Central Luzon State University

College of Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120

AM 783 – AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY DESIGN

LABORATORY ACTIVITY 1

Functional Analysis of a Philippine Hand Tractor

Submitted by:
LARRY S. OLIPAS/ MSAEn 1

Submitted to:
ROMEO B. GAVINO, Ph.D.
Professor VI

January 2020
 2

AM 783 – AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY DESIGN

LABORATORY ACTIVITY 1
Functional Analysis of a Philippine Hand Tractor

Introduction
Farming requires significant amount of power and appropriate technologies to carry out
the needed farm operations should be available to get the desired level of production. With the
general trend of diminishing agricultural labor force due to increasing urban migration and
advancing age of heads of farming households, the use of machines to increase labor
productivity and reduce drudgery has been recognized to be an essential alternative input of
production (R. Dela Cruz et al., 2012).
In the Philippines, the commonly seen major agricultural machinery available among
typical farmers were Hand Tractors or power tillers. This is the most famous multi-purpose and a
must have tool for urban farmers. It is a self-propelled machine having a single axle designed
primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery.
In this activity, the students visited and examined the Hand tractor available in the AREC
Machine shop, the Kubota RK80 – 1S. In the sought to elaborate, further familiarize and verify
whether the focal subject Hand tractor has conformed within the Philippine standards as written
and discussed in the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards.

Objectives
We are able to identify the functional and utility of the components of the walking type
agricultural tractor as well as its conformity with the engineering standards.

Main Components of Walking type Agricultural Tractor

1. Engine
The main mechanism that powers the machine. The engine of the Hand Tractor is
manufactured by Kubota, its model is RK80 – 1S a 443cc, 8.0 Hp Single cylinder engine.

Figure 1. The engine and its Power Rating

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 3

Integral parts of the engine

1.1 Radiator System

Heat exchanger that facilitates engine cooling, thereby preventing the engine from
overheating.

Figure 2. Radiator
1.2 Exhaust
The system that conveys the exit of burned/combusted fuel out of the combustion
chamber thru the exhaust valve.

Figure 3. Exhaust Pipe

1.3 Fuel Filter

A filter in the fuel line that screens out dirt and rust particles from the fuel,
normally made into cartridges containing a filter paper.

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 4

Figure 4. Fuel Filter

1.4 Air filter
Air filter prevent dust, dirt and other environmental contaminants or particulate
matter from getting into the engine’s cylinder

Figure 5. Air filter

1.5 Coolant tank

This is the reservoir of the liquid coolant of the engine.
Coolant is the fluid that absorbs heat from the engine and then dissipates it as it
circulates the cooling system when subjected to pressure.
This regulates the consistent temperature of the engine.

Figure 5. Coolant tank

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 5

1.6 Fuel Tank/ Diesel Tank

This is the reservoir of the fuel for the engine. Diesel Fuel is the combustible
liquid that is ignited by the heat of air compressed inside the cylinder. (The fuel is
injected in a spray into the hot compressed air inside the cylinder in order to

ignite)

Figure 6. Fuel tank

1.7 Engine Starter/Crank System

To start the hand tractor, you have to manually crank the engine. The following
are the steps that one needs to follow:
- Put the throttle lever into start position, Figure 7
- Pull the choke lever shown in Figure 8
- Insert the Makinita in the slot (marked in red circle on Figure 9)
- Crank the engine (rotating it simultaneously) using the Makinita shown in
Figure 9
- When right momentum is achieved, release the choke lever instantly while
still assisting the rotation action by cranking.
- Pull the Makinita at once when the engine has started.

Figure 7. Throttle control Lever Figure 8. Choke Lever Figure 9. Makinita

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 6

1.8 Lighting system

Provides light to illuminate your path when working at dim conditions

Figure 10. Lamp Switch Figure 11. Head Light

2. Transmission system
This is the mechanism that transmit the power developed by the engine to the driving
wheel.

2.1 Engine pulley, Driven pulley

The Engine pulley (blue) attaches to the engine crankshaft and drives the
transmission belt.
Driven pulley (red) is the pulley connected to the belt that moves in reaction to
the driver pulley. This transfers the power line to the wheel through the gear box,
where the power generated by the engine is utilized.
Engine Flywheel (yellow) reserves rotational energy by resisting changes in
rotation speed. A flywheel makes up for that lost momentum by supplying from
its reserved power.

Figure 12. Drive Pulleys

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 7

2.2 Idler pulley

This pulley is responsible for guiding and tensioning the belt from the engine
driver pulley.

Figure 13. Idler pulley

2.3 Belt/ Drive Belt

A drive belt is the part that receives and allows the transfer of power generated by
the engine of the Hand tractor.

2.4 Gear box

This convert the engine torque (transmitted by the driven pulley) into traction
required to overcome the motion resistance needed on the wheels of the Hand
tractor. And as when engines only operate in a narrow speed range, gearboxes
transform this into the wheel speeds needed for normal operation.

