COMPILED LECTURE MATERIALS

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY

Human Behavior

anything an individual does that involves self-initiated action and/or reaction to a given situation.

the sum total of man's reaction to his environment or the way human beings act

Human Beings

Human beings are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to comprehend, infer and
think in rational ways.

Views in Human Behavior

1. Neurological View – deals with human actions in relation to events taking place inside the body such
as the brain and the nervous system.

2. Behavioral View – emphasizes on external functions of the human being that can be observed and
measured.

3. Cognitive View – it is concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information into
various ways.

4. Psychoanalytical View – emphasizes unconscious motives that originate from aggressive impulses in
childhood.

5. Humanistic View – focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation toward
self-actualization.

Two Basic Types of Behavior

Inherited (Inborn) behavior – refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by people because
of their inherited capabilities or the process of natural selection.

Learned (Operant) behavior – involves knowing or adaptation that enhances human beings’ ability to
cope with changes in the environment in ways which improve the chances of survival.
 Learned behavior may be acquired through environment or training.

Classifications of Human Behavior

Habitual – refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and emotion.

Instinctive – are generally unlearned and simply comes out of man’s instinct which can be seen among
instinct-instinct survival behaviors.

Symbolic – are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words and shown through
symbols or body signs.

Complex – are those behaviors that combine two or more of the classified ones.

Causes of Human Behavior

Sensation – is the feeling or impression created by a given stimulus or cause that leads to a particular
reaction or behavior.

Human Senses:

Visual – sight

Olfactory – smell

Cutaneous – touch

Auditory – hearing

Gustatory – taste

Perception – refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to determine the
actual behavioral response in a given situation

Awareness – refers to the psychological activity based on interpretation of past experiences with a given
stimulus or object.

Factors that affect Human Behavior

Heredity – it is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the process by
which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent
cell or organism.
Environment – refers to surroundings of an object. It consists of conditions and factors that surround
and influence behavioral pattern.

Learning – is the process by which an individual’s behavior changes as a result of experience or practice.

Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior

1. Extroversion – characterized by interests directed toward the external environment of people and
things rather than toward inner experiences and oneself.

2. Introversion – characterized by direction of interest toward oneself and one’s inner world of
experiences. Introverts, in contrast, tend to be more reserved, less outgoing, and less sociable.

3. Ambiversion – is a balance of extrovert and introvert characteristics. An ambivert is normally

comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction, but also relishes time alone and away from the
crowd.

4. Neuroticism – persons high in neuroticism react intensely and are generally moody, touchy,
depressed, sensitive and anxious or nervous. They respond more poorly to environmental stress, and
are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly
difficult.

5. Psychoticism – is characterized by cold cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger, troublesome
behavior, dislike of others and an attraction towards unusual. A person high on psychoticism tends to be
impulsive, aggressive individual without appreciable concern for others.

Frustration in Human Behavior

Frustration refers to the situation which blocks the individual’s motivated behavior. Sustained
frustration may be characterized by anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.

Three Basic Forms of Conflict

1. Approach-Avoidance Conflict - occurs when an individual moves closer to a seemingly desirable

object, only to have the potentially negative consequences of contacting that object push back against
the closing behavior.

2. Approach-Approach Conflict - This is a conflict resulting from the necessity of choosing between two
desirable alternatives. There are usually two desirable things wanted, but only one option can be
chosen.
3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - This form of conflict involves two undesirable or unattractive
alternatives where a person has to decide of choosing one of the undesirable things.

Coping Mechanism

It is defined as the way people react to frustration. People differ in the way they react to
frustration. This could be attributed to individual differences and the way people prepared in the
developmental task they faced during the early stages of their life.

Frustration Tolerance

It is the ability to withstand frustration without developing inadequate modes of response such
as being emotionally depressed or irritated, becoming neurotic, or becoming aggressive.

Broad Reactions to Frustration

Fight – is manifested by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by means of breaking
down the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals.

Flight – it can be manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent and giving up.

MIDTERM EXAMINATION COVERAGE

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration

Direct approach - can be seen among people who handle their problems in a very objective way. They
identify first the problem, look for the most practical and handy way to solve it, and proceeded with the
constructive manner of utilizing the solution which will produce the best results.
Detour - when an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution of the problem, he always end
up with a negative outcome or result. Thus, he tries to make a detour or change direction first and find
out if the solution or remedy is there.

Substitution - most of time are resulted to in handling frustration when an original plan intended to
solve the problem did not produce the intended result, thus the most practical way to face the problem,
is to look for most possible or alternative means.

Withdrawal or retreat - is corresponding to running away from the problem or flight which to some is
the safest way.

Developing feeling of inferiority - comes when a person is unable to hold on to any solution which gives
a positive result. Being discourage to go on working for a way to handle a frustration could result to
diminishing self-confidence, until the time when inferiority complex sets in.

Aggression - is a negative outcome of a person's inability to handle frustration rightly. Manifestation in

physical behavior can be observed in one's negative attitudes towards life both in the personal and
professional aspect.

Use of Defense Mechanism – is the most tolerated way of handling frustration. It is a man’s last result
when a person attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or event.

Defense Mechanism – is an unconscious psychological process that serves as safety valve that provides
relief from emotional conflict and anxiety.

Common Defense Mechanisms

Displacement - strong emotion, such as anger, is displaced onto another person or object as the
recipient of said emotion (anger), rather than being focused on the person or object which originally was
the cause of said emotion.

Rationalization - is the defense mechanism that enables individuals to justify their behavior to
themselves and others by making excuses or formulating fictitious, socially approved arguments to
convince themselves and others that their behavior is logical and acceptable

Compensation - is the psychological defense mechanism through which people attempt to overcome the
anxiety associated with feelings of inferiority and inadequacy in one is of personality or body image, by
concentrating on another area where they can excel.
Projection - manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to the ego or the superego and are
projected onto others so that they seem to have these feelings or ideas, which free the individual from
the guilt and anxiety associated with them.

Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a trait or traits which are the opposite of
tendencies that we do not want to recognize. The person is motivated to act in a certain way, but
behaves in the opposite way. Consequently, he is able to keep his urges and impulses under control.

Denial – when a person uses this, he refuses to recognize and deal with reality because of strong inner
needs.

Repression – is unconscious process whereby unacceptable urges or painful traumatic experiences are
completely prevented from entering consciousness.

Suppression - which is sometimes confused with that of repression, is a conscious activity by which an
individual attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and experiences by pushing them out of
his mind.

Identification - an individual seeks to overcome his own feelings of inadequacy, loneliness, or inferiority
by taking on the characteristics of someone who is important to him.

An example is a child who identifies with his parents who are seen as models of intelligence,
strength and competence

Substitution - through this defense mechanism, the individual seeks to overcome feelings of frustration
and anxiety by achieving alternate goals and gratifications.

Fantasy - this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious drives do not materialize.

Regression – a person reverts to a pattern of feeling, thinking or behavior which was appropriate to an
earlier stage of development.

Sublimation – is the process by which instinctual drives which consciously unacceptable are diverted into
personally and socially accepted channels. It is a positive and constructive mechanism for defending
against own unacceptable impulses and needs.

Normal Behavior

This refers to a lack of significant deviation from the average. Another possible definition is that
"a normal" is someone who conforms to the predominant behavior in a society.

Social norms – rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs,
attitudes and behaviors.
Abnormal Behavior

Literally means "away from the normal". It implies deviation from some clearly defined norm. In
the case of physical illness, the norm is the structural and functional integrity of the body.

BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS

I. PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDER

A disorder in which the physical illness is considered to be highly associated with emotional
factors. The individual may not perceive that his emotional state is contributing to his physical illness.

II. NEUROSIS

Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither delusions nor
hallucinations, whereby behavior is not outside socially acceptable norms. The distinguishing feature of
neurosis is a sustained characteristic of showing anxiety, fear, endless troubles that carries significant
aspects of the individual’s life.

III. ANXIETY DISORDERS

Anxiety disorders are blanket terms covering several different forms of abnormal and
pathological fear and anxiety. People experience excessive levels of the kind of negative emotions that
we identify as being nervous, tense, worried, scared, and anxious. These terms all refer to anxiety.

Forms of Anxiety

A. Phobias

This is an intense, unrealistic fear. In this case, anxiety is focused so intensely on some objects or
situations that the individual is acutely uncomfortable around it and will often go to great pain to avoid
it.

TYPES OF PHOBIAS

Acrophobia - high places

Agoraphobia - open spaces and market places

Malgophobia - pain

Astraphobia - storms, thunder, and lightning

Gynophobia – fear of dogs

Claustrophobia - closed places

Hematophobia - blood

Mysophobia - contamination or germs

Monophobia - being alone

Nyctophobia - darkness

Ochlophobia - crowds

Hydrophobia - water

Pathophobia - disease

Pyrophobia - fire

Syphilophobia - syphilis

Zoophobia - animals or some particular animals

B. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

1. Obsession – This is an anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away. Thoughts and impulses which
occur in the person’s mind despite attempts to keep them out. They seem uncontrollable, as if they do
not belong to the individual's mind.

2. Compulsion – It is an urge wherein a person is compelled to perform some actions against his free will
and with duress as a result of external factors. This is an irresistible urge to engage in certain pattern of
behavior.

EXAMPLES OF COMPULSION

1. Arithomania – the impulse to count anything.

2. Dipsomania – the impulse to drink liquor.

3. Homicidal mania – the impulse to kill.

4. Kleptomania – the impulse to steal.

5. Megalomania – the impulse for fame or power.

6. Pyromania – the impulse to set fire.

7. Suicidal mania – the impulse to take one’s life.

IV. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

"Soma" means body, and somatoform disorders involve a neurotic pattern in which the
individuals complain of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of a physical problem, but for which
no organic basis can be found. Such individuals are typically preoccupied with their state of health and
with various presumed disorders or diseases of bodily organs.

Three Distinct Somatoform Patterns

1. Somatization Disorder

This is an intensely and chronically uncomfortable condition that indirectly creates a

high risk of medical complications. It takes the form of chronic and recurrent aches, pains, fever,
tiredness and other symptoms to bodily illness. Individuals frequently experience memory difficulties,
problems with walking, numbness, block-out spells, nausea, menstrual problems and a lack of pleasure
from sex.

2. Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Pain Disorders

Conversion disorders – are somatoform disorders in which individuals experience serious somatic
symptoms such as functional blindness, deafness, paralysis, fainting, seizures, inability to speak or other
serious impairments in the absence of any physical cause.

Somatoform pain disorders – are somatoform disorders in which the individual experiences a relatively
specific and chronic pain that has a psychological rather than physical cause. It is very similar to
conversion disorders except that the primary symptom is pain that has no physical cause.

3. Dissociative Disorders

This covers a broad category of loosely related rare conditions involving sudden alterations in
cognition, characterized by change in memory, perceptions or "identity".

defined as conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity and/or
perception.

Types of Dissociative Disorders

a. Amnesia – This refers to loss of memory that can have either physical or psychological cause. It most
often occurs after a period of intense stress and involves loss of memory for all or part of the stressful
experience itself.

b. Psychogenic Fugue State – This resembles amnesia in that there is a loss of memory but the loss is so
complete that the individuals cannot remember his or her identity or previous life.

c. Depersonalization – This refers to experiences in which the individual feels that he or she has become
distorted or "unreal" or that distortions have occurred in one's surroundings. One might feel that she is
a real robot - even though she knows she is a real person - or that her room is not real or that her
parents are not real people.

d. Multiple Personality – This is a dissociative disorder in which the individual shifts abruptly and
repeatedly from one personality to another as if more than one person were inhabiting the same body.
This is commonly known as "split personality disorder."

V. PERSONALITY DISORDERS

Personality disorders, formerly referred to as character disorders, are a class of

personality types and behaviors defined as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that
deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it”. This category
includes those individuals who begin to develop a maladaptive behavior pattern early in childhood as a
result of family, social, and cultural influences.

Types of Personality Disorders

1. Paranoid Personality – This is characterized by suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy,

excessive self-importance, and argumentativeness plus a tendency to blame others for one's own
mistakes and failures and to ascribe evil motives to others.

