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Fluid Flow Continuity Equation (Part 3)
Fluid Flow Continuity Equation (Part 3)
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Mr = ρ x A x Vel Where:
= A x vel ρ = mass density
υ A = cross-sect. area
= Vr Vel = velocity
υ υ = specific volume
Vr = volumetric flow rate
Mr = mass flow rate
Conservation of Energy
- energy can neither be created nor destroyed only transformed.
- first law of thermodynamics.
Rigid
body
Q Q
Q= U = U2– U1 Q= U + WK
Energy Balance:
Initial Energy + Energy Entering – Energy Leaving = Final Energy
m2
U2, PE2, KE2, and Wf2
In general, a unit mass of moving fluid possesses the following forms of energy:
a. Internal Energy, u
b. Potential energy, gZ
c. Kinetic energy , V2/2
Thus the total energy possessed by a moving fluid is: u + gZ + V2/2
Some energy is required to push the fluid into or out of the system and this is known as the flow energy or flow
work. It is equal to the product of pressure and volume (p x v). The fluid is required to possess this additional energy
to cross the boundary.
Therefore, the total energy carried by a fluid crossing the system boundary is:
= u + gZ + V2/2 + pv
= (u + pv) + gZ + V2/2
= h + gZ + V2/2
Alternate Method:
m1
WkSF
U1 m2
PE1 Q
KE1
Wf1 U2
PE2
KE2
Wf2
WkSF = Q – U– PE – KE – Wf
WkSF = Q – H– PE – KE
Sign Convention:
Q - positive if added to the system
- negative if rejected from the system
WkSF - positive if done by the system
- negative if done on the system
2. A rotary compressor draws 6,000 kg/hr of atmospheric air and delivers it at a higher pressure. The specific
enthalpy of air at inlet is 300 KJ/kg and that at the exit is 509 KJ/kg. The heat loss from the compressor
casing is 5,000 W. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energy; determine the power required to
drive the compressor.
Recall: m[(u1 + p1v1) + gZ1 + v12/2] + WP = m[(u2 + p2v2) + gZ2 + v22/2] + Q
m[(h1 + gZ1 + v12/2] + WC = m[(h2 + gZ2 + v22/2] + Q
m[(h1 + 0 + 0] + WC = m[(h2 + 0 + 0] + Q
WC = m(h2 – h1) + Q = (6,000/3,600)kg/s[509 – 300]KJ/kg + 5KW
= 348.33 + 5 = 353.3KW
3. 10,000 kg/hr of steam with an enthalpy of 2,778 KJ/kg enters a turbine. If the exhaust steam leaves the
turbine with an enthalpy of 2,168 KJ.kg, determine the turbine power output.
4. Steam with an enthalpy of 2,168 KJ/kg enters a condenser at a rate of 10,000 kg/hr. If the condensate
leaves the condenser with an enthalpy of 251 KJ/kg, determine the heat rejection rate.
m[(h1 + gZ1 + v12/2] + Eenter = m[(h2 + gZ2 + v22/2] + E leaving
m[(h1 + 0 + 0] + 0 = m[(h2 + 0+ 0] + E leaving
Qleaving = m(h1 – h2) = (10,000/3,600)kg/s[2,168 – 251]KJ/kg = 5,325.43 kW
5. In a turbine high temperature gas with a specific enthalpy of 1,860 KJ/kg flows continuously into the
turbine, turns the rotor and leaves the turbine with a specific enthalpy of 530 KJ/kg. The heat loss through
the turbine casing is 140 KJ/kg. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy of the gases, find the
turbine work output per kilogram of gas flow.
6. In a rotating compressor atmospheric air with a specific enthalpy of 80 KJ/kg continuously enters the
compressor and is compressed to a high pressure. The air leaves the compressor with a specific enthalpy
of 426 KJ/kg. During this process 32 KJ/kg of heat is lost to the surroundings. Find the required work input
to the compressor per kg of air compressed.