DESIGN OF TURBINE BLADE

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
A Gas Turbine, is an upstream rotating turbine coupled to a downstream turbine, and
a combustion chamber in between. A gas turbine which is also known as combustion
turbine, of internal combustion engine type. Fresh new atmospheric air moves by using a
turbine that will gives this to higher pressure. Energy is next additional simply way by
spraying gas into fresh air as well as igniting this and thus combustion builds a high
temperature flow. This kind of high temperature makes its way into a turbine, exactly where
this swells down to the exhaust pressure, designing a shaft function production at the same
time. The turbine shaft function is used to push the turbineand also other products, for
example an electrical generator which may be paired on the shaft. The force that isn't
employed for shaft function comes out in the exhaust gas, so most of these have whether hot
temperature or a higher acceleration.

The below fig 1.1 shows the model of Turbine blade

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Figure 1.1 Turbine Blade

Gas turbines are classified as:

 Jet Engines
 Turboprop Engines
 Aeroderivative Gas Turbines
 Amateur Gas Turbines
 Auxiliary Power Units
 Industrial gas turbines for power generation
 Turboshaft Engines
 Radial Gas Turbines
 Scale Jet Engines
 Microturbines

1.1 TYPES OF GAS TURBINES:

1.1.1 JET ENGINES
Air breathing jet engines are usually gas turbines optimized to be able which provide thrust
withthe exhaust gases, orfrom ducted fans connected towards gas turbines. Jet engines offer
thrust from the straight impulse associated with exhaust gases are often called turbojets,
whereas those the idea generate thrust by the addition of an ducted fan are usually called
turbofans or perhaps (rarely) fan jets. Gas turbines are likewise used throughout numerous
liquid propellant rockets and tend be supposed to power theturbopump in order to permit your
own employ of lightweight, low pressure tanks that saves considerable dry mass.

1.1.2TURBOPROP ENGINES
Some sort of turboprop engine is actually a form of turbine engine which in turn a device of
external airplane propeller utilizing a lowering tools. Turboprop engines usually are applied
to small subsonic airplane, however many significant armed forces and also civil airplane like
the Airbus A400M, Lockheed L-188 Electra and also Tupolev Tu-95, also have utilized
turboprop electric power.

1.1.3 AERODERIVATIVE GAS TURBINES

Aeroderivatives can also be employed in electric power age group because of their capability
to end up being banned, along with manage weight adjustments more speedily as compared

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to commercial models. They're also employed in the particular boat market to relieve weight.
The typical Power LM2500, Common Power LM6000, Rolls Royce RB211 along with Rolls
Royce Avon are common models of this unit.

1.1.4 AMATEUR GAS TURBINES

Increasing number of regarding gasturbines tend to be being considered or even madeby
amateurs. In its almost all effortless form, they are commercial turbines obtained throughout
military surplus as well as scrapyard sales, after that operated regarding display. In the same
way section of an hobby of engine collecting withinitsmost extreme form, amateurs have
even rebuilt engines beyond professional repair and then used them to compete for its Land
Speed Record.

The least difficult application form connected with self-constructed gas turbine utilizesa good
automotiveturbocharger asthe core component. Agood combustionchamber isactually
fabricated as well as plumbedbetween the turbine as well as turbine sections.

More sophisticated turbojets also are built, in which its thrust along with light The stress
tend to be sufficient to help power large model aircraft. The Schreckling design constructs
current complete engine through raw materials, just like the fabrication of an centrifugal
turbine wheel by plywood, epoxy along with wrapped carbon fibre strands.

Several small productsand services today manufacture small turbines and parts because of its
amateur. Most turbojetpowered model aircraft tend to be today using these kinds of
commercial andalso semi-commercial microturbines, rather as compared to a good
Schreckling like home build.

1.1.5 AUXILIARY POWER UNITS

APUs are usually small gasoline turbines designed to supply reliable capacity to larger,
portable, machines for example a great planes. They provide:

• Compressed air flow intended for AC as well as air flow.

•Compressed air flow start-up power intended for larger plane machines.

•Mechanical (shaft) capacity to any gearbox drive an automobile shafted components

and also used to start huge plane machines.

•Electrical, hydraulic along with power-transmission sources in order to consuming

equipmentdistant from your APU.

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1.1.6 INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE FOR POWER GENERATION

Industrial gas turbines differ by aeronauticaldesigns withinhow the frames, bearings, and
blading areregarding heavier construction. They can also be much extra closelyintegrated
through the equipment and its power often generate a good electric generator and secondary
energy models. This is really usedto recover residual energy (largely heat).

The amount within size via man portable mobile plants are enormous, complex systems
weighing in excess of the hundred tonnes housed with block-sized buildings. Whenever the
turbine can be used solely for shaft power, their thermal efficiency is regarding the 30%
mark, can cause a problem which is cheaper to be able to buy electricity as compared to for
to burn fuel. Thusnumerous engines areusually used with CHP (Combined Heat and Power)
configurations. It is small enough tobecome integratedstraight into portable
boxconfigurations.

