussion on the various
type and uses of road construction equipments .

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this group project works discussion is to expose the students to various
type of road construction equipment use in highway project execution and to
inform the student on how to make decisions on the order of use of the different
of plant where several operations are required with the following objectives:
i. To identify road construction equipment’s and suggest possible usage
ii. To understand the operations of various plant and equipment’s and the
reason for using the plant in construction work.
iii. To understand the effective maintenance of heavy equipment
iv. Safety about the operations and during the operations of road construction
projects.

1.3 METHODOLOGY
The methods adopted for this group project discussion are as follows:
i. Site visit to a road construction site
ii. Lecture on road construction plant and equipment’s
iii. Interaction with projects consultant Engr Moses and the resident
Engineers
iv. Analysis of literature review.

1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

We are limited to class discussion due to time and resource constraint.

9
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Definition: A road is a thorough fare route on land between two places that has been
paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or by some form of conveyance.
Roads consists of one or more lanes and road verges (Wikipedia)
Road construction: means the construction of a new roadway or the conversion of an
existing paved road. Road construction also could mean work performed in respect of the
construction, maintenance or repairs of a road or highway.
(http:/www.lawinsider.com/dictionary).

2.1 ROAD CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Road Construction Equipment: Refers to the heavy machinery, tools and equipment used
in the making of new roads. Wide varieties of relatively heavy machines which perform
specific construction and demolition function under power.

The power plant is commonly and an integral part of an individual machine, although in
some cases it is contain in a separate prime mover, for example, a towed wagon or
roller.it is customary to classify construction machine in accordance with their functions
such as hoisting, excavating, hauling, grading, paving, drilling, or pile drilling.
There have been few changes for many years in the basic types of machines available for
specific jobs and few in the basic configuration of those that have long been available.
Design emphasis for new machine is on modification that increases speed, efficiency and
accuracy particularly through more sophisticated control, which improved operator
comfort and safety. The selection of machine for specific job is mainly a question of
economics and depends primarily on the ability of the machine to complete the job
efficiency and secondary on its availability.
According to the context modulus for induction training program for newly recruited
engineers (2012) Road construction equipment is specially design for executing
construction tasks. They are also known as construction equipment, construction plant,
earthmovers, engineering vehicles or simply equipment.
There are construction plant for specific construction operations and are based on plant
output, quality of work, economic use of the plant and the nature of work to be done.
Construction plants are classified according to their uses for specific construction tasks
where the induction focus and heavy construction plant equipment specially used for
highway and transportation projects.

10
2.2 THE ROLE OF LABOR VS. MACHINERY IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION

According to L R K Adyal andNB Lal (2013) labor has been used to a large extent in the
construction of road in India hitherto. The reasons are that labor especially unskilled
labor, is plentiful and cheap in the labor surplus economy like India. In fact employment
generation is one the attractions of investment on roads.
Several road constructions specification currently being followed in the country is
amendable to labor intensive methods.
The principal of stage construction been followed in the country on account of scarcity of
resource fit in well with labor intensive specification.
Because of like of demand for modern highway construction machinery, the indigenous
industry in these areas has not developed to level of obtaining in the western countries.
In spite of the lack of demand for machineries oriented construction method in the
highway industry so far in the country, the future prospects for the use of machinery are
bright. Multimillion dollar organization of road construction industries employees
machines such as bulldozer, tractors, and hot mix plans. This has been found to be
necessary in view of the scarcity of labor in the remote areas where they operate.

2.3 ADVANTAGES OF MACHINERIES

 Machinery is useful for working in remote and inaccessible areas where labor is
scare.
 Machinery is very useful where a large quantity of work is to be done in a
concentrated area in a limited time. Examples are urban streets, news road
construction involving superior specification approaches to mighty bridges etc.
 Control over quality can be exercised better if machines are used.
 Certain specifications such as bituminous macadam asphaltic concrete and
possible only with machinery.

According to g. singh (2010) highway construction can be carried out either by using mechanical
appliances or by manual labor. Although, adoption of mechanical methods involve heavy initial
investment but ultimately its result in economy. Road constructed by mechanical method are
superior to those and economical than those constructed than manual labor.

Studies conducted in pun job revealed that road constructed by totally mechanical method is not
costlier than that constructed by manual means but life and service of road constructed by form
method is far more superior to the later one. Hence the adaptation of mechanized means is the
need of the time in their and its being used in a big way these days.