Figure 14. Drive belt Figure 15. Driven Pulley’s Belt Groove

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 8

Figure 16. Gear box

3. Engine Mounting frame
Transmits the machine’s load to the ground, quietly contributing to the needed traction
during field operation.

Figure 17. Mounting Frame/ Chassis

4. Handle bar
The steering mechanism of the Hand tractor

Figure 18. Handle bar/ Hand Grip

5. Clutch Assembly
This connect and disconnect the tractor engine from the transmission system up to the
drive wheels.
Clutch transmits power by means of friction between driver pulley and driven pulley
(thru belt drivers) by means of varying the tensioning of the idler pulley.

Figure 19. Hand Clutch Lever Figure 20. Clutch Train Assembly

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 9

6. Throttle assembly
Throttle is assisted by a wire/thin rope connected to the throttle lever from the engine to
the operator’s handle bar.
Throttling is achieved by varying the tensioning of the rope (see Figure 21).

Figure 21. Rope assisted tensioning throttle Figure 22. Throttle Lever

7. Rubber Wheel
Rubber wheel is the attached tires for transporting and when the Hand tractor is not it use
for field operation.

Figure 23. Rubber Wheel

8. Stand Assembly
The stand prevents the Engine of the Hand tractor from overturning when parked and is
not in used. This holds the main frame where the engine is mounted and keeps it from
moving.

Figure 24. Stand assembly

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 10

9. Hitch Assembly
This is the structure made for attaching and/or supporting the implement.

Figure 25. Hitch assembly

10. Hitch Pin/ Lock Pin

This is used as locking device for attaching implement.

Figure 26. Hitch Pin

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 11

ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE WITH THE EXAMINED HAND TRACTOR

1. Disc plow
Rolling implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow
slice) to bury surface materials.

Figure 27. Disc Plow

2. Wooden plank
A timber that is flat, elongated and rectangular, with its parallel face placed in the
direction of the movement. This is usually provided with tooth to facilitate collection of
weeds and grasses left by tilling. This is used when leveling the paddy.

Figure 28. Wooden Plank

3. Cage Wheel
This is important traction devices for wetland cultivation (for hand tractor).

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 12

Figure 29. Cage Wheel

4. Floater
This is a post market manufactured accessory used as seat rest of the operator during wet
tillage operation. For ease of operator’s more relax working position
.

Figure 30. Floater

5. Trailer
An unpowered vehicle, towed or hitched on the Hand tractor hitch assembly, commonly
used for transporting of goods and other materials.

Figure 31. Trailer

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 13

THE HAND TRACTOR CONFORMITY TO THE

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARDS

i. Material of Construction
The tractor is generally made out of metal steel and its main power transmission drive
shaft to axle is assumed to have used gears inside its gear box.
The handle bar used in this tractor has a wall thickness of 3mm and outside diameter
of 32mm.
This has exceeded the standard cited in PAES 109:2000 and PAES 110:2001 of
(Schedule 40) 3mm wall thickness and minimum outside diameter of 25mm.

ii. Position of Controls

Throttle Lever
This is placed upfront at the right-hand side of the handle bar, it is placed where it
is accessible to the operator’s right hand (see Figure 21.).

Main clutch
This is accessible to the operators left hand side (see Figure 19.) of the handle bar.
The documented tractor uses horizontal lever, the lever shall be pushed upward to
operate the tractor and shall be pulled downward to stop the tractor.
And in case of steering, the lever shall be pushed upward to start the forward motion
of the tractor and shall be pulled downward to stop the tractor. And there is also a
provision of lock that will hold the lever in the upward engaged position (see Figure
19).
All of which conformed with standard cited at the PAES 109:2000 and PAES
110:2001

iii. Hitch Assembly

ls
lp

Measuring for the dp Measuring the lp

dp

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 14

PAES 107:2000 Figure 4 – Hitch Pin

Table 1. Summary Table of Hitch Specs
PAES 107:2000 Actual
The bottom end of the pin shall be slightly
tapered to facilitate insertion. Flat Bottom

Spring pin (with nominal size of 5 x 105 mm)

shall be used as locking device for hitch pin. No Spring Pin

A hitch pin handle shall be provided to facilitate

in inserting and pulling out the hitch pin from the
Flat Head / No Hitch Pin Handle
pin sleeve.