2. Schizoid Personality – Individuals with this personality disorder neither deserve nor enjoy close
relationship. They live a solitary life with little interest in developing friendships. They exhibit emotional
coldness, detachment, or a constricted affect.

- characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary lifestyle,

secretiveness, and emotional coldness.

3. Schizotypal Personality – Individuals with this type of personality disorder exhibit odd behaviors based
on a belief in magic or superstition and may report unusual perceptual experiences.
4. Histrionic Personality – this is characterized by attempt to be the center of attention through the use
of theatrical and self-dramatizing behavior. Sexual adjustment is poor and interpersonal relationships
are stormy.

characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an excessive need for approval
and inappropriate seductiveness, usually beginning in early adulthood.

5. Narcissistic Personality – Individuals with this type of personality have a pervasive sense of self-
importance.

A disorder and its derivatives can be caused by excessive praise and criticism in childhood, particularly
that from parental figures.

6. Antisocial Personality – This is characterized by a lifelong history of inability to conform to social

norms. They are irritable and aggressive" and may have repeated physical fights. These individuals also
have a high prevalence of morbid substance abuse disorders.

7. Borderline Personality – This is characterized by instability, reflected in drastic mood shifts and
behavior problems. Individuals with this type of personality are acutely sensitive to real or imagined
abandonment and have a pattern of repeated unstable but intense interpersonal relationships that
alternate between extreme idealization and devaluation. Such individuals may abuse substances or
food, or be sexually promiscuous.

8. Avoidant Personality – Individuals with this personality are fearful of becoming involved with people
because of excessive fears of criticism or rejection.

9. Dependent Personality – This is characterized by inability to make even daily decisions without
excessive advice and reassurance from others and needs others to assume responsibility for most major
areas of his or her life.

10. Compulsive Personality – This is characterized by excessive concern with rules, order efficiency, and
work coupled with insistence that everyone do things their way and an inability to express warm
feelings.

11. Passive-Aggressive Personality – The individual with personality disorder is usually found to have
overindulged in many things during the early years to the extent that the person comes to anticipate
that his needs will always be met and gratified.

VI. AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

The term affect is roughly equivalent to emotion or to mood. The affective disorders are mood
disorders in which extreme and inappropriate levels of mood

– characterized by periods of depression or elation or both.

- A manic-depressive psychosis

SEMI FINAL EXAMINATION COVERAGE

VII. SCHIZOPHRENIA

- a psychotic condition marked by withdrawal from reality, indifference concerning everyday problems,
and tendency to live in a world of fantasy.

- formerly called dementia praecox by Emil Kreaplin, a German psychiatrist.

- the term schizophrenia was given by Eugene Bleuler which literally means “splitting of minds”.

Types of Schizophrenia

Simple Schizophrenia – is characterized by a gradual decline of interest and ambition. The person
withdraws from social contacts as well as irritable and inattentive.

Paranoid Schizophrenia – is characterized principally by delusions of persecutions and/or grandeur.

Hallucinations, usually auditory, are most of time present.

Hebephrenic Schizophrenia – manifests severe integration of personality and can be observed through
inappropriate giggling and smiling without apparent reasons which to an untrained observer may only
be childish playfulness.

Catatonic Schizophrenia – manifests extreme violence and shown with excessive motor activity,
grimacing, talkativeness and unpredictable emotional outburst.

VIII. PARANOIA

Paranoia refers to cases showing delusions and impaired contact with reality but without the
severe personality disorganization characteristic of schizophrenia.

- The main symptom is characterized by suspicion

COMMON TYPES OF PARANOIA

1. Persecutory Paranoia – having delusions of persecution.

2. Litigious Paranoia – both delusions of persecution and grandeur

3. Erotic Paranoia – delusion that a certain person is in love with him or her.

4. Exalted Paranoia – with great power of importance.

5. Jealous Paranoia – characterized by irrational jealousy.

Copycat Crime

Copycat crime is crime inspired by another crime that has been publicized in the news media or
fictionally or artistically represented in which the offender incorporates aspects of the original offense.

SEXUAL DEVIANCY

A sexual act that seeks gratification by means other than heterosexual relationship.

HETEROSEXUALITY – normal sexual relationship between members of the opposite sex which could lead
to reproduction.

TYPES OF SEXUAL DEVIANCY

Homosexuality

- sexual desire towards the same sex

Transvestitism

- obtaining sexual gratification by wearing the clothes of the opposite sex.

Voyeurism

- obtaining sexual pleasure by watching the members of the opposite sex undressing or engaging in
sexual activities.

Exhibitionism - obtaining pleasure by exposing one’s genitals to others.

Fetishism - obtaining sexual gratification primarily and exclusively from specific objects.

Sadism – by inflicting pain to others

Masochism – by inflicting pain upon themselves .

Sodomy – sexual act through the anus of another human being.

Triolism – a form of sexual perversion in which three (3) persons are participating in sexual act.

Pluralism – a group participates in sexual orgies (sexual festival).

Cunnilingus – licking of woman’s genitals

Fellatio – sucking the penis

Pedophilia – obtaining pleasure from sexual contact with children.

Incest – sexual relations between persons related by blood.

Bestiality – sexual intercourse with a living animal.

Necrophilia – desire to engage in sexual intercourse with a dead body.

LECTURE FOR SEMI-FINAL EXAMINATION

Human Behavior And Victimology

VICTIMOLOGY

Criminal justice professionals work to solve crimes and ensure that justice is served; however, they also
play an important role when it comes to helping victims of crime. It’s important to note that criminal
justice professionals do more than put criminals away. They also help victims cope using approaches
grounded in victimology.

Victimology is the study of victimization. It includes the relationship between offenders and victims,
along with the role victims play in the criminal justice system.

Victimologists also study how victims are portrayed in the media to understand both the short- and
long-term impact of being affected by crime.

In victimology, the victim is any person who has been harmed by a perpetrator. Perpetrators, or
offenders, are individuals who have committed a crime. Though criminal justice professionals seek to
understand the mind of perpetrators to solve crimes and rehabilitate offenders, law agencies also use
victimology to understand why a victim was targeted.

VICTIM CLASSIFICATIONS:

Victimology is concerned with three categories of victim:

Primary victims are individuals who are injured or otherwise directly affected by a crime committed
against them. For example, the primary victim of an armed robbery loses his or her possessions and may
require therapy to cope after experiencing violence.

Secondary victims are present at the scene of a crime and may be injured as a result of witnessing it.
They might also be the parent or guardian of the primary victim. The family and friends of the robbery
victim above would be considered secondary victims because the crime has indirectly affected them.

Related victims are people who are dependent on the primary victim, have a close relationship with the
primary victim or are connected to the victim in some other way. For example, the neighbors of the
robbery victim would be considered related victims if the crime occurred on their street.

VICTIMOLOGY VS. CRIMINOLOGY

Though both victimology and criminology are vital in the criminal justice field, they are different from
one another both in aim and scope. Victimology focuses on helping victims heal after a crime, while
criminology aims to understand the criminal’s motives and the underlying causes of crime.
Victimologists are concerned with fostering recovery, while criminologists seek prevention.

HOW TO HELP CRIME VICTIMS

Often, victims experience trauma after being exposed to crime. Of course, this trauma may stem from
physical injury, but emotional trauma is just as common. The National Center for Victims of Crime opens
in new window notes that common effects include intense stress reactions and exhaustion, along with
“emotional wounds or shocks that may have long-lasting effects.” No two victims are alike, so providing
advocacy and access to resources is personalized to each case. Though they may not carry out all of
these services directly, criminal justice professionals can help victims access resources such as the
following:

Assistance in filing compensation claims

Counseling or therapy

Domestic violence shelters

Grief counseling for secondary or related victims

Crisis hotlines

The study of the victims of crime and the psychological effects of their experience.

‘specialists in victimology will gather to consider how best to help the victims of crime recover’

A mental attitude which tends to indulge and perpetuate the feeling of being a victim.
‘conservatives reject victimology and the idea that state-sanctioned victim groups are entitled to
compensatory privileges’

in singular ‘his prison experience seems to have ingrained in him a deep-seated victimology, a sense of
the nobility of helplessness and suffering’

The Four Theories of Victimization:

The Victim Precipitation Theory

The first of these, the victim precipitation theory, views victimology from the standpoint that the victims
themselves may actually initiate, either passively or actively, the criminal act that ultimately leads to
injury or death. During passive precipitation, the victim unconsciously exhibits behaviors or
characteristics that instigate or encourage the attack.

The Lifestyle Theory

The next theory is the lifestyle theory. This theory purports that individuals are targeted based on their
lifestyle choices, and that these lifestyle choices expose them to criminal offenders, and situations in
which crimes may be committed.

Examples of some lifestyle choices indicated by this theory include going out at night alone, living in
"bad" parts of town, associating with known felons, being promiscuous, excessive alcohol use, and doing
drugs.

Deviant Place Theory

The deviant place theory states that greater exposure to dangerous places makes an individual more
likely to become the victim of a crime (Seigel, 2006).

Unlike the victim precipitation theory, the victims do not influence the crime by actively or passively
encouraging it, but rather are victimized as a result of being in "bad" areas.

4.Routine Activity Theory

Lastly, the routine activity theory explains the rate of victimization through a set of situations that reflect
the routines of typical individuals.

1. The availability of suitable targets,

2. The absence of capable guardians, and

3. The presence of motivated offenders.

According to this theory, the presence of one or more of these factors creates a higher risk of
victimization.
THE CONCEPT OF VICTIMOLOGY:

According to Viano (1976:2), there is a rather well developed vocabulary in English connected with the
idea of victim:

Victimhood: the state of being a victim

Victimizable: capable of being victimized

Victimization: the action of victimizing, or fact of being victimized,

PIONEERS IN VICTIMOLOGY

The pioneers of victimological studies are mainly three scholars from different parts of Europe.

1. Hans Von Hentig - was born in Berlin in 1887. In 1948 his book, The Criminal and His Victim, was
published by Yale University. For Henting, victimology is a part of criminology.

He holds that the mutual relationship between offender and victim reflects the oneness of criminology
and victimology. He sees the mutual connection between victim and victimiser. The main contribution of
the understanding of the victim's role in crime is to lead the way toward the study of crime in its totality,
and particularly where victim-risks and victim-precipitation are concerned. Henting (1948:383-450)
defines the victim essentially as "the doer-sufferer."

2. Beniamin Mendelsohn Born in Rumania, Beniamin Mendelsohn did his study of law and jurisprudence
and was admitted to the bar of Bucharest in 1934. Having been himself the victim of discrimination in his
country, Mendelsohn became much interested in the victim and his/her relationship with the criminal.

3. Stephen Schafer Born in Hungary, Stephen Schafer took his degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence in 1933
at the University of Budapest. For Schafer, the victim's importance reflects the offender's and victim's
joint existence in victimisation. "Crime should be seen in its functional dynamics.

If you're arrested or detained, know these rights

The Constitution remains in effect even in times of emergency, such as during martial law. This means
that rights during arrest or detention remain in place.

The 1987 Constitution guarantees that no Filipino shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without
due process of law.

As long as a citizen abides by the law, he or she should not be in trouble.

But what if you're apprehended by authorities for some reason – or in times of emergency, like the
recent declaration of martial law in Mindanao – you're picked up due to supposed security concerns?

Remember, the Constitution remains in effect – even during those times. Along with relevant laws and
issuances, the Constitution makes sure citizen's rights continue to be respected.

Article III, Section 12 of the 1987 Constitution (also known as the Bill of Rights) states that any person
under investigation for the commission of a crime or offense "shall have the right to be informed of his
right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice."

If you can't afford a lawyer, the state will provide you with one.

The right to remain silent is emphasized because any statement you give can be used against you in
court.

Likewise, it is your right to call or have access to a lawyer at all times throughout the ordeal of arrest or
detention.

These rights cannot be waived "except in writing and in the presence of counsel," says the Constitution.

More rights

If you're being arrested you should know these additional rights:

Know the reason for your arrest at the time of your arrest via an arrest warrant, which you should ask
for

Ask for the identity and authority of the arresting officer

Be promptly brought before a judge and be "entitled to a trial within a reasonable time" or to be
entitled to release subject to guarantees to appear for trial

Demand physical examination by an independent and competent doctor of your choice before and after
interrogation, as stated in Republic Act 9745 or the Anti-Torture Act

A manual on law enforcement for citizens prepared by the Philippine National Police, in fact, says that
prior to release or any change of custody, "you will...be physically examined."