11
Types and uses of road construction equipment:

There are five (5) types of road construction considered in this group discussion project. These
include:

1. Earthworks equipment
2. Rock excavation equipment
3. Compaction equipment
4. Transportation and watering equipment
5. Bituminous and concreting equipment

They shall be discussed in the chapter three.

12
 CHAPTER THREE

There are different types and uses of road construction equipment but for the purpose of this
project work. We shall be discussing only five (5) which follows:

3.0 EARTHWORKS EQUIPMENT

Earthworks Equipment involves a number of operations and a variety of equipment can be

put to use. Below are possible uses of machinery for earthwork.

1. TRACTOR DOZER.

Tractor dozer, popularly called Bull-Dozer, is a tractor with a 3-3.5m long, 0.9-1.2m high
blade mounted in front of it. If the blade of the equipment is set at an angle, it is called an
angle dozer. The equipment is very versatile and can help perform the following operation:

 Removing top soil from borrow areas

 Opening up pilot road formation in step hill sides to such a width that other equipment
can move and complete the work
 Moving earth for short distances, say up to 100m
 Box-cutting a formation for laying pavement layers
 Clearing construction sites of debris
 Clearing and grubbing land of vegetation and tree stumps
 Dozers are also used for spreading earthwork.

The tractor-dozers are available in sizes ranging from 65 to H.P.

13
Plate 1.0 Tractor-Dozer

2. GRADERS

Graders are either towel of self-propelled. The letter also called auto patrol motor grader, are
more common. The grader has a blade of about 3.5m, but its effective length during
spreading becomes 2.75.the blade can be set at any angle. 100-110HP motor grader is a
popular size. The normal grading speed is 3kmph. The output of a grader for spreading the
work is achieved generally in 4 passes.

Graders can be used for a number of purposes.

 For spreading heaped earth into layers

 For shaping the cross-section during construction
 For maintaining the cross-section of the embankment

14
  Leveling or finishing earthwork.
 For shaping a sub-grade, constructing earth roads and spreading loose materials.
 For grading (shaping to cross gradient) upper surface of ground / fill and cutting and
shaping banks.

Plate 1.1 Grader

3. EXCAVATORS

There are many machines which are available for excavation work under different trade names
but for the purpose of this work, only two we be considered; the backacter (Tracked Power Unit)
and the multi-purpose excavator.

Backacter (Excavator):

 Trench and pit excavations to depths below its track/wheel level.

 To load excavated material into haulage vehicles or place along sides.
 Needs low loader transport for travel between sites.
 Dips bucket to excavation position and scoops towards the power unit, lifts, swings and
discharges.

15
Plate 1.2 Excavator

Multi-purpose Excavator:

• Small bulk excavations to depth below wheel level.

• To load excavated material into haulage truck Most can be fitted with loading/excavating
front bucket, rear backacter bucket, dozer blade, scarifies, grab bucket and auger.
• Rear backacter or backhoe bucket is dipped to excavation position to scoop towards the
power unit, digging below its wheel level while the front loading/excavating bucket
works only at over bove the wheel level.

4. BACKHOE

16
A backhoe also called a rear actor or back actor is a type of excavating equipment, or digger,
consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. It is typically mounted on
the back of a tractor or front loader, the latter forming a “backhoe loader”

Plate 1.3 Backhoe

5. TRENCHERS

17
A trencher is a piece of construction equipment used to dig trenches, especially for laying pipes
or electrical cables, for installing drainage, or in preparation for trench warfare. Trenchers may
range in size from walk-behind models to attachments for a skid loader or tractor, to very heavy
tracked heavy equipment.

Plate 1.4 Trenches

6. FORKLIFTS

A forklift is a powered industrial truck used to lift and move materials over short distances. The
forklift was developed in the early 20th century by various companies, including Clark, which
made transmissions, and Yale & Towne Manufacturing, which made hoists.

18
Plate 1.5 Forklifts

3.1 ROCK EXCAVATION EQUIPMENT

Rock excavation is achieved by drilling and blasting. The equipment use for this work
consist of

1. AIR COMPRESSOR

Air compressor is used for

i. Drilling
ii. Operating pneumatic equipment such as pavement breakers, clay cutters.
iii. Wall sinking.