Gas turbines can be particularly efficientup to least 60% when waste heat through the
turbine is usually recovered by a great heat recovery steam generator to power a great
conventional steam turbine inside a combined cycle configuration. They may also be run
throughout an cogeneration configuration and exhaust is usually consumed with regard to
space or even water heating, or perhaps drives an absorption chiller for cooling current
inlet air as well as increase the power output, technology knownin the same way turbine
Inlet Air Cooling.

Another crucial advantage will be its ability to help become triggered.In addition tooff in
minutes, supplying power in the course of peak, ormaybe unscheduled, demand. Since the
sole cycle (gas turbine only) power plants are generally less efficient than combined cycle
plants, they are generally consumed. In the same way peaking power plants, in which
function anyplace through quite a few hours per time frame to be able to several dozen
hours per year depending for the electricity require plus the generating capacity of the
region. within areas having a shortage of base-load and populate following power
plant capacity or even inside low fuel costs, a good gas turbine power plantwill certainly
regularly operate many hours of an day. A large single-cycle gas turbine typically produces
100 in order to 400 megawatts of electric power and also features 35–40%thermal efficiency.

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1.1.7 TURBOSHAFT ENGINES

Turboshaft machines can be used to push compression locomotives (for illustration
throughout gas putting stations as well as propane liquefaction plants) and are also used to
power most contemporary helicopters. The principal shaft bears the turbineand also the
substantial pace generator (often referred to as the Gas Generator), even though a second
shaft bears the low-speed generator (a power generator as well as free-wheeling generator on
helicopters, specially, as the gas power generator moves independently from the power
turbine). In effect the splitting up of the gas power generator, by way of a water coupling (the
hot energy rich combustion gases), from the power generator can be analogous for a motor
vehicle transmission's fluid coupling. This design can be used to boost power output freedom
with associated highly reliable handle components.

1.1.8 RADIAL GAS TURBINES

Within 1963, Jan Mowill initiated this improvement with Kongsberg Vapenfabrikk with
Norwegian. Several successors have manufactured good progress within the refinement of the
mechanism. Owing to some sort of construction that retains warm far from a number of
bearings this strength on the unit is usually improved while the radial turbine is usually well
matched up with speed necessity.

1.1.9 SCALE JET ENGINES

Scale jet motors are generally scaled along variations on this earlier entire size powerplant,
also referred to as smaller gas wind generators or even micro-jets. With this in mind this
founder involving modern day Micro-Jets, Kurt Schreckling, produced one of several globe's
initial Microturbines, this FD3/67. That powerplant can easily generate up to 22newton’s
involving pushed, and will become built by means of the majority of mechanically oriented
people who have simple design tools, for example a metal lathe.

1.1.10 MICROTURBINES
Also known as:

 Turbo Alternators
 Turbo Generator

Microturbines are usually touted for you to always be widespread throughout

distributedpower as well ascombined heat and power applications. they\’re one of the almost
all promisingtechnologies for powering hybrid electric vehicles. They amount through

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hand retained items making less than a good kilowatt, in order to commercial sized
systems It offer tens as well as hundreds of kilowatts. Simpleprinciples of microturbine
tend to be basedon micro combustion.

Microturbine systems have many claimed introduction in excess of reciprocating engine

generators, similar to higher power-to-weight ratio, low emissions along with few, or only
one, taking part. Microturbines furthermore obtain a further advantage associated with
obtaining the majority of waste heat contained for the relatively high temperature exhaust so
that it is simpler to capture, whereas the current waste heat regarding reciprocating engines
is actually split between it is exhaust in addition to cooling system.

When used with longer variety electric vehicles ones static efficiency drawback will be
irrelevant, since the gas turbine will be run from or even near maximum power, driving
an alternator to produce electricity either for the wheel motors, or perhaps due to the
batteries. In the same wayproper speed and battery state. The batteries act as a "buffer"
(energy storage) throughout delivering current expected number involving power to the
wheel motors, rendering throttle reply of the gas turbine totally irrelevant.

Microturbine designs usually consist of a sole stage radial turbine, the one stage radial turbine
along with a good recuperate. Recuperates are tough to design along with manufacture since
they operate under high pressure along with temperature differentials. Exhaust heat works
extremely well pertaining to water heating, space heating, drying processes or absorption
chillers, that produce cold pertaining to air conditioning by heat energy instead regarding
electric energy.

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1.2 INTRODUCTION TO TURBINE BLADE:

A turbine blade is the individual component which makes up the turbine section of a gas
turbine. The blades are responsible for extracting energy from the high temperature, high
pressure gas produced by the combustor. The turbine blades are often the limiting component
of gas turbines. To survive in this difficult environment, turbine blades often use exotic
materials like super alloys and many different methods of cooling, such as internal air
channels, boundary layer cooling, and thermal barrier coatings. In a gas turbine engine, a
single turbine section is made up of a disk or hub that holds many turbine blades. That turbine
section is connected to a turbine section via a shaft (or "spool"), and that turbine section can
either be axial or centrifugal. Air is compressed, raising the pressure and temperature,
through the turbine stages of the engine. The pressure and temperature are then greatly
increased by combustion of fuel inside the combustor, which sits between the turbine stages
and the turbine stages. The high temperature and high pressure exhaust gases then pass
through the turbine stages. The turbine stages extract energy from this flow, lowering the
pressure and temperature of the air, and transfer the kinetic energy to the turbine stages along
the spool. This is process is very similar to how an axial turbine works, only in reverse.
The number of turbine stages varies in different types of engines, with high bypass ratio
engines tending to have the most turbine stages. The number of turbine stages can have a
great effect on how the turbine blades are designed for each stage. Many gas turbine engines
are twin spool designs, meaning that there is a high pressure spool and a low pressure spool.
Other gas turbines used three spools, adding an intermediate pressure spool between the high
and low pressure spool. The high pressure turbine is exposed to the hottest, highest pressure,
air, and the low pressure turbine is subjected to cooler, lower pressure air. That difference in
conditions leads the design of high pressure and low pressure turbine blades to be
significantly different in material and cooling choices even though the aerodynamic and
thermodynamic principles are the same.
The length of a blade depends on the style (impulse or reaction), the overall size of the
turbine, whether it is an axial flow or radial flow turbine, and where the blade is located
within turbine of an axial flow turbine. One thing that is constant, the length of the blade
increases from the steam or gas inlet to the discharge of the unit. The profile will gradually
increase in diameter from inlet to discharge.

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Fig 1.2Sectional View of Gas Turbine Engine

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
This review goes over the main points of the previous effort on the Structural, Modal,
Dynamic analysis of the turbine blade of helicopter. There were many researches being
carried out on the Temperature Distribution, Linear Static Analysis of the turbine blade with
different Angular Velocity. Literatures papers are collected from different journals. The
literature topics are more related to the turbine blade analysis. Here are few papers referred in
this project and are listed below:

Static Structural Analysis

Murali. K [1] has discussed that the first stage rotor blade of gas turbine that has been
analysed for thermal and static stresses resulting from the centrifugal, tangential axial forces.
The temperature distribution of turbine blade has been analysed. Finite element analysis is
used to analyse structural and thermal performances due to condition of loads with different
material properties of INCONEL 600, NIMONIC 80A and N155. Comparing with three
materials INCONEL 600 has more life than N155 & NIMONIC 80.

P.V Krishnakanth [2]summarizes the design and analysis of gas turbine blade which the
design of solid model of turbine blade is done on Catia V5 andsolver Ansys software is used.
A major consideration in design of gas turbine blades for elongation is due to axial, high
tangential and centrifugal forces. Maximum strains and stresses are find at the route of the
turbine blade and upper surfaces along the blade routes.

Theju V, Uday P.S, PLV Gopinath Reddy [3] investigate for two different materials
Titanium T6 and Inconel 718 of turbine blade with effect of temperature and induced stresses
on the turbine blade. A structural analysis has been carried out to investigate the
displacements, shear stresses to effect of centrifugal and thermal loads. If cost of materials is
a not a primary issue, then Titanium T6 material is best compare to Inconel 718 because of
lesser density, lesser value of deformation, at same time it will have lower value of yield

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stress and young’s modulus at high temperature which will have low strength of Titanium T6
material.

CHAPTER 3

GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF TURBINE BLADE

3.1INTRODUCTION TO CATIA

CATIA V5 abbreviation is Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application,

Version 5 formulated in the year 1977 byDassault System, France Professional followed to
everyone fields connected with pattern architectural like boats, aircrafts, automobile, building
and also dams/bridges.Catia Application allows throughout formation connected with three
dimensional model, components, sheet metal and also device designing. The product
definition provides product excellent solution regarding framework surfaces, pattern and also
visualization of which changes to produce and also regarding confirm the actual difficult
innovate forms.

Catia V5 types a robust smart modelling, modifying methods regarding make it possible for
some sort of get, reuse accomplishing this options and also intelligently. The end result is
usually effortlessly lucrative, web-enabled system which could covers all requirement of user
in just a digital camera prolonged venture by way of simplest pattern regarding highest
complicated course of action. The program potential let optimisation for the whole progress
course of action via managing alternative blood flow. This alterations more than the standard
parameter or variant techniques because speeding up some sort of pattern course of action
and also fitters furthermore aiding designers which increase the rate connected with
production, which can be modern, instinctive interface.

As the integrated sensitive work table offer engineers with a tool needed as task to be handed
as they are advantageous for a multidiscipline combination. As worktable has controlling
keyboards for free directing object exploiters which may increase user productivity. There
applications are constructed by a hybrid modelling technology. The applications which is
responsible for expanded product definition, review functions, process definition and capable
in operating projects on any degree of design difficulty. Domain is made for precise

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applications which can address the global digital enterprise necessities which can span area in
manufacturing and operation.

3.2MODELLING OF TURBINE BLADE

Figure 3.1 Modelling of Turbine Blade

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Figure 3.2 Modelling of Turbine Blade with Specification Tree

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3.3 2D SKETCHESOF TURBINE BLADE

Figure 3.4D Drafting Front View of Turbine Blade

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Figure 3.4 2D Drafting Left Side View of Turbine Blade

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Figure 3.5 2D Drafting Top View of Turbine Blade

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