Lawyer Marlon Manuel of the Alternative Law Groups, a coalition of legal resource non-governmental
organizations, said that physical examination is already part of the police's booking procedures
immediately after an arrest.

The Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG), in its primer on human rights, also recommends that you stay
calm, not resist arrest or offer any physical resistance, and ask a relative, friend or even anybody to
witness the arrest. Make sure to get the witness' name and address.
FLAG also suggests you ask the arresting officer where you will be brought, and be accompanied by the
witness of your arrest. Do not agree to be blindfolded.

If authorities invite you for questioning, say you will first consult your lawyer, who will arrange a date,
time, and place for your questioning. If they insist on taking you with them, their acts become
tantamount to an arrest.

This is different from custodial investigation, where you are taken into police custody for interrogation
because you are "considered a suspect, and therefore are being investigated as a potential accused in a
criminal case," said Manuel. "Usually, custodial investigation follows warrantless arrest."

"In short, if the invitation [for questioning] is not really an invitation but more of a deprivation of liberty,
it becomes equivalent to custodial investigation," he added.

Warrantless arrest

Authorities may conduct a warrantless arrest, but only on the following grounds:

When the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit an
offense in the presence of an arresting officer

When an offense has just been committed and the arresting officer has probable cause (based on
personal knowledge of facts and circumstance) to believe that the person to be arrested has committed
a crime

When the person has escaped prison/detention, or escaped while being transferred to another facility

If you're arrested without a warrant, you can only be detained for:

12 hours, for light offenses, which are punishable by light penalties

18 hours, for less grave offenses, punishable by correctional penalties

36 hours, for grave offenses, punishable by capital penalties

As a general rule, inquest proceedings – where a civilian prosecutor determines the legality of an arrest
– are included in these time periods.

During detention

If you are arrested or detained, you are entitled to the following rights, according to FLAG:

Be treated as a human being

Due process, including being informed of written regulations in the detention center, and not being
subjected to harsh, excessive or inhuman punishment such as corporal punishment or solitary
confinement
Receive visits from family, friends, and lawyers

Practice your religion

Adequate food, clothing, and healthful accommodations

Be furnished with or to procure reading or writing materials

Be kept separate from convicts serving sentence

Speedy, impartial, and public trial, as likewise provided by the Constitution

According to Republic Act 7438, a person arrested, detained or under custodial investigation shall be
allowed visits by:

Any member of his/her immediate family

A doctor/priest/religious minister chosen by him/her, the immediate family or by his/her counsel

Any nongovernmental organization accredited by the Commission on Human Rights (for national NGOs)
or the Office of the President (for international NGOs)

RA 7438 defines a person's immediate family as "his or her spouse, fiancé or fiancée, parent or child,
brother or sister, grandparent or grandchild, uncle or aunt, nephew or niece, and guardian or ward."

Illegal acts

The following acts are illegal, according to the Bill of Rights of the Constitution:

Unreasonable searches and seizures

Use of torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate or impair the free
will

Use of secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention

Use of a confession or admission obtained in violation of Article III, Section 17 of the Constitution, which
says, "No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself"

Detention solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations

Involuntary servitude in any form (except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted)

Imposition of excessive fines

Infliction of cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment

Imprisonment for debt or non-payment of a poll tax

COMPILATION LECTURE

ON

CRIM. 5: HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Human Behavior

anything an individual does that involves self-initiated action and/or reaction to a given situation.

the sum total of man's reaction to his environment or the way human beings act

Human Beings

Human beings are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to comprehend, infer and
think in rational ways.

Views in Human Behavior

1. Neurological View – deals with human actions in relation to events taking place inside the body such
as the brain and the nervous system.

2. Behavioral View – emphasizes on external functions of the human being that can be observed and
measured.

3. Cognitive View – it is concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information into
various ways.

4. Psychoanalytical View – emphasizes unconscious motives that originate from aggressive impulses in
childhood.
5. Humanistic View – focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation toward
self-actualization.

Two Basic Types of Behavior

Inherited (Inborn) behavior – refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by people because
of their inherited capabilities or the process of natural selection.

Learned (Operant) behavior – involves knowing or adaptation that enhances human beings’ ability to
cope with changes in the environment in ways which improve the chances of survival.

Learned behavior may be acquired through environment or training.

Classifications of Human Behavior

Habitual – refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and emotion.

Instinctive – are generally unlearned and simply comes out of man’s instinct which can be seen among
instinct-instinct survival behaviors.

Symbolic – are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words and shown through
symbols or body signs.

Complex – are those behaviors that combine two or more of the classified ones.

Causes of Human Behavior

Sensation – is the feeling or impression created by a given stimulus or cause that leads to a particular
reaction or behavior.

Human Senses:

Visual – sight

Olfactory – smell

Cutaneous – touch

Auditory – hearing

Gustatory – taste
Perception – refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to determine the
actual behavioral response in a given situation

Awareness – refers to the psychological activity based on interpretation of past experiences with a given
stimulus or object.

Factors that affect Human Behavior

Heredity – it is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the process by
which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent
cell or organism.

Environment – refers to surroundings of an object. It consists of conditions and factors that surround
and influence behavioral pattern.

Learning – is the process by which an individual’s behavior changes as a result of experience or practice.

Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior

1. Extroversion – characterized by interests directed toward the external environment of people and
things rather than toward inner experiences and oneself.

2. Introversion – characterized by direction of interest toward oneself and one’s inner world of
experiences. Introverts, in contrast, tend to be more reserved, less outgoing, and less sociable.

3. Ambiversion – is a balance of extrovert and introvert characteristics. An ambivert is normally

comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction, but also relishes time alone and away from the
crowd.

4. Neuroticism – persons high in neuroticism react intensely and are generally moody, touchy,
depressed, sensitive and anxious or nervous. They respond more poorly to environmental stress, and
are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly
difficult.

5. Psychoticism – is characterized by cold cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger, troublesome
behavior, dislike of others and an attraction towards unusual. A person high on psychoticism tends to be
impulsive, aggressive individual without appreciable concern for others.

Frustration in Human Behavior

Frustration refers to the situation which blocks the individual’s motivated behavior. Sustained
frustration may be characterized by anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.

Three Basic Forms of Conflict

1. Approach-Avoidance Conflict - occurs when an individual moves closer to a seemingly desirable

object, only to have the potentially negative consequences of contacting that object push back against
the closing behavior.

2. Approach-Approach Conflict - This is a conflict resulting from the necessity of choosing between two
desirable alternatives. There are usually two desirable things wanted, but only one option can be
chosen.

3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - This form of conflict involves two undesirable or unattractive

alternatives where a person has to decide of choosing one of the undesirable things.

Coping Mechanism

It is defined as the way people react to frustration. People differ in the way they react to
frustration. This could be attributed to individual differences and the way people prepared in the
developmental task they faced during the early stages of their life.

Frustration Tolerance

It is the ability to withstand frustration without developing inadequate modes of response such
as being emotionally depressed or irritated, becoming neurotic, or becoming aggressive.

Broad Reactions to Frustration

Fight – is manifested by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by means of breaking
down the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals.

Flight – it can be manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent and giving up.

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration

Direct approach - can be seen among people who handle their problems in a very objective way. They
identify first the problem, look for the most practical and handy way to solve it, and proceeded with the
constructive manner of utilizing the solution which will produce the best results.

Detour - when an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution of the problem, he always end
up with a negative outcome or result. Thus, he tries to make a detour or change direction first and find
out if the solution or remedy is there.

Substitution - most of time are resulted to in handling frustration when an original plan intended to
solve the problem did not produce the intended result, thus the most practical way to face the problem,
is to look for most possible or alternative means.

Withdrawal or retreat - is corresponding to running away from the problem or flight which to some is
the safest way.

Developing feeling of inferiority - comes when a person is unable to hold on to any solution which gives
a positive result. Being discourage to go on working for a way to handle a frustration could result to
diminishing self-confidence, until the time when inferiority complex sets in.

Aggression - is a negative outcome of a person's inability to handle frustration rightly. Manifestation in

physical behavior can be observed in one's negative attitudes towards life both in the personal and
professional aspect.

Use of Defense Mechanism – is the most tolerated way of handling frustration. It is a man’s last result
when a person attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or event.

Defense Mechanism – is an unconscious psychological process that serves as safety valve that provides
relief from emotional conflict and anxiety.

Common Defense Mechanisms

Displacement - strong emotion, such as anger, is displaced onto another person or object as the
recipient of said emotion (anger), rather than being focused on the person or object which originally was
the cause of said emotion.

Rationalization - is the defense mechanism that enables individuals to justify their behavior to
themselves and others by making excuses or formulating fictitious, socially approved arguments to
convince themselves and others that their behavior is logical and acceptable

Compensation - is the psychological defense mechanism through which people attempt to overcome the
anxiety associated with feelings of inferiority and inadequacy in one is of personality or body image, by
concentrating on another area where they can excel.
Projection - manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to the ego or the superego and are
projected onto others so that they seem to have these feelings or ideas, which free the individual from
the guilt and anxiety associated with them.

Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a trait or traits which are the opposite of
tendencies that we do not want to recognize. The person is motivated to act in a certain way, but
behaves in the opposite way. Consequently, he is able to keep his urges and impulses under control.

Denial – when a person uses this, he refuses to recognize and deal with reality because of strong inner
needs.

Repression – is unconscious process whereby unacceptable urges or painful traumatic experiences are
completely prevented from entering consciousness.

Suppression - which is sometimes confused with that of repression, is a conscious activity by which an
individual attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and experiences by pushing them out of
his mind.

Identification - an individual seeks to overcome his own feelings of inadequacy, loneliness, or inferiority
by taking on the characteristics of someone who is important to him.

An example is a child who identifies with his parents who are seen as models of intelligence,
strength and competence

Substitution - through this defense mechanism, the individual seeks to overcome feelings of frustration
and anxiety by achieving alternate goals and gratifications.

Fantasy - this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious drives do not materialize.

Regression – a person reverts to a pattern of feeling, thinking or behavior which was appropriate to an
earlier stage of development.

Sublimation – is the process by which instinctual drives which consciously unacceptable are diverted into
personally and socially accepted channels. It is a positive and constructive mechanism for defending
against own unacceptable impulses and needs.

Normal Behavior - Midterm

This refers to a lack of significant deviation from the average. Another possible definition is that
"a normal" is someone who conforms to the predominant behavior in a society.

Social norms – rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs,
attitudes and behaviors.
Abnormal Behavior

Literally means "away from the normal". It implies deviation from some clearly defined norm. In
the case of physical illness, the norm is the structural and functional integrity of the body.

BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS

I. PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDER

A disorder in which the physical illness is considered to be highly associated with emotional
factors. The individual may not perceive that his emotional state is contributing to his physical illness.

II. NEUROSIS

Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither delusions nor
hallucinations, whereby behavior is not outside socially acceptable norms. The distinguishing feature of
neurosis is a sustained characteristic of showing anxiety, fear, endless troubles that carries significant
aspects of the individual’s life.

III. ANXIETY DISORDERS

Anxiety disorders are blanket terms covering several different forms of abnormal and
pathological fear and anxiety. People experience excessive levels of the kind of negative emotions that
we identify as being nervous, tense, worried, scared, and anxious. These terms all refer to anxiety.

Forms of Anxiety

A. Phobias

This is an intense, unrealistic fear. In this case, anxiety is focused so intensely on some objects or
situations that the individual is acutely uncomfortable around it and will often go to great pain to avoid
it.

TYPES OF PHOBIAS

Acrophobia - high places

Agoraphobia - open spaces and market places

Malgophobia - pain

Astraphobia - storms, thunder, and lightning

Gynophobia – fear of dogs

Claustrophobia - closed places

Hematophobia - blood

Mysophobia - contamination or germs

Monophobia - being alone

Nyctophobia - darkness

Ochlophobia - crowds

Hydrophobia - water

Pathophobia - disease

Pyrophobia - fire

Syphilophobia - syphilis

Zoophobia - animals or some particular animals

B. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

1. Obsession – This is an anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away. Thoughts and impulses which
occur in the person’s mind despite attempts to keep them out. They seem uncontrollable, as if they do
not belong to the individual's mind.