2. DRILLING
Drilling into rock is accomplished by;

19
  Jack hammer or wagon drills (drifters). Jack hammers is a pneumatic
percussion type drill, small enough to be handle by a man. The weight ranges
from 4.5kg to 35kg.The hammer gives 200-2500 below per minutes.

 Core drill: A core drill is a drill specifically designed to remove a cylinder of

material, much like a hole saw. The material left inside the drill bit is referred
to as the core. Core drill was used to carryout coring test which determined
the depth of asphalt laid on the carriageway.

Plate 1.6 Core Drill

3. BLASTING
Blasting is done by explosives. The normal explosive used in dynamite of a concentration
of about 40-60 per cent or gelatin which is a waterproof jelly like dynamite. Detonators
are used for charging.

20
3.2 COMPACTION EQUIPMENT

Compaction is the process of mechanically increasing the density of soil. It is the simple
way of increasing the stability and supporting capacity of the soil. Compaction is one
kind of densification that is realized by rearrangement of soil particles without a flow of
water.

Major reasons for compaction of soil:

i. Reduction of air-voids content in Soil

ii. Increasing load bearing capacities
iii. Providing Stability
iv. Reducing water seepage, contraction and swelling
v. Prevent frost damages and soil settlement

There are two principal types of compaction force :

01. Static Force:

It is simply the dead weight of the equipment. This is done by applying the downward force on
the soil surface and compressing the soil particles. Static force is confined to upper soil layers
and limited to the appreciable depth. Kneading and Pressure are two basic mechanisms of static
compaction.

02. Vibratory Force:

It is usually an engine drive to create the downward force in addition to the weight of the
machine. The vibrating mechanism is usually a rotating eccentric weight of the machine or
piston combination. The compactors deliver a rapid sequence of blows to the surfaces, thereby
affecting the top layers as well as deeper layers. Vibrations move the material, setting particles in
motions and move them close together for highest density possible.

The different types of compaction equipment used in compaction project depend on the scope of
work. The compaction equipment to be used can either be used for some situations or can be a
special type which meets the requirements of the particular project.

The various types of compaction equipment used in road construction projects include:

21
01. SMOOTH WHEELED ROLLERS

It is important equipment for compaction. It consist large steel drum in front and one or two
wheel on rear end.

Plate 1.7 Smooth wheel Roller

22
02. SHEEPSFOOT ROLLERS

Sheepsfoot rollers also known as a tamping roller. Steel drum of sheepsfoot roller consist of
many rectangular shaped boots of equal sizes fixed in hexagonal pattern.

Plate 1.8 Sheeps Foot Rollers

23
03. PNEUMATIC ROLLER

Pneumatic roller is also called rubber tyres roller. Pneumatic roller has number of tyres at the
front and at the rear end.

Plate 1.9 Pneumatic Rollers

24
04. VIBRATORY ROLLER:

Vibratory roller consist two smooth drums with the vibrator. One is fixed at front and other one
on rear side of vibratory roller. Both drums are of the same diameter, length and same weight.

Plate 2.0 Vibratory Roller

25
05. RAMMERS

Rammer compactor is used for compacting small area and providing impact load to soil. This
equipment is light weight and can be hand or machine operated.

Plate 2.1 Rammer

26
06. VIBRATORY PLATE COMPACTOR

Vibratory plate compactor is used for compacting different types of soils in narrow and conjusted
area where it is not possible to use large equipment.

Plate 2.2 Vibratory Plate Compactor

27
3.3 TRANSPORTATION AND WATERING EQUIPMENT.

The commonly transportation equipment used in road construction are:

1. DUMP TRUCKS

A dump truck (tipper truck) is a truck used for transporting loose material (such as sand,
gravel, or demolition waste) for construction. A typical dump truck is equipped with an open-
box bed, which is hinged at the rear and equipped with hydraulic pistons to lift the front,
allowing the material in the bed to be deposited ("dumped") on the ground behind the truck at
the site of delivery.

Plate 2.3 Dump truck

2. CONCRETE TRUCKS:

Carrying and Sometimes Mixing the Concrete.

28
If the project calls for concrete, crews use concrete trucks designed specifically to transport the
material to the work site. There are different types of concrete trucks that can be used depending
on the nature of the application. For plant-mixed concrete, general transit trucks conduct
transportation. In some cases, dump trucks haul concrete to the site and mix it on site. It all
depends on how much and what use the concrete will serve in the overall building application.

