Chemistry for Allied Health Professionals (Lab)

(GE-CHEM101) | BATCH 2024

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – DE LA SALLE MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES INSTITUTE

PREPARED BY: CORINNE RENIVA NAMING OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

LECTURER: PROF. ANGELAID VIZCARRA (Alkanes, Alkyl Halides, Alcohol)

NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANES NAMING THREE CARBON ALKYL GROUPS

MOLECULAR FORMULAS For example, propane has both 1° and 2° H atoms, and removal
Acyclic Alkane CnH2n + 2 of each of these H atoms forms a different alkyl group with a
Cycloalkane CnH2n different name, propyl or isopropyl.
Alkene CnH2n
Alkyne CnH2n - 2

1. The parent name indicates the number of carbons in the longest

continuous chain.
2. The suffix indicates what functional group is present.
3. The prefix tells us the identity, location, and number of
substituents attached to the carbon chain

NAMING SUBSTITUENTS
Alkyl groups: carbon substituents bonded to a long carbon chain
: formed by removing one H atom from an alkane
: -ane to -yl
NAME STRUCTURE
METHANE CH4
ETHANE CH3CH3
PROPANE CH3CH2CH3
BUTANE CH3 CH2CH2CH3
PENTANE CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH3
HEXANE CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
HEPTANE CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 IUPAC SYSTEM
OCTANE CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
: is a set of logical rules devised and used by organic chemists to
NONANE CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 circumvent problems caused by arbitrary nomenclature.
DECANE CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS RENIVA | 2021

 NAMING AN ACYCLIC ALKANE
NAMING ALKYL HALIDES
1. Find the parent chain (longest C’s)
Alkyl halides: organic molecules containing a halogen atom
** does not matter if straight or bent
bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom.
**if there are two chains of equal length, pick the chain with
more substituents
: classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°),
depending on the number of carbons bonded to the carbon with the
2. Acyclic alkanes: as early as possible (early substituent)
halogen atom.
Cycloalkanes: earlier letter -> lower number

3. Name and number the substituents (di-, tri-, tetra- etc.)

4. Alphabetize the names of the substituents, ignoring all prefixes
except iso, as in isopropyl and isobutyl
Exercise:

1. Find the parent chain (longest C’s)

2. Name and number the substituents (di-, tri-, tetra- etc.)

Alkyl haloides: giving halogen (X) the lowest number

3. Alphabetize the names of the substituents

COMMON NAMES FOR ALKYL HALIDES
To assign a common name:
• Name all the carbon atoms of the molecule as a single alkyl group.
• Name the halogen bonded to the alkyl group.
• Combine the names of the alkyl group and halide, separating the
words with a space.

NAMING A CYCLOALKANE
1. Find the parent chain (longest C’s)

2. Name and number the substituents (di-, tri-, tetra- etc.)

Cycloalkanes: earlier letter -> lower number IUPAC:
**no number is needed to indicate the location if it is single
substituent
PROBLEM SET
3. Alphabetize the names of the substituents

NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS RENIVA | 2021

 DIOLS AND TRIOLS
NAMING ALCOHOLS Diols: two OH groups Triols: three OH groups
Alcohols: contain hydroxy group (OH) bonded to an sp3
hybridized carbon.

USING ISO, TERT, & SEC WITH BRANCHED ALKANES

ENOLS AND PHENOLS
Iso- : which stands for isomer; commonly given to 2-methyl
: compounds having a hydroxy group on a sp2 hybridized carbon—
alkanes. Used if there is methyl group located on the second
enols and phenols—undergo different reactions than alcohols.
carbon of a carbon chain.

NOMENCLATURE OF ALCOHOLS
1. Find the parent chain (longest C’s)

2. Name and number the substituents (di-, tri-, tetra- etc.)

Alcohol: giving OH group the lowest number

3. Alphabetize the names of the substituents

Sec- : the alkyl group is connected to the main molecule through
ALCOHOLS ATTACHED TO RINGS a secondary carbon
1. C1 = OH group (1 is usually omitted from the name) Tert- : connected to the maine chain through a tertiary carbon
2. Give the next substituent the lowest number

COMMON NAMES OF ALCOHOLS

• Name all the carbon atoms of the molecule as a single alkyl

group.
• Add the word alcohol, separating the words with a space.

NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS RENIVA | 2021