2. Compulsion – It is an urge wherein a person is compelled to perform some actions against his free will
and with duress as a result of external factors. This is an irresistible urge to engage in certain pattern of
behavior.

EXAMPLES OF COMPULSION

1. Arithomania – the impulse to count anything.

2. Dipsomania – the impulse to drink liquor.

3. Homicidal mania – the impulse to kill.

4. Kleptomania – the impulse to steal.

5. Megalomania – the impulse for fame or power.

6. Pyromania – the impulse to set fire.

7. Suicidal mania – the impulse to take one’s life.

IV. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

"Soma" means body, and somatoform disorders involve a neurotic pattern in which the
individuals complain of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of a physical problem, but for which
no organic basis can be found. Such individuals are typically preoccupied with their state of health and
with various presumed disorders or diseases of bodily organs.

Three Distinct Somatoform Patterns

1. Somatization Disorder

This is an intensely and chronically uncomfortable condition that indirectly creates a

high risk of medical complications. It takes the form of chronic and recurrent aches, pains, fever,
tiredness and other symptoms to bodily illness. Individuals frequently experience memory difficulties,
problems with walking, numbness, block-out spells, nausea, menstrual problems and a lack of pleasure
from sex.

2. Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Pain Disorders

Conversion disorders – are somatoform disorders in which individuals experience serious somatic
symptoms such as functional blindness, deafness, paralysis, fainting, seizures, inability to speak or other
serious impairments in the absence of any physical cause.

Somatoform pain disorders – are somatoform disorders in which the individual experiences a relatively
specific and chronic pain that has a psychological rather than physical cause. It is very similar to
conversion disorders except that the primary symptom is pain that has no physical cause.

3. Dissociative Disorders

This covers a broad category of loosely related rare conditions involving sudden alterations in
cognition, characterized by change in memory, perceptions or "identity".

defined as conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity and/or
perception.

Types of Dissociative Disorders

a. Amnesia – This refers to loss of memory that can have either physical or psychological cause. It most
often occurs after a period of intense stress and involves loss of memory for all or part of the stressful
experience itself.

b. Psychogenic Fugue State – This resembles amnesia in that there is a loss of memory but the loss is so
complete that the individuals cannot remember his or her identity or previous life.

c. Depersonalization – This refers to experiences in which the individual feels that he or she has become
distorted or "unreal" or that distortions have occurred in one's surroundings. One might feel that she is
a real robot - even though she knows she is a real person - or that her room is not real or that her
parents are not real people.

d. Multiple Personality – This is a dissociative disorder in which the individual shifts abruptly and
repeatedly from one personality to another as if more than one person were inhabiting the same body.
This is commonly known as "split personality disorder."

V. PERSONALITY DISORDERS - Semifinal

Personality disorders, formerly referred to as character disorders, are a class of

personality types and behaviors defined as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that
deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it”. This category
includes those individuals who begin to develop a maladaptive behavior pattern early in childhood as a
result of family, social, and cultural influences.

Types of Personality Disorders

1. Paranoid Personality – This is characterized by suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy,

excessive self-importance, and argumentativeness plus a tendency to blame others for one's own
mistakes and failures and to ascribe evil motives to others.

2. Schizoid Personality – Individuals with this personality disorder neither deserve nor enjoy close
relationship. They live a solitary life with little interest in developing friendships. They exhibit emotional
coldness, detachment, or a constricted affect.

- characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary lifestyle,

secretiveness, and emotional coldness.

3. Schizotypal Personality – Individuals with this type of personality disorder exhibit odd behaviors based
on a belief in magic or superstition and may report unusual perceptual experiences.
4. Histrionic Personality – this is characterized by attempt to be the center of attention through the use
of theatrical and self-dramatizing behavior. Sexual adjustment is poor and interpersonal relationships
are stormy.

characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an excessive need for approval
and inappropriate seductiveness, usually beginning in early adulthood.

5. Narcissistic Personality – Individuals with this type of personality have a pervasive sense of self-
importance.

A disorder and its derivatives can be caused by excessive praise and criticism in childhood, particularly
that from parental figures.

6. Antisocial Personality – This is characterized by a lifelong history of inability to conform to social

norms. They are irritable and aggressive" and may have repeated physical fights. These individuals also
have a high prevalence of morbid substance abuse disorders.

7. Borderline Personality – This is characterized by instability, reflected in drastic mood shifts and
behavior problems. Individuals with this type of personality are acutely sensitive to real or imagined
abandonment and have a pattern of repeated unstable but intense interpersonal relationships that
alternate between extreme idealization and devaluation. Such individuals may abuse substances or
food, or be sexually promiscuous.

8. Avoidant Personality – Individuals with this personality are fearful of becoming involved with people
because of excessive fears of criticism or rejection.

9. Dependent Personality – This is characterized by inability to make even daily decisions without
excessive advice and reassurance from others and needs others to assume responsibility for most major
areas of his or her life.

10. Compulsive Personality – This is characterized by excessive concern with rules, order efficiency, and
work coupled with insistence that everyone do things their way and an inability to express warm
feelings.

11. Passive-Aggressive Personality – The individual with personality disorder is usually found to have
overindulged in many things during the early years to the extent that the person comes to anticipate
that his needs will always be met and gratified.

VI. AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

The term affect is roughly equivalent to emotion or to mood. The affective disorders are mood
disorders in which extreme and inappropriate levels of mood

– characterized by periods of depression or elation or both.

- A manic-depressive psychosis

VII. SCHIZOPHRENIA

- a psychotic condition marked by withdrawal from reality, indifference concerning everyday problems,
and tendency to live in a world of fantasy.

- formerly called dementia praecox by Emil Kreaplin, a German psychiatrist.

- the term schizophrenia was given by Eugene Bleuler which literally means “splitting of minds”.

Types of Schizophrenia

Simple Schizophrenia – is characterized by a gradual decline of interest and ambition. The person
withdraws from social contacts as well as irritable and inattentive.

Paranoid Schizophrenia – is characterized principally by delusions of persecutions and/or grandeur.

Hallucinations, usually auditory, are most of time present.

Hebephrenic Schizophrenia – manifests severe integration of personality and can be observed through
inappropriate giggling and smiling without apparent reasons which to an untrained observer may only
be childish playfulness.

Catatonic Schizophrenia – manifests extreme violence and shown with excessive motor activity,
grimacing, talkativeness and unpredictable emotional outburst.

VIII. PARANOIA

Paranoia refers to cases showing delusions and impaired contact with reality but without the
severe personality disorganization characteristic of schizophrenia.

- The main symptom is characterized by suspicion

COMMON TYPES OF PARANOIA

1. Persecutory Paranoia – having delusions of persecution.

2. Litigious Paranoia – both delusions of persecution and grandeur

3. Erotic Paranoia – delusion that a certain person is in love with him or her.
4. Exalted Paranoia – with great power of importance.

5. Jealous Paranoia – characterized by irrational jealousy.

Copycat Crime

Copycat crime is crime inspired by another crime that has been publicized in the news media or
fictionally or artistically represented in which the offender incorporates aspects of the original offense.

SEXUAL DEVIANCY

A sexual act that seeks gratification by means other than heterosexual relationship.

HETEROSEXUALITY – normal sexual relationship between members of the opposite sex which could lead
to reproduction.

TYPES OF SEXUAL DEVIANCY

Homosexuality

- sexual desire towards the same sex

Transvestitism

- obtaining sexual gratification by wearing the clothes of the opposite sex.

Voyeurism

- obtaining sexual pleasure by watching the members of the opposite sex undressing or engaging in
sexual activities.

Exhibitionism - obtaining pleasure by exposing one’s genitals to others.

Fetishism - obtaining sexual gratification primarily and exclusively from specific objects.

Sadism – by inflicting pain to others

Masochism – by inflicting pain upon themselves .

Sodomy – sexual act through the anus of another human being.

Froilism – a form of sexual perversion in which three (3) persons are participating in sexual act.

Pluralism – a group participates in sexual orgies (sexual festival).

Cunnilingus – licking of woman’s genitals

Fellatio – sucking the penis

Pedophilia – obtaining pleasure from sexual contact with children.

Incest – sexual relations between persons related by blood.

Bestiality – sexual intercourse with a living animal.

Necrophilia – desire to engage in sexual intercourse with a dead body.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT – Final

Crisis

This refers to unstable and dangerous social condition characterized by an impending abrupt change
involving economic, military, political, police, societal or personal affairs that is approaching emergency
level event.

- came from the Greek word “CRISIS” which means to separate.

EMERGENCY

Came from the Latin word “EMERGENTIA” which means dipping; plunging. It is a sudden condition or
state of affairs calling for immediate action.

Crisis Management

It refers to the action undertaken to unify and coordinate resources and efforts to effectively and
efficiently quell a given criminal/life threatening situation.

Also defined as the expert handling of emergency or crisis to reduce or eliminate danger or damage.

EMERGENCY, CRISIS AND DISASTER DISTINGUISHED

 If the situation is still controlled and the response given is for the purpose of containing the situation
from getting out of control, then it is just an EMERGENCY.

If the situation is already beyond normal control what is happening is already a CRISIS.

If the effects of the crisis can no longer be controlled even by its author, it is now a DISASTER.

Types of Crisis

Natural crisis – is typically natural disasters considered as acts of God, such as environmental
phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes and hurricanes, floods, landslides, tsunamis,
storms, and droughts that threaten life, property, and the environment itself.

Man-Made Crisis

- civil disturbance, revolt, revolution, border incident, war, kidnapping, hijacking, hostage-taking,
terrorists activities, attacks on government facilities, etc.

Objectives of Crisis Management

Resolve without further incident.

Safety of all participants.

Apprehension of all perpetrators.

Accomplishment of the task within the framework of current community standard.

PURPOSE OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT:

“SALVARI VITAS” – to save lives

PHASES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Proactive Phase

- includes prediction, prevention and preparation.

Reactive Phase

- performance, initial action, action, and post action.

LEGAL REGIMES IN DEALING WITH CRISIS

Sec. 6, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution

- The State shall establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national in scope and
civilian in character, to be administered and controlled by the NPOLCOM. The authority of local
executives over the police units in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law

Sec. 444 and 445, R.A. 7160

- The mayor shall act as the deputized representative of the NAPOLCOM, which shall exercise
operational control and supervision over the local police forces in the city and municipality.

Hostage Incident

It is any incident in which people are being held by another person or persons against their will,
usually by force or coercion, and demands are being made by the hostage taker.

Characteristics of a Negotiable Incident

There must be a need to live on the part of a hostage taker.

There must be a threat of force on the part of the authorities.

There must be demands by the hostage taker.

The negotiator must be seen by the hostage taker as a person who can hurt the hostage taker but is
willing to help him.

There must be time to negotiate.

A reliable channel of communication must exists between the hostage taker and the negotiator.

Both the location and the communications of the incident need to be contained in order to encourage
negotiation.

The negotiator must be able to deal with the hostage taker making the decisions.

Hostage - Is a person held as a security for the fulfillment of certain terms

Negotiate - It means to arrange or settle by conferring or discussing.

Crisis Negotiation - means the use of communication techniques and strategies to influence a person to
change his behavior in accordance with goals within legal, ethical and moral constraints.

PRIORITIES IN HOSTAGE SITUATION

Preservation of live

Apprehend hostage taker

To successfully negotiate; there must be need to live on the part of the hostage taker and a threat of
force by the authorities.

CATEGORIES OF HOSTAGE-TAKER

PERSONS IN CRISIS

- people who take hostages during a period of prolonged frustration, despair and problems.

PSYCHOTICS

- mentally-ill people who take hostage during a period of psychiatric disturbance.

COMMON CRIMINALS

- people who take hostages for personal reason.

PRISONER

- people who take hostage because of dissatisfaction and discontent regarding their living
condition in prison.

POLITICAL TERRORIST

- people who take hostages because of political and ideological beliefs.

HANDLING OF SPECIFIC HOSTAGE SITUATION

1. PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL

- easiest to handle

- rational thinker

- after assessing the situation and weighing the odds, usually come to terms with the police.
 PROPER HANDLING: show force but refrain from unnecessary violence or useless killing.