Agitating and non-agitating trucks haul concrete, while mixers can be used for both. Concrete
mixers have an agitator that will mix and then, when ready, pour the concrete into the proper
location. Being hauled by a truck allows for speed, efficiency and maneuverability at a work site
where fast pouring may be useful or essential.

Plate 2.4 Concrete Truck

3. FLATBED TRAILER

A flatbed trailer is typical open deck equipment that has no roof nor sides. It is mainly used
for transporting heavy, oversized, wide and indelicate goods such as machinery, building
supplies or equipment. The flatly shaped body makes it much easier to load and unload
goods.

29
Typical flatbed freight includes auto parts, construction equipment, excavators, generators,
lumber, mining/drilling equipment, solar panels, tubing, and steel.

Plate 2.5 Flat Bed Trialer

4. MOTOR CRANE

A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains, and
sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is
mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places.

Side dump trucks tip their platform to the side of the truck with one side raised while gravity
does the rest of the work.

30
Plate 2.6 Motor Crane

5. WATER TANKERS

The water tanker usually consists of a series of spray nozzle equipped with the mechanics to
pump and spray water for compaction, dust control on carriageway during compaction of the
sub-grade, sub base and base course to provide the moisture required for optimum compaction.

Water-tankers of 4000-5000liters capacity are widely used for watering earthwork and in water-
bound macadam.

31
Plate 2.7 Water Tanker

3.4 BITUMINOUS EQUIPMENT

Bituminous materials are used for road construction, roofing, waterproofing, and other
applications. For the main application, which is road construction, the major concerns, as with
concrete, are cost and durability.

The main list of the equipment that we need for the construction of the bitumen pavements are:

i. Boilers: Boilers are used to soften the bitumen by heating it to certain temperature for its
easy application.

ii. Sprayer/Distributor: Sprayers are required for spreading/distributing the bitumen on the
pavement. If the bitumen is applied with pressure, they are known as pressure
distributors.
iii. Hot Mix Plants: Hot mix plants are required for mixing the aggregates, bitumen and any
other required material to prepare the hot mix of the asphalt concrete. Aggregates are

32
 bitumen are needed to be heated up to a temperature of 150 to 200 degrees Celsius.

p
Plate 2.8 Hot mix plant

iv. Mechanical Pavers/Finishers: Mechanical paver are used to apply the asphalt concrete on
the pavement and to partially smooth or compact it.

33
 Plate 2.9 Mechanical Paver
v. Rollers: Rollers are effectively used to compact the bituminous concrete. For this purpose
we use either smooth wheeled rollers or pneumatic rollers.

3.5 CONCRETING EQUIMENT

i. Concrete Batching Plant

A concrete batching plant is a significant gear for the concreting equipment. The concrete
batching plant utilized for the is created by the appropriate blending of the considerable
number of fixings like sand, rock, water, and cement and after that moved to concert
building site prepared to be poured for use.

Concrete batching plants can be of two structures either the stationary heavy production
units or the well-known mobile batching plants which can be utilized to both produce and
transport the solid blend from site to site. One can likewise get a batching plant according
to their creation necessities.

Plate 3.0 Concrete Batching Plant.

ii. Concrete Mixer

34
 A concrete mixer is the best source for the construction that wants to save their precious
raw material from waste that cannot be tolerated. Mixers used to mix all the elements like
cement, gravel, and water for better mixing and it also saves time because of its high
efficiency while they working.

There are too many varieties available in concrete mixers like Self-loading concrete
mixer, Transit mixer that mounted on a truck, Stationary concrete mixer, Electric
Concrete Mixer, Concrete mixer enables with lift, reversible concrete mixer is the types
of Concrete mixer.

iii. Concrete Vibrator

Concrete vibratory is the mechanical device used to create vibration in wet material. This
machinery alien with the motor and connected with pipes that create the vibration inside
the concrete mix.
And remove the all air in between the concrete mix. So gives more strength and life to
concrete. This concrete equipment almost used by the entire civil contractor from small
civil work to bridge construction.

