Name- Dhawal P

Roll no. – 55
IC-B
SAIP-HA

Applications of signal and

image processing in medical
and field

Case study
DSP also knows as digital signal processing includes
the areas of signal processing like: audio and speech
signal processing, sonar and radar signal processing,
sensor array processing, spectral estimation, statistical
signal processing, digital image processing, signal
processing for communications, control of systems,
biomedical signal processing, seismic data processing,
etc.
DSP is one of the most important areas of study in the
fields of communication, electronics instrumentation,
research and analysis and many more fields. The main
reason is that the signals need to be processed so that
the information that they contain can be displayed,
analysed, or converted to another type of signal that
may be of use. Before we take any usual signal of our
day to day life, that analog signal must be converted
into the digital signal so that it can be fed to the
electronic circuits. Electronic circuits can input the
signal in form of only binary digits, I.e. 1&0. And
analog signal has a definite value at each and every
point. As such, we have to take up the sampling
procedure and convert it to a digital signal as:
This process is known as sampling. Sampling is the
base point of digital signal processing. An analog signal
can never be processed without sampling.
Converters such as an Analog-to-Digital converter then
take the real-world signal and turn it into the digital
format of 1’s and 0’s. From here, the DSP takes over by
capturing the digitized information and processing it. It
then feeds the digitized information back for use in the
real world. It does this in one of two ways, either
digitally or in an analog format by going through a
Digital-to-Analog converter. All of this occurs at very
high speeds.
DSP is the mathematics, the algorithms, and the
techniques used to manipulate these signals after they
have been converted into a digital form. This includes a
wide variety of goals, such as: enhancement of visual
images, recognition and generation of speech,
compression of data for storage and transmission, etc.
We have to choose the domain in which to process a
signal by making an informed guess as to which domain
best represents the essential characteristics of the signal.
A sequence of samples from a measuring device
produces a time or spatial domain representation,
whereas a discrete Fourier transform produces the
frequency domain information that is the frequency
spectrum. Autocorrelation is defined as the cross-
correlation of the signal with itself over varying
intervals of time or space.
SIGNAL PROCESSING IN MEDICAL
Biomedical signals are the recording of the observations
of physiological activities of organisms, ranging from
gene and protein sequences, to neural and cardiac
rhythms, to tissue and organ images. It is the clinical
study of the internal body metabolisms, diagnosis of
ailments, and detection of diseases using the electronic
instrumentation. Biomedical signal processing aims at
extracting significant information from biomedical
signals. With the aid of biomedical signal processing,
biologists can discover new biology and physicians can
monitor distinct illnesses.
Digital signal processing came into the field of the
biomedical signal processing with the advent of the use
of advanced electronic instruments in the biomedical
field. Various scientists invented many instruments that
detected the biological diagnostic results from the
biological organisms. BMP (biomedical signal
processing) has enabled the people from the medical
field to enable them to ease off their burdens of life
support in a very healthy manner. While these
techniques are well established, the field of Biomedical
signal processing continues to expand thanks to the
development of various novel biomedical instruments.

Medical image processing uses

 MRI scan,
 X-Ray Scans,
 Electrocardiography (ECG)
 Computerised Tomography (CT) scans,
 Ultra sound.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY

This technique is used to record the electrical impulses

which immediately precede the contractions of the heart
muscle. This method causes no discomfort to a patient
and is often used for diagnosing heart disorders such as
coronary heart disease, pericarditis or inflammation of
the membrane around the heart, cardiomyopathy or
heart muscle disease arrhythmia and coronary
thrombosis.

WORKING OF
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY

When cell membranes in the heart depolarise, voltages

change and currents flow. Because a human can be
regarded as a volume conductor, changes in potential
are transmitted throughout the body, and can be
measured. When the heart depolarises, it is convenient
to represent the electrical activity as a vector between
two point charges.
An ECG is recorded by placing electrodes on the
surface of the skin.
The ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart.
This electrical activity controls the heartbeat. Special
cells called pacemakers release bursts of electrical
energy which travel through the heart muscle, causing it
to contract and relax. There are valve movements
between the two cycles. As a result of the electric
pulses, the electrodes record some charge. This charge
is displayed over a graph paper.

MRI SCANS

It is this relationship between field-strength and

frequency that allows the use of nuclear magnetic
resonance for imaging. Additional magnetic fields are
applied during the scan to make the magnetic field
strength depend on the position within the patient, in
turn making the frequency of the released photons
dependent on position in a predictable manner. Position
information can then be recovered from the resulting
signal by the use of a Fourier transform. These fields
are created by passing electric currents through
specially-wound solenoids, known as gradient coils.
Since these coils are within the bore of the scanner,
there are large forces between them and the main field
coils, producing most of the noise that is heard during
operation

ULTRASOUND SCANS

An ultrasound scan is a painless test that uses sound

waves to create images of organs and structures inside
your body. It is a very commonly used test. As it uses
sound waves and not radiation, it is thought to be
harmless. It is cyclic sound pressure with a frequency
greater than the upper limit of human hearing.

CONCLUSION
DSP is the most important part of the biomedical signal
processing. The principle key factor of the working of
these instrumentation systems is the signal processing.
It is the signal processing that enables to change one
form of signal to other. As such, it can be concluded
that the Biomedical Signal processing has been the key
factor in the detection, research and analysis fields of
the Bio medics..