2. PSYCHOTIC INDIVIDUAL

- present different and somewhat complex problems

- irrational

PROPER HANDLING: the hostage taker may feel a degree of pleasure if he finds himself important, being
the center of attraction

- prolonging the time

3. TERRORIST

- more difficult to handle

- when caught, they rationalize by claiming to be revolutionaries a situation they resolve to die
for a cause.

PROPER HANDLING: their causes may deteriorate in the passage of time.

- if they kill one of the hostages, the negotiators then must set to save the remaining hostages.

HOSTAGE TAKER’S DEMANDS

Negotiable

- food, cigarettes, drinks, alcohol, transportation, media coverage, freedom

Non-Negotiable

- weapons, ammunitions, drugs, release of prisoners, exchange of hostages

PRINCIPLES IN HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION

the hostage has no value to the hostage taker

the priorities in the hostage situations are the preservation of life and the apprehension of the hostage
taker, recover and protect property.

hostage situation must not go violently

there must be a need to live on the part of the hostage taker

IMMEDIATE ACTIONS OF THE NEGOTIATOR UPON ARRIVAL AT THE SCENE OF INCIDENT

1. Containment

controlling situation and area by people involved.

2. Establish Contact

communicate with the leader

3. Time Lengthening

give more time to the police to organize and coordinate plan of action.

4. Telephone Negotiation Technique

4.1. Be the caller (talk with the leader only)

4.2. Plan and prepare

4.3. Be ready with graceful exit

4.4. Discipline yourself to listen.

4.5. Do not tell that you are the commander, neither your rank

4.6. Just tell “My name is…I am a police negotiator and willing to help.

4.7. Delay tactic – to wear down hostage taker, physically, psychologically and emotionally. Will also give
more time for police organize and coordinate plan course of action.

4.8. In case hostage taker won’t talk, continue negotiating. Don’t loss hope!

Advantages of Telephone Conversation

1. easier to say NO

2. easier to conclude the conversation

3. conversation is quicker

4. important items are more easily committed

5. caller has the advantage

5. Need for face-to-face conversation

Don’t be over anxious

wear body armor

have tactical back-up (snipers)

Face-to-face, maintain proper distance;

Proper distance – 1 to 3 feet.

Intimate distance – about 6 inches

in retreating, face hostage taker slowly backing out of the door.

6. Surrender approach– start with a position approach, act as if hostage taker will surrender. Do not talk
too much. Gradually ask him to surrender. Reassurance is the wisest thing to do. Talk details of
surrender process. And explain why now is better than later.

Crisis Negotiation Bargaining Techniques

The use of time to increase basic needs, making it more likely that the subject will exchange a hostage
for some basic needs.

The used of time to collect intelligence on the subject that will help develop a trade.

The use of time to reduce the subject’s expectation of getting what he wants.

Trades can be made for food, drink, transportation and money.

Trades cannot be made for weapons or the exchange of hostages.

The boss does not negotiate.

Start bidding high to give yourself room to negotiate.

Never draw attention to the hostages, it gives the subject too much bargaining power.

Manipulate anxiety levels by cutting off power, gas, etc.

Stockholm Syndrome
It is the development of unique relations between the hostages and the hostage taker. A strong
attachment of the hostage victim to the hostage takers after a long period of captivity, by the hostage
became sympathizer of the hostage takers.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT TEAM

Team – is a small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose,
performance goals and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.

The Negotiating Team

Negotiator Supervisor – is responsible for the overall functioning of the negotiating team. In addition to
his supervisory skills, the supervisor must have leadership ability. He should see to it that the situation is
negotiable, appropriate personnel is available, intelligence is gathered in timely manner,
communications are established, negotiation strategy is working-out, an appropriate record of the
negotiation is kept and the commander is well informed.

Primary Negotiator – is the direct communication link to the hostage taker and is responsible for
developing verbal tactics, monitoring and assessing the hostage taker’s level of emotional arousal and
helping the hostage taker engage in problem solving.

Secondary Negotiator – is the pipeline between the negotiation team and primary. He helps to develop
verbal tactics, provides moral support for the primary.

Intelligence Officer – is responsible for gathering intelligence from various sources, interviewing all
relevant persons involved in the incident, collating and disseminating that information, maintaining and
updating status boards and making sure that all response units are receiving accurate and timely
intelligence.

Mental Health Consultant – is responsible for evaluating the personality of the hostage taker,
recommending negotiation strategies, monitoring team stress, monitoring stress among the hostage
takers and hostages.

Equipment Officer – is someone who understands technical information regarding radios, computers,
phone systems, mechanical systems, etc. and can make minor repairs.

Command Post
 It is the position from which a unit commander and his staff exercise command over the hostage
incident.

Ground Commander is the designated senior officer in command of the incident. Also termed “incident
commander”

Inner and Outer Perimeter

Inner Perimeter – is the immediate area of containment as designated by the on ground commander

Outer Perimeter – is a secondary control area surrounding the inner perimeter, providing a safe zone for
access to the inner perimeter.

The Tactical Team

Is an assault team responsible in carrying out assault operation whenever negotiation fails. A
unit of specially selected, appointed, trained and equipped officers that provides assistance in those
incidents that would require special tactics, techniques and equipment.

Tactical Team Components

Tactical Supervisor – is responsible for the mobilization of the members of the team, deployment of the
containment team, development of the tactical plan and operation of the assault and arrest teams.

The tactical team is divided into three major components:

1. First Component – this component is responsible for maintaining perimeter control both inner
and outer. Also called containment sub-team.

2. Second Component – the second component is apprehension and assault team. Members of this sub-
team make an undetected approach to the location, plan and prepare for the release of hostages, and
make an assault if necessary. Also called apprehension and assault sub-team.

3. Third Component – is the sniper / observer sub-team. The sniper/observer sub-team (third
component) has two responsibilities:

Provide intelligence on factors present at the location. These factors may include physical layout,
placement of walls, furniture, specific location of hostages and hostage takers, clothing and mental state
of hostages and hostage takers.
Prepare for a shot on the hostage taker.

Verbal Tactics in Crisis Communications

Concerned attitude – the negotiator communicates with an attitude that he has genuine interest in the
hostage taker. Example: “Tell me what happened” “That must have been hard/sad/threatening” and “I’d
really like to help you”

Reasonable-problem solver – the negotiator assumes the role of a leader. Example: “Let’s work together
to be sure everyone is safe” “What would you like to do about this” Let’s see what other solutions are
possible”

Buddy-fellow traveler – it is one of commiseration with the hostage taker and works well with trapped
felons, impulsive people and antisocial personalities. Example: “Man I hear you, bosses never
understand” “You know how they are about”

Columbo-dumb but trying persona – the negotiator does not have all the answer but is trying to do the
best he can. Example: “I know it’s taking a long time but we are trying” “I hate that I can’t help any
faster but ____”

Non-judgmental and directing – the negotiator is compassionate but firm and competent. It is good with
depressed persons, disoriented or dependent people. Example: “You sound pretty excited, take a deep
breath and relax” “Let’s take this next step slow so nobody gets hurt” “Check on your people for me to
be sure everyone is alright”

Active Listening Techniques

Open-Ended Questions/Statements –question or statements directed at the hostage taker designed to

get him to open up and give a long, verbal answer.

Effective Pauses – not saying anything when the hostage taker finishes talking, encouraging him to fill
the empty or blank space with additional communications or information. Periods of silence that is used
to emphasize a point or to encourage the subject to say more.

Minimal Encouragement – saying yes, ok or other verbal indicators that the negotiator is actually
listening to the hostage taker. Brief, well-timed response that let the subject knows the negotiator is
paying attention. It is a neutral non-threatening response that can be used with any subject.

Mirroring (Reflecting Feelings) – a response in which the negotiator mirrors back to the hostage taker
the emotions of the hostage taker in communicating, the negotiator repeats the last word or phrase.

Paraphrasing – a response in which the negotiator gives the hostage taker the essence of his message in
the negotiator’s words. The negotiator repeats the subject’s meaning in the negotiators words. It shows
that the negotiator is listening and understands the content of the subject’s message.
Emotional Labeling (Reflecting Meaning) – a response in which negotiator let the hostage taker know he
understands the facts and the feelings the hostage taker is communicating. The use of emotionally
descriptive words to show that the negotiator understands the feelings the subject is experiencing.

I-Messages – a response in which the negotiator expresses his emotions in response to the hostage
taker. These are messages that personalize the negotiator without becoming a personal attack and allow
negotiator to introduce new ideas without raising excessive resistance.

Summative Reflections – a response in which the negotiator summarizes the main facts and feelings that
the hostage taker has expressed over a relatively long period.

Implementation of Methods to Deal with Hostage situation

Rule 22. Hostage Situation of the revised PNP Operational procedures

Sec.1. Procedures to be followed in a Hostage Situation – the following steps shall be undertaken:

a. A crisis management task group shall be activated immediately

b. Incident scene shall be secured and isolated

c. Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed entry and exit to the incident scene

d. Witnesses’ names, addresses, and other information shall be recorded. Witnesses shall be directed to
a safe location.

Sec.2. Ground Commander – there shall be only one Ground Commander in the area.

Sec.3. Negotiators – negotiators shall be designated by the Ground commander. No one shall be
allowed to talk to the hostage-taker without clearance from the negotiating panel or Ground
Commander

Sec.4. Assault team – an assault team shall be alerted for deployment in case the negotiation fails.
Members of the assault team shall wear authorized and easily recognizable uniform during the conduct
of the operation Bonnets shall not be used.

Sec.5. Assault plan – the assault shall be planned to ensure minimal threat to life for all parties.

Sec.6. Support Personnel – an ambulance with medical crew and a fire truck shall be detailed at the
incident.

Sec.7. Coordination – proper coordination with all participating elements shall be done to consolidate
efforts in solving crisis.

Sec.8. Safety of Hostage(s) – in negotiating for the release of a hostage, the safety of the hostage shall
always be paramount.
Sec.9. Procedures to be followed during negotiations

The following shall be undertaken in the conduct of negotiations:

a. Stabilize and contain the situation;

b. Select the right time to make contact with the hostage-taker;

c. Take time when negotiating;

d. Allow hostage-taker to speak;

e. Don’t offer the hostage-taker anything. What he will ask for will be part of the negotiation;

f. Avoid directing frequent attention to the victim when talking to the hostage taker;

g. Do not call them Hostages. Be as honest as possible; avoid tricks; be sincere;

h. Never dismiss any request from the hostage-taker as trivial or unimportant;

i. Never say “NO”

j. Soften the demand

k. Never set deadline; try not to accept a deadline;

l. Do not make alternate suggestions not agreed upon in the negotiation;

m. Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers) into the negotiation process, unless their
presence is extremely necessary in the solution of the crisis; provided that they shall be properly advised
on the do’s and don’ts of hostage negotiations;

n. Do not allow any exchange of hostages, unless extremely necessary; in particular, do not exchange a
negotiator for a hostage;

o. Avoid negotiating face-to-face; and

p. Law enforcement officers without proper training shall not be allowed to participate in hostage
negotiations.

The Aftereffects of Captivity

Emotional Aftereffects – the hostage taker is unable to emotionally relax, remains fearful of the future,
and becomes apprehensive, tense, and nervous, experiencing an anxiety like attack. The ex-hostage may
shake uncontrollably, experiencing unexplained fear.
Cognitive Aftereffects – the hostages believed they failed themselves, co-workers, friends and family.
That somehow they are less of a person for having been captive. Self-criticizing and second-guessing are
common. Statements such as “if only I had done so and so I wouldn’t have been captured”, are
commonly heard.

Behavioral Aftereffects – this include social and self-isolation, uncontrollable crying, and increase or
decrease in aggression, poor concentration, intrusive thoughts, trouble with authority figures, an
increase startle response and alcohol and drug abuse.

Physical Aftereffects – this include the following:

a. Sleep disorder – most common physical aftereffects. Some cannot sleep the entire night, some sleep
too much than they did before captivity, some sleep much less, some can only cat-nap. Some requires
medication to sleep. Some do not enter into Stage 4 sleep and some very seldom engage in Rapid Eye
Movement (REM) sleep.