Plate 3.1 Concrete Vibrator

iv. Concrete Pump

A concrete pump is one of the fastest concrete equipment that gets fame in the
construction market because of its reliability and cost-effectiveness. Pumps save the labor
cost, time, and material with high power consumption are used for pumping the concrete
from the mixer and send it directly to the construction site.

v. Concrete Tank
Concrete tanks are used to save both labor and machine costs because they need to be
built of construction sites and installed on the peak- positions. Tanks are usually made of
concrete, have pipes at the bottom as the exit of material to the site. Basically, the tank is
used to make concrete material by pouring water, cement, and gravels in it.

35
 vi. Concrete Crusher
Concrete crushers have two types: One is a mobile concrete crusher similar to a bulldozer
but has an attachment with its boom arm use to crush the big rock pieces into small
gravels. The second type mostly can be seen in the industrial used for crushing medium-
sized rocked into power or gravels form. Concrete crushers are the best source for saving
labor costs and time.

Plate 3.2 Concrete Crusher

vii. Concrete Conveyor

A concrete conveyor system is usually to use a mobilized construction site. They are
based on a conveyor belt by which transfers the gravels, cement, and other concrete
material directly on the mixer and they are also used for filtration of Concrete material.

Viii. Concrete Boom Placer

Boom Placer is one of the most used concrete machinery used in the construction of the
site. Many construction sites don’t have such facilities that other mixers or men can reach
and concrete mix can pour at the site.
Workers, CREC takes the main position in foundation development, industrial equipment
manufacturing, logical research and counseling, land advancement, and different fields.

36
plate 3.3 Concrete Boom Placer

37
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 CONCLUSSION

There are several equipment that is been used on construction industries. These are used
for both large and small scale purposes. Various types of equipment are been used for
building and structural construction, road construction, power works, underwater and
other marine construction works. Etc.

The methods and equipment used in road construction is an important economic and
design factor in road location and subsequent design. A road to be built by an operator
whose only equipment is a bulldozer requires a different design than a road to be built by
a contractor equipped with hydraulic excavator, scrapers and bulldozer.

It is important to note that purchase of equipment solely based on purchase price rarely
results in lowest total equipment cost. In the process of equipment procurement the
contractor should consider different options that could result in lower total equipment
cost. Equipment management is the major factor that determines the profitability of most
civil engineering projects like road and dam constructions. Properly and disposed it off at
the right time. The equipment and maintenance management of the company can be
improved by establishing and implementing: Effective equipment and vehicle
standardization; Equipment and vehicle replacement policy plan; Equipment and vehicle
codification; Improving the maintenance planning and control system; Carrying out
proper spare parts planning; Adoption of an appropriate strategy; Sound and effective
organizational structure and manpower; Equipping the different workshops of the
company with required work shop facilities and instrumentation tools; Developing
effective and efficient maintenance system.

4.2 RECOMMENDATION
A very good equipment management starts with proper equipment selection process.
Therefore, a proper equipment selection process should always be followed which
identify the equipment which identify the equipment that best fits the particular job
requirements, at the same time achieving the lowest possible total equipment cost.
Maximizing production and minimizing the operating and the initial investment cost
gives lowest total equipment cost.

REFERENCES
38
Recommendation for the sizes for each of road making machinery to the general demand of road
works, Special Publication 22,India congress, New Delhi, 1980
Soil Mechanics for Road Engineers, Transport and Research Laboratory, Stationary office,
London, 1973.
Bulk bitumen, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Bombay.
The Asphalt Handbook, MS-4, Asphalt Institute, 1989.
Repot of the Working Group on Modernization of Equipment for Construction of Roads and
Bridges, Planning Commission, New Delhi, 1984
Caterpillar Performance Handbook, Edition 36, CATERPILLAR
Construction Equipment and its Management, S.C. Sharma, Khanna Publishers. 2-B, Nath
Market, Nai Sarak Delhi.
Construction Equipment, Galperin, Mark Iseavich: Moskow: Mir Publishers, C1982
Construction Equipment Policy, Douglas James: New York: MacGraw Hill, 1975
Construction Equipment and its planning and application, Mahesh Barma: 3rd Edition. New
Delhi.
Levitt, Joel. The handbook of maintenance management. Industrial Press Inc., 2009.
Al-Turki, Umar M. "Maintenance Planning and Scheduling." Handbook of Maintenance
Management and Engineering. Springer London, 200
Http:/www.lawinsider.com/dictionary).9. 237-262.

39