Cold-rolled steel which is commonly known as

CRS with 0.37-0.44% carbon content (eg. AISI
-
1040) shall be used in the manufacture of pin
sleeve and hitch pin.
Mild steel plate with 0.18-0.23% carbon content
(eg. AISI 1020) shall be used in the manufacture -
of hitch frame.
lp = 165 mm , minimum lp = 200mm

ls= 157mm -

dp= 19 − + ¿mm ¿
¿¿
0.2 dp= 17 mm

The Hitch Assembly of the examined hand tractor does not conform to the standard
written in PAES 107:2000. The actual does not have a tapered bottom, locking spring
pin, and head handle. Although, the pin exceeded the standard length it is slender than
needed according to the power of the engine that propelled the machine.

iv. Hole Hitch

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 15

Figure 33. Hole Hitch Measurement

PAES 107:2000 Figure3 – Hole Hitch

Table 2. Dimensions of Three-Hole Hitch for Walking-type Agricultural Tractor

Dimensions, mm PAES 107:2000 Actual

H 95 106

h 18 21

a 90 -

a1 45 -

b 27 to 33 32

c 17 to 25 22

di 16.5 20

do 26 min 37

l 130 min 102

t 4.5 min 8

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 16

r 10 max 4.5

The following standard dimensions are in accordance to a diesel engine with power rating
between 4.6 Hp to 16.0 Hp.
Almost all of the dimensions and sizes of the assembly has conformed with the PAES
107:2000 except for the minimum length for the hitch sides ( l ), the actual measurement
of the latter falls narrow than it is stated in the standard.
v. Hexagonal axle

PAES 108:2000 Figure 1 – Axle Hub PAES 108:2000 Figure 1 – Hexagonal Axle

Table 3. Dimensions for Hexagonal Axle for Walking-type Agricultural Tractor

Dimensions, mm PAES 108:2000 Actual

Width across flats shaft

32 < 40
(w), minimum
Figure 34. Measuring the Wheel Axle
Overall length of shaft (l), 500 ≈ 500

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 17

minimum

Width across flats [Hub]

34 ≈ 40
(w), minimum

Length of hub (l),

150 ≈ 160
minimum

Thickness of hub (t) 5− +¿ mm ¿

¿¿
0.2 ---

Hexagonal shaft which is

made of cold-rolled steel
(also commonly known as
CRS) with 0.37-0.44%
carbon content ( eg. AISI
Material 1040) shall be used for axle ---
of walkingtype agricultural
tractor. ( eg. AISI 1040)
shall be used for axle of
walkingtype agricultural
tractor.

Mild steel plate with 0.18-

0.23% carbon content (eg.
Material AISI 1020) shall be used in ---
the manufacture of the axle
hub.

Locking bolt or pin Bolt and Nut

Locking bolt with size M

10 x 1.25 or pin made of 3
mm diameter spring wire ͢ ≈ 12 mm x 1.25
Fasteners
shall be used as fasteners
for axle and hub.

clearance between the hole

38 mm
and the pin shall be 1 mm

The Hexagonal Axle shaft is estimated to be less than 40mm as its hub is estimated to
have a diameter of 40mm. Measuring the length of the hub, we had more or less

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 18

160mm. So, then estimating the overall length of the shaft inside, (included to
measuring the thickness of the gear box in between the wheel hubs) most likely it will
have a 500mm length.
The fasteners that is used to secure its wheels are bolt and nut that is of 12 mm with a
clearance of 38mm in between holes (too distant, not in standard).
Thereby, the tractor hexagonal axle has conformed with what is cited in the standard
PAES 108:2000.

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 19

vi. Marking and labelling

In accordance with the PAES 109:2000 and PAES 110:2001, The tractor should be
marked with the following information:

Brand Pre-Cautionary Markings

Model
Power Rating

Serial Number

Country of Origin

Trade Mark

Figure 35. Marking and labelling

Table 1. Summary Table of Marking ang Labelling

PAES 109:2000 / PAES 110:2001 Present/Available
Registered Trademark of the
Manufacturer
Brand Kubota
RK80-1S
Model

Serial number 1T344 - 88111

Name and Address of the Manufacturer --------

Country of manufacture (if imported) /
“Made in the Philippines” (if Made in Indonesia
manufactured in the Philippines)

Max: 8.0 Hp
Power requirement, Kw
Cont: 7.0 Hp

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 20

Safety/precautionary markings

a. Ergonomics
i. Physical size
ii. Mass
iii. Balance
iv. Position of controls

b. Maneuverability

LS. OLIPAS, 2020

 21

REFERENCES

R. Dela Cruz & S. Bobier, (2016). Farm Power Available for Utilization in Philippine
Agriculture. Philippines. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315783506_Farm_Power_Available_for_Utilization_in
_Philippine_Agricultur

on January 25, 2020

Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards: Production Machinery
PAES 107-Hitch for Walking Type Tractor-Specifications
PAES 108-Hexagonal Axle & Hub Walking Type Tractor-Specifications
PAES 109-Walking Type Tractor Pull Type-Specifications
PAES 110.-Walking Type Tractor Rotary Tilling-Specifications
PAES 111-Walking Type Tractor-Methods of Tests

LS. OLIPAS, 2020