Stage 4 Sleep – is the deep sleep that immediately precedes REM sleep, it is necessary for the body to
replenish itself and it is the sleep where the greatest physiological benefits are derived.

b. Nightmares – include sights, sounds, smells, tastes, physical pains and emotions of captivity.

c. Withdrawal from Close Personal Relationship – the ex-hostage may erect an invisible wall and not
allow anyone inside that wall.

Medical Aftereffects – majority of hostages do not experience medical aftereffects, however to a few
who experienced prolonged, severe, and physical abusive captivity, medical aftereffects may be an
issue.

Positive Aftereffects – some hostages may experienced positive effects of the incident in which instead
of having lowered self-esteem, have heightened self-esteem. They believed themselves to be better
people for having suffered and endured captivity and it made them a better person.

Human Behavior
 It refers to the reaction to facts of relationship between the individual and his environment. It is mainly
influenced by both genes and environment. It is the manner of conducting oneself which considerably
involves action of a person in response in stimuli, and vice versa.

Conditions and Factors that surrounds and influences an individual that can cause certain behavior
patterns.

1. Environment 2. Society

3. Heredity 4. Learning

-The study of human behavior can be approached from several viewpoints, to wit:

Neurological- emphasizes human actions in relation to events taking place inside the body, especially
the brain and nervous system.

Behavioral- focuses on those external activities of the organism that can be observed and measured.

Cognitive- concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information in various ways.

Psychoanalytical- emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual and aggressive
impulses in childhood.

Humanistic- focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation towards self
actualization

Classifications of Human Behavior

1. Conscious - State of awareness of thoughts, feelings, perception and what is going on in the
environment.

Unconscious– any behavior that the person is not aware of (ex. mannerisms, shaking of the legs while
sitting, biting your fingers, playing, with your pen while listening to your teacher’s discussion, etc.)

2. Overt - Open to public observation

Covert - Unseen objects such as thoughts, feelings or responses which are not easily seen.

3. Rational - Pertaining to reason, influenced or guided by reason rather than emotion.

Irrational –Illogical

4. Voluntary - Intentional

Involuntary –Doing something against your will, action made without intent or carried out despite an
attempt to prevent them.

5. Simple – ex. What you see is what you get.

Complex- compound complicated behavior. ex. Drinking alcohol

Three significant contributors of this study are the following:

1. Sigmund Freud- Father of Psychoanalysis

2. Francis Galton- Heredity and Human Behavior

3. Charles Darwin- Evolution Theory

Founding father of psychoanalytic theory (psychodynamic)- a method for treating mental illness and also
a theory which explains human behavior.

Freud adopt a method suggested by his friend and colleague Josef Breuer who had discovered that
when he encouraged a hysterical patient to talk uninhibitedly about the earliest occurrences of the
symptoms, they sometimes gradually abated.

This theory emerged “bit by bit” as a result of Freud’s clinical investigations and it led him to propose
that there were at least three levels of the mind.

According Freud, the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes that develop
early in childhood and involve the interaction of id, ego and superego.

In psychodynamic theory, the human mind performs three separated functions.

A. The conscious

B. The Subconscious

C. Unconscious

According to psychodynamic theory, human personality contains a three part structure.

a. Id

b. Ego

c. Superego

The Human Development

Freud believed that the most basic human drive present at birth is Eros, the instinct to preserve and
create life.

He believed that there are psychosexual stages of human development which are the following:

a. Oral Stage – The ego starts to develop

b. Anal Stage
c. Phallic Stage- Superego starts to develop

d. Latency Stage

e. Genital stage

Psychodynamic of Abnormal Behavior

In Psychodynamic perspective, it is believed that people with abnormal behavior suffer from neurosis
and psychosis.

Antisocial Personality

A combination of traits, such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, hedonism, and inability to empathized with
others, that make a person prone to deviant behavior and violence; also referred as sociopathic or
psychopathic personalities.

Richard Kuklinski (1935-2006)

-The Iceman

- He is a Sociopath and a famed hitman of Mafia.

Abnormal personality and psychological traits are the key determinant of anti-social behavior. There is a
link between mental illness, personality disorders, and crime

Francis Galton

Behavioral Genetics began in England with Sir Francis Galton and his study of the inheritance of genius
families. He revealed that genius “runs in families” and concluded that it is to significant degree a
heritable behavioral trait.

Pedigree

It is a genetic representation of a family tree that diagrams the inheritance of a trait or disease though
several generations. The pedigree shows the relationships between family members and indicates which
individuals express or silently carry the trait in question.

Charles Darwin

He synthesized the Theory of Evolution by natural selection

Evolution is the core theme of biology

Types, Characteristics and Attributes of Human Behavior

1. Habitual – Refers to demeanors which are resorted to in a regular basis it may be further
characterized as: emotional and language.

2. Instinctive- Are human conduct which is unlearned and inherent, said to be present at birth of a
person, and significantly influenced by heredity.

3. Symbolic- Are human conduct in response to stimuli undertaken by means of substitution.

4. Complex- Refers to two or more habitual behavior which occurs in one situation.

Human Emotions and its relation to Behavior

There are three definitions of emotion that can be distinguished:

1. Emotion is a feeling that is private and subjective. Humans can report an assortment of states, which
they can feel or experience.

2. Emotion is a condition of psychological arousal, an expression or display of distinctive somatic and

automatic responses.

3. Emotions are actions commonly “deemed,” such as defending or attacking in reaction to a threat. This
aspect of emotions is especially relevant to Darwin’s point of view of the functional roles of emotions.
He said that emotions had an important endurance role because they generated actions to dangerous
situations.

Wilhelm Wundt

A psychologist had an out look that emotions consists of three fundamental dimensions, each one of a
pair of opposite states: pleasantness/ unpleasantness; tension/release; excitement/ relaxation.

According to Robert Plutchik, there are eight basic emotions grouped in four pair of opposites:

1. joy/sadness

2. Acceptance/disgust

3. Anger/fear

4. Surprise/anticipation

Characteristics of Human Behavior

1. Primarily native or primarily learned. The extreme of the mechanistic view is the theory of instinct. An
instinct is an innate biological force, which commands the organism to behave in a particular way.

BEHAVIORAL THEORIES

Behavior theory maintains that human actions are developed through learning experiences.
Behavior is constantly being shaped by life experience.

Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura

- Social learning theory is a branch of behavior theory most relevant to criminology.

-They believed that a person’s violent tendencies are activated by factors in the environment.

His most famous experiment was the 1961 Bobo doll study.

The study was significant because it departed from behaviorism’s insistence that all behavior is directed
by reinforcement or rewards.

Social learning and violence

According to bandura’s social learning theory, violence is learned through a process called behavior
modeling.

In modern society, aggressive acts are usually modeled after three principal sources:

a. Family Interactions

b. Environmental Experiences

c. Mass Media

While violence and aggression are learned behaviors, they are not necessarily expressed until they are
elicited in one of several ways.

Albert Bandura describes the factor that elicit behavior as “instigator”

2. Evoked by external stimuli or internal need. Philosophers in the seventeenth and eighteenth century
shared a mechanistic view. They Thought that some of out actions are the result of internal or external
forces, which are not under voluntary control. Thomas Hobbes, claimed that underlying reasons for
behavior are the avoidance of pain and the quest pleasure.

3. Automatic, voluntary, conscious, motor or intentional. Behavior has something to do with the nervous
system

Attributes of Human Behavior

1. Duration- Refers to the aspect of human behavior in terms of function of time, how long or brief the
interval maybe.

2. Extensity- Traits of human behavior which centers on size, distance and location (spatial
characteristics)
3. Intensity- Features of human behavior which focuses in terms of magnitude, mild and strong
(disintegrative)

4. Quantity- Refers to the aspect of human behavior dealing with the normal and abnormal traits.

Three steps on how human behavior takes place 1. Sensation- The feeling or impression of stimulus
behavior takes place: a. Visual- refers to man’s sense of sight. Vision is the faculty by which, through the
material organ, the eye, the visible external world is perceived.

It starts with the impact of light waves on the retina of the eye, but if these waves are longer or shorter
than a certain limit they produce no visual impression. b. Olfactory- Refers to our sense of smelling.
Smell by which odors are perceived. c. Cutaneous- refers to our sense of touch or feeling. In humans,
touch is accomplished by nerve endings in the skin that express sensations to the brain via nerve fibers.
d. Auditory- Man’s sense of hearing. The physical stimulus of auditory sensation is the vibration of some
material object. The vibration is transmitted from the object to the ear, under normal conditions, by
wave movement of air particles. e. Gustatory- Mans Sense of Taste. Taste in humans and other animals,
by which four gustatory qualities (sweetness, sourness, saltiness and bitterness) of a substance is
distinguished.

2. Perception The knowledge of stimuli. Psychologist recognize that majority of the raw, unorganized
sensory stimuli that come from seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting or smelling are almost instantaneously
and subconsciously “corrected” into percepts, or unstable experience. Perception does not simply a
matter of organizing direct sensory stimuli into percepts. Perception themselves, gained from past
experience, also becomes organized, thus greatly advancing the speed and accuracy of the individual’s
present perception.

3. Awareness Psychological activity ( according to interpretation and experience of object or stimulus).

Cognition known as the act or process of knowing includes attention, perception, memory, reasoning,
judgment, imagining, thinking, and speech. The manner in which an individual classifies cognition in
order to impose order is known as cognitive style.

How people interact? People Intermingle by three psychological positions or behavioral patterns called
ego states: 1. Parent ego state- This is characterized as protective, idealistic, evaluative, righteous, refer
to laws, rules and standards. 2. Adult ego state- It centers more upon reason, factual, flexible, views as
co-equal, worthy, and reasonable human being. 3. Child ego state- It is easily described as dependent,
rebellious, selfish, demanding, impatient and emotional The Id, the Ego and the Superego the theory
propagated by Freud which basically make up man’s constitution including man’s conscience making
him distinct from the rest of the animal kingdom

Behavior Adjustment
How do a person Adjust in his Environment?

For Example

A police officer using adjustment process in a situation wherein he has been assigned to a duty where
he has little or no knowledge at all. PO1 Juan Dela Cruz passed the NAPOLCOM Exam and entered the
PNP. His college degree was accountancy, and however, he was assigned at the PNP crime lab as a
technician.

Defense Reaction to Frustration

As the individual progresses through life, he develops up a broad repertoire of psychological defensive
reactions which he uses unconsciously to adjust to ego-living frustration.

Three Fundamental Adjustive Behaviors

1. Withdrawal Reactions- Forms of Physical flight.

a. Fantasy- Resorts to day dreaming as a temporary escape from the frustration of reality.

b. Nomadism- It is an attempt to get away from a frustrating situation by continuously moving from
place to place usually without tangible gain.

c. Regression- Also called infantilism which indicates a return to an earlier work.

d. Depression- A reaction which excludes from conscious awareness undesirable thought, feeling or
memory causing pain.

e. Reaction Formation- A withdrawal reaction which prohibit from conscious awareness especially
unacceptable desires of impulse (the thought of it is guilt provoking) may develop conscious attitude or
overt behavior that contradict his original wish.

2. Aggressive Reaction

Displacement- The process of directing anger to someone or some thing other than he is angry at.

a. Free-Floating Anger- A chronic reaction pattern of resentment. Regards even neutral situation as
having hostile implication.

b. Scapegoating- An aggressive reaction where one tries to blame or hold responsible others to hide or
conceal and explain his failures.

c. Suicide- A person who is unable to express anger openly and turns to himself for self-destruction.

3. Compromise Reaction

a. Isolation- A concession where a person to avoid conflict seals off attitudes in the mental compartment
allowing it to function in isolation from conflicting ones.
b. Sublimation- A conciliation undertaken by seeking a new goal that is socially acceptable. Ex. Hostility,
rage and anger, participate in painting, writing or engage sports, etc.

c. Overcompensation- A compensatory activity which ceases to be value, for it gets out of control. E.g. to
solve financial problems and woes, one goes to the race track and bets or go the lotto booth on a daily
basis in the hope of winning the jackpot.

d. Compensation- The desire of the individual to counterbalance inferiority to that of something he can
succeed.

e. Substitution- This is another sublimated act wherein the person when frustrated, impulses are
expressed directly with no change in the conscious quality of the desire. Example: Frustrated sexual
urges may be substituted through dirty jokes.

We use defense mechanisms to protect ourselves from feelings of anxiety or guilt, which arise because
we feel threatened, or because our id or superego becomes too demanding. They are not under our
conscious control, and are non-voluntaristic.

EXAMPLE OF DEFENSE MECHANISM ACCORDING TO SIGMUND FREUD

1. Denial

Denial is the refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist.

2. Regression

Is the reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of unacceptable thoughts or impulses.

3. Acting Out

Acting Out is performing an extreme behavior in order to express thoughts or feelings the person feels
incapable of otherwise expressing. Instead of saying, “I’m angry with you,” a person who acts out may
instead throw a book at the person, or punch a hole through a wall.

4. Dissociation

Dissociation is when a person loses track of time and/or person, and instead finds another
representation of their self in order to continue in the moment. A person who dissociates often loses
track of time or themselves and their usual thought processes and memories.

5. Compartmentalization

Compartmentalization is a lesser form of dissociation, wherein parts of oneself are separated from
awareness of other parts and behaving as if one had separate sets of values.

6. Projection
Projection is the misattribution of a person’s undesired thoughts, feelings or impulses onto another
person who does not have those thoughts, feelings or impulses.

7. Reaction Formation

Reaction Formation is the converting of unwanted or dangerous thoughts, feelings or impulses into their
opposites. For instance, a woman who is very angry with her boss and would like to quit her job may
instead be overly kind and generous toward her boss and express a desire to keep working there
forever. She is incapable of expressing the negative emotions of anger and unhappiness with her job,
and instead becomes overly kind to publicly demonstrate her lack of anger and unhappiness.

8. Repression

Repression is the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts, feelings and impulses. The key to
repression is that people do it unconsciously, so they often have very little control over it. “Repressed
memories” are memories that have been unconsciously blocked from access or view.

9. Displacement

Displacement is the redirecting of thoughts feelings and impulses directed at one person or object, but
taken out upon another person or object. People often use displacement when they cannot express
their feelings in a safe manner to the person they are directed at.

10. Intellectualization

Intellectualization is the overemphasis on thinking when confronted with an unacceptable impulse,

situation or behavior without employing any emotions whatsoever to help mediate and place the
thoughts into an emotional, human context.

11. Rationalization

Rationalization is putting something into a different light or offering a different explanation for one’s
perceptions or behaviors in the face of a changing reality. For instance, a woman who starts dating a
man she really, really likes and thinks the world of is suddenly dumped by the man for no reason. She
reframes the situation in her mind with, “I suspected he was a loser all along.”

CONFLICT

Conflict within an individual is the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives.

THREE PATTERNS OF CONFLICT

Approach-approach conflict

The individual is faced with the necessity of making a choice between two (or more) desirable goals.
Since both goals are desirable, this is the least stressful situation. "Shall I fly or take a boat to Europe?"
might be easily resolved if both means of travel are seen as pleasurable.
Avoidance-avoidance conflict

In the avoidance-avoidance conflict, the individual is faced with two goals, both of which are negative,
or repellent. He is "between the rock and the hard place." In that very position, for example, is the child
who is faced with "Either you do your homework or you go to bed without supper.

Approach-avoidance conflict

In this situation, the individual is both attracted and repelled by the same goal. The same goal has
qualities that make the individual want to approach it and other qualities that make him want to avoid
it. The timid man who wishes to propose to his girl friend fears rejection (the quality he wishes to avoid)
and hopes for acceptance (the quality he wishes to approach). Hence he is in conflict about a single goal.

Double approach-avoidance In real life, the individual frequently is faced with having to choose between
two (or more) goals, each of which has both attracting and repelling aspects. Since the tendency is to
approach and avoid each of the goals, this pattern is called double approach-avoidance. Behavior
Modification These are the psychological methods for treating maladjustment and for changing
observable behavior patterns.

Behavior Manner of acting or controlling yourself Attitude A complex mental state involving beliefs and
feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways

Historical Development Ivan P. Pavlov Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist best known in psychology
for his discovery of classical conditioning. During his studies on the digestive systems of dogs, Pavlov
noted that the animals salivated naturally upon the presentation of food. However, he also noted that
the animals began to salivate whenever they saw the white lab coat of an experimental assistant. By
associating the presentation of food with the lab assistant, a conditioned response occurred. Pavlov was
also able to demonstrate that the animals could be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a tone as
well. Pavlov's discovery had a major influence on other thinkers including John B. Watson and
contributed significantly to the development of the school of thought known as behaviorism.

Classical Conditioning It is a learning process in which an innate response to a potent stimulus comes to
be elicited in response to a previously neutral stimulus; this is achieved by repeated pairings of the
neutral stimulus with the potent stimulus. Mary Cover Jones She performed experiments designed to
reduce already established fears in children. She found two methods particularly effective: 1. Associating
feared object with a different stimulus capable of arousing a positive reaction; and 2. Placing the child
who feared a certain object with other children who did not. Behavior Modification had become a
clearly identifiable applied psychology movement with two components: behavior therapy and applied
behavior analysis.

Behavior therapy
-is a broad term referring to psychotherapy, behavior analytical, or a combination of the two therapies.
In its broadest sense, the methods focus on either just behaviors or in combination with thoughts and
feelings that might be causing them.

Behavioral therapies are based on the theory of classical conditioning. The premise is that all behavior is
learned; faulty learning (i.e. conditioning) is the cause of abnormal behavior. Therefore the individual
has to learn the correct or acceptable behavior.

Psychotherapy

-is a general term for treating mental health problems by talking with a psychiatrist, psychologist or
other mental health provider. During psychotherapy, you learn about your condition and your moods,
feelings, thoughts and behaviors.

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

-is the application of the principles of learning and motivation from Behavior Analysis, and the
procedures and technology derived from those principles, to the solution of problems of social
significance.

Behavior Modification Techniques

1. Systematic desensitization

2. Aversion Therapy

3. Biofeedback

Systematic Desensitization

It attempts to treat disturbances having identifiable sources such as a paralyzing fear of closed spaces.
This method usually involves training the individual to relax in the presence of fear producing stimuli.

Aversion therapy

It is a form of psychological treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while

simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort. This conditioning is intended to cause the
patient to associate the stimulus with unpleasant sensations in order to stop the specific behavior.

Biofeedback

Biofeedback therapy involves training patients to control physiological processes such as muscle
tension, blood pressure, or heart rate.
 These processes usually occur involuntarily, however, patients who receive help from a biofeedback
therapist can learn how to completely manipulate them at will.

Personality Development

Personality

Deeply embedded and relatively enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior.

It usually refers to which is unique about a person, the characteristics that make a person distinct from
others.

Disorders

Personality disorders are lifelong conditions in which personality traits are so rigid and maladaptive that
they cause social and occupational impairments and considerable distress.

What causes a personality disorder?

Some experts believe that events occurring in early childhood exert a powerful influence upon behavior
later in life. Others indicate that people are genetically predisposed to personality disorders. In some
cases, however, environmental facts may cause a person who is already genetically vulnerable to
develop a personality disorder.

Types of Personality Disorders

There are many formally identified personality disorders, each with their own set of behaviors and
symptoms. Many of these fall into three different categories or clusters:

Cluster A: Odd or eccentric behavior

Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional or erratic behavior

Cluster C: Anxious fearful behavior

Cluster A:

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Schizoid personalities are introverted, withdrawn, solitary, emotionally cold, and distant. They are often
absorbed with their own thoughts and feelings and are fearful of closeness and intimacy with others. For
example, a person suffering from schizoid personality is more of a daydreamer than a practical action
taker.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

The essential feature for this type of personality disorder is interpreting the actions of others as
deliberately threatening or demeaning. People with paranoid personality disorder are untrusting,
unforgiving, and prone to angry or aggressive outbursts without justification because they perceive
others as unfaithful, disloyal, condescending or deceitful. This type of person may also be jealous,
guarded, secretive, and scheming, and may appear to be emotionally “cold” or excessively serious.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A pattern of peculiarities best describes those with schizotypal personality disorder. People may have
odd or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing. Strange, outlandish or paranoid beliefs and thoughts
are common.

People with schizotypal personality disorder have difficulties forming relationships and experience
extreme anxiety in social situations. They may react inappropriately or not react at all during a
conversation or they may talk to themselves. They also display signs of “magical thinking” by saying they
can see into the future or read other people’s minds.

Cluster B:

Antisocial Personality Disorder

People with antisocial personality disorder characteristically act out their conflicts and ignore normal
rules of social behavior. These individuals are impulsive, irresponsible, and callous. Typically, the

antisocial personality has a history of legal difficulties, belligerent and irresponsible behavior, aggressive
and even violent relationships.

They show no respect for other people and feel no remorse about the effects of their behavior on
others. These people ware at high risk for substance abuse, especially alcoholism, since it helps them to
relieve tension, irritability and boredom.

Borderline Personality Disorder People with borderline personality disorder are unstable in several
areas, including interpersonal relationships, behavior, mood, and self-image. Abrupt and extreme mood
changes, stormy interpersonal relationships, an unstable and fluctuating self-image, unpredictable and
self-destructive actions characterize the person with borderline personality disorder.

These individuals generally have great difficulty with their own sense of identity. They often experience
the world in extremes, viewing others as either “all good” or “all bad.” A person with borderline
personality may form an intense personal attachment with someone only to quickly dissolve it over a
perceived slight. Fears of abandonment may lead to an excessive dependency on others.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

 People with narcissistic personality have an exaggerated sense of self-importance, are absorbed by
fantasies of unlimited success, and seek constant attention. The narcissistic personality is oversensitive
to failure and often complains of multiple somatic symptoms. Prone to extreme mood swings between
self-admiration and insecurity, these people tend to exploit interpersonal relationships.

Cluster C:

Avoidant Personality Disorder. Avoidant personalities are often hypersensitive to rejection and are
unwilling to become involved with others unless they are sure of being liked. Excessive social discomfort,
timidity, fear of criticism, avoidance of social or work activities that involve interpersonal contact are
characteristic of the avoidant personality.

Dependent Personality Disorder

People with dependent personality disorder may exhibit a pattern of dependent and submissive
behavior, relying on others to make decisions for them. They require excessive reassurance and advice,
and are easily hurt by criticism or disapproval.

They feel uncomfortable and helpless if they are alone, and can be devastated when a close relationship
ends. They have a strong fear of rejection.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Compulsive personalities are conscientious and have high levels of aspiration, but they also strive for
perfection. Never satisfied with their achievements, people with compulsive personality disorder take
on more and more responsibilities.

They are reliable, dependable, orderly, and methodical, but their inflexibility often makes them
incapable of adapting to changed circumstances. People with compulsive personality are highly cautious,
weigh all aspects of a problem, and pay attention to every detail, making it difficult for them to make
decisions and complete tasks.

Mood Disorder

Mood disorders are a category of illnesses that describe a serious change in mood.

1. Major Depressive Disorder

The person experiences depressed mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, and reduced energy leading
to diminished activity for at least 2 weeks. Many people with depression also suffer from anxiety
symptoms

2. Bipolar Disorder
 It is a form of major affective disorder, or mood disorder, defined by manic or hypomanic episodes
(changes from one's normal mood accompanied by high energy states).

3. Persistent Depressive Disorder

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is a chronic (ongoing) type of depression in which a person's
moods are regularly low. But, symptoms are not as severe as with major depression.

4. Cyclothymic Disorder

In cyclothymic disorder, moods swing between short periods of mild depression and hypomania, an
elevated mood. The low and high mood swings never reach the severity or duration of major depressive
or full mania episodes.

5. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, is a type of depression that occurs during the same season each
year. You may have SAD if you felt depressed during the last two winters but felt much better in spring
and summer. Some people may have SAD during the summer months.

STRESS - Defined as the “non-specific response of the body to any demand for change”. Types of Stress
A. Eustress – positive stress (i.e., graduating in College, enrolling in a review school, taking the board
exam etc.) B. Distress – negative stress (unemployment, failing to pass the board exam etc.) TWO KINDS
OF STRESS 1. ACUTE STRESS - experiencing a certain level of stress for a short-period of time. - also
known as “short-term stress” Ex. Taking the board examination is an example of an acute stress. 2.
CHRONIC STRESS - experiencing a certain level of stress for a long-period of time.

- also know as “long-term stress” Ex. Failing to pass the board exam

MENTAL DISORDERS

Types of Mental Disorders

1) NEUROSES

- a condition where a person compromises with reality.

- The person normally has a distortion or unclear perception of reality.

SOME FORMS OF NEUROSES:

1. Anxiety - manifested through apprehension, tension, and uneasiness from anticipation of danger,
the source of which is largely unknown or unrecognized.
2. Obsession – is an idea that persistently recurs in a person’s mind sometimes against his wish, though
it may have no basis at all.

*Stalking – refer to unwanted and obsessive attention by an individual or group to another person.

3. Compulsion – is an irresistible impulse to perform certain acts that are repetitive and ritualistic.

e.g. pyromania – the irresistible urge to set fire

dipsomania – compulsive desire to take alcoholic drinks

kleptomania – the urge to steal

4. Phobia – an irrational fear which is fixed, intense, uncontrollable, and most of the time has no
reasonable foundation. ( Hoplo and Ballisto)

SOME FORMS OF PHOBIA

❖ Aerophobia – fear of flying

❖ Agoraphobia – intense avoidance of any place

❖ Claustrophobia – fear of being trapped in small confined places

❖ Acrophobia – fear of heights

❖ Hydrophobia – water

❖ Pyrophobia – fire

❖ Emetophobia – fear of vomitting

❖ Carcinophobia – fear of cancer

❖ Brontophobia – fear of thunderstorms

❖ Necrophobia – fear of dead body

❖ Thanatophobia – fear of death

❖ Erotophobia – fear of sex

❖ Phalophobia – fear of males reproductive organ

5. Depression – extreme feeling of low morale, sadness, loneliness, self – pitty, despair, rejection,
boredom and pessimism.

❖ Melancholia – excessive brooding of spirits

❖ Exaltation – excessive happiness.

2) PSYCHOSES

- psychotic people lose contact with reality and have difficulty distinguishing reality from fantasy.

- a mental condition where the person may withdraw from the real world into the world of fantasy.

A) SCHIZOPRENIA

- also called dementia praecox; characterized by distortions or withdrawal from reality, disturbances of
thoughts and language and withdrawal from social contact.

B) MANIC DEPRESSIVE

- periodic changes in moods, alternating between periods of elevated mood “high” (manic mode) and
periods of depression (depressive mode).

C) PARANOIA

- gradual impairment of the intellect, characterized by delusions or hallucination.

➢ DELUSION – a false belief firmly held despite incontrovertible proof of evidence to the contrary.

❖ Delusion of grandeur – false belief that you are greater than everybody else.

❖ Delusion of persecution – a false belief that others are conspiring to kill, harm or embarrass you.

➢ HALLUCINATION – a sensory perception in the absence of an actual external stimulus.

MEMORY DISORDER OR AMNESIA

- caused by painful memories associated with some shocking experiences which are repressed and
cannot be recalled.

TWO TYPES:

❖ Anterograde amnesia – inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long
–term store.

❖ Retrograde – is the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date,
usually the date of an accident or operation.

Child Psychology

It is the study of children’s behavior including physical, cognitive, motor, language, perceptual, social,
and emotional characteristics-from birth to adolescence.
Two Basic Types of Behavior:

1. Inherited behavior

- These are inborn behavior, any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by people because of their
inherited capabilities or the process of natural section

Ex. Breathing, blinking of eyes, digesting food etc.

1. Learned behavior

- These are operant behavior which involves knowing or taking into account, adaptations that
enhance a human being’s ability to cope with changes in the environment in ways which improve the
chances of survival.

- It is this behavior that sets human being apart from other animals.

Ex. Good communication, problem solving or mathematical skills or job skills etc.

Two significant problems for child psychologist are

(1) to determine how environmental variables (such as parental attitudes) and biological characteristics
(such as health) interact and influence behavior, and

(2) To understand how behavioral changes influences one another.

Developmental Theories

The most significant developmental theories are Freud’s theory of personality development and
Piaget’s theory of perception and cognition.

1. Freud Theory of Personality Development

2. Piaget’s theory of Perception and cognition

Freud’s theory is based on the idea that a healthy personality requires the satisfaction of instinctual
needs.

The id is the source of the instinctual drive. The role of the ego is to cope with the demands of the id
while remaining within the rules of society, which in turn are represented by the superego

Jean Piaget assumed that from birth humans are active learners who do not require external incentives.
He asserted that cognitive development occurs in four stages.

Stage 1

Sensorimotor Intelligence (birth-2years), takes the children from unrelated reflexive movements to
behavior that reflects knowledge of simple concepts
Stage 2

Preoperational thought (2-7 years), is characterized by an increasing use of abstract symbols as

reflected in imaginative play.

Stage 3

Concrete operational thought (7-11 years), involves relatively sophisticated problem solving behavior
and attainment of adult thought.

Stage 4

Formal operational thought (12 years and older), is characterized by the ability to develop hypotheses
and deduce new concepts.

Abnormal Behavior and Criminal Psychology

Criminal Psychology It is a study that deals on known criminal behavior. It also refers to the
intersections of psychology, criminology and criminal justice. It studies offenders and offending behavior
in order to improve the investigation of crime by adding a psychological component

Abnormal Behavior It may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing,
maladaptive (or self‐defeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions). Several
perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the causes of
abnormal behavior.

1. Medical Perspective 2. The psychodynamic perspective 3. The behavioral perspective 4. The cognitive
perspective 5. The social‐cultural perspective

Classification of Abnormal Behavior 1. Functional (without physical cause) environment 2. Organic

(physical cause) physical impairment 3. Psychophysiological (both physical and non physical)

Types of Abnormal Behavior a. Personality Disorders b. Mental Disorders c. Neurosis d. Psychosis

Classification of Personality Disorder

a. Passive-aggressive It is described as a non-verbal aggression that manifests in negative behavior. It is
where you are angry with someone but do not or cannot tell them. Instead of communicating honestly
when you feel upset, annoyed, irritated or disappointed you may instead bottle the feelings up, shut off
verbally, give angry looks, make obvious changes in behavior, be obstructive, sulky or put up a stone
wall. b. Histrionic Personality Disorder It is characterized by a long-standing pattern of attention seeking
behavior and extreme emotionality. Someone with histrionic personality disorder wants to be the center
of attention in any group of people, and feel uncomfortable when they are not. While often lively,
interesting and sometimes dramatic, they have difficulty when people aren’t focused exclusively on
them.

c. Compulsive Personality Disorder People with this disorder have a long-term, consistent
preoccupation with rules, order, and control. They follow rules and procedures rigidly and exhibit
perfectionist behaviors and have a need to maintain strict control over people and circumstances in
their lives.

Crisis Management and Hostage Negotiation Crisis A stage in a sequence of events at which the trend of
all future events, especially for better or for worse, is determined; turning point. A condition of
instability or danger, as in social, economic, political, or international affairs, leading to a decisive
change.

Crisis Management It is the act or manner of running or handling decisive matters, which is crucial. It
involves considerably the prevention of loss of life and injury, loss or damage to property from hazards
which cannot be normally foreseen or prevented.

Crisis Intervention Focuses on studying an individual’s life in order to defuse the destructive effects of
the unusual stress being experienced, and then assisting the individual in crisis to go back to his or her
normal condition before the crisis.

Hostage Situation
 A hostage situation is a set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is holding a person
captive with the use of force and threat of violence while the law enforcement officers are in close
contact with the suspect and his captive. It is a law-enforcement worst-case scenario because it places
innocent civilians directly in harm’s way.

Hostage Negotiation

Negotiation is a process in which two or more persons, groups or entities with conflicting interests
voluntarily engage in a dialogue or discussion in order to arrive at an agreement that will benefit all the
parties concerned

Negotiation is not about winning an argument in order to get what you want. It is about working with
the other party or parties so that everyone gets what they want

Crisis Negotiation

The use of communication techniques and strategies to influence a person to change his/her behavior
in accordance with goals within legal, ethical and moral constraints.

Hostage-taker(s)

An individual or group of person who hold another person(s) against his/her/their will as bargaining
chips for purposes of demanding certain amount of money, self-protection, thwarting any police action,
or pursuing personal interest or that of the general public.

Hostage - an individual who has been held by the perpetrators against his/her will.

The Negotiation Process

There are three components involved in negotiation: negotiate, keep track of what is going on, and then
decide. In hostage negotiation, these components are performed by different individuals.

1. Preparation

All relevant tools and information that can strengthen a negotiator’s position and create a favorable
climate for a successful negotiation must be prepared.

2. Setting of goals

A negotiator must not be afraid to aim for the best results while negotiating. It is important that he/she
must have confidence in the negotiation process. Furthermore, he/she must have a well-defined
objective that is quantifiable and measurable over time.

3. Planning of initial stance

 This should be flexible, because the other party is sure to challenge this initial position. They will try to
convince the negotiator to lessen the requirements or demands. Thus, the initial stance should be that
which offers the best and most number of benefits as possible, within justifiable limits.

4. Prepare backup and bottom-line positions

Expect the other party to reject your initial stance. Your backup position should be more reasonable but
still flexible. Your bottom-line position, on the other hand, will be your last offer or last acceptable
position, so it should be clear and specific and should set the limit to what you are willing to give.

5. Lastly, ready answers and solutions to the expected issues or concerns of the other party must be
prepared. Not doing so can result in getting stuck in the negotiation and not knowing what to do next.

THE NEGOTIATION TEAM

The Critical Negotiation Team is one of the elements of the Critical Incident Management Group
(CIMTG) within the Negotiation Group. The Negotiation Team is directly under the control and
supervision of the On-Scene Commander or Incident Commander

The Negotiation Team shall be located separately from the other members of the Critical Incident
Management Group but within the inner cordon. The Negotiation Team should be strategically located
to provide the negotiators the general view of the stronghold

The Crisis Negotiation Team Structure

Generally, the Negotiation Team consists of five (5) negotiators, all trained in the art of crisis
negotiation. Each team member plays a vital role in the successful resolution of critical incidents.

1. The Primary Negotiator actually communicates with the subject.

2. The Secondary (or backup) Negotiator assists the primary negotiator by offering advice, monitoring
the negotiations, keeping notes, and ensuring that the Primary Negotiator sees and hears everything in
the proper perspective.

3. The Intelligence Liaison/Recorder interviews individuals associated with the suspect to compile a
criminal history and a history of mental illness, as well as to gather other relevant information. He is also
in charge of the recordings of all conversations.

4. Board Negotiator is the “board person” who maintains a visual display of all information relevant to
the negotiations, i.e. deadlines, demands and details of persons known to be in the stronghold

Procedures for First Responders

 Upon arrival at the scene:

 a. Assess the situation. Confine/Isolate the suspect/s to his/her/their present location by taking
positions with maximum cover but with good fields of view/fire;

 b. Notify higher headquarters and recommend for deployment of special units (SWAT/Negotiation
Team, EOD, etc.) to respond when necessary;

 c. Request for a standby medical ambulance team, fire truck and rescue van;

 d. Request assistance from nearest PNP Unit/s, if necessary, to cordon/secure the area and
control/direct traffic;

 e. Cordon and isolate the area from pedestrian/vehicular traffic;

 f. Evacuate injured individuals; and

 g. Request for the evacuation of adjacent buildings or rooms.

Police Ethics and Community Relations

PNP Philosophy 1. Service 2. Honor 3. Justice

PNP Core Values 1. Makadios (God-Fearing) 2. Makabayan (Nationalistic) 3. Makatao (Humane)

Ethical Acts to be Observed by PNP members 1. Morality 2. Judicious use of authority 3. Integrity 4.
Justice 5. Humility 6. Orderliness 7. Perseverance

Definition of Terms

Customs - established usage or social practices carried on by tradition that have obtained the force of
law.

Traditions - bodies of belief, stories, customs and usages handed down from generation to generation
with the effect of an unwritten law.

Courtesy - a manifestation of expression of consideration and respect for others.

Ceremony - a formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or authority as proper to special
occasion.

Social Decorum - a set of norms and standard practiced by the members during social activities and
other functions.
Police Community Relation - generally refers to the sum total of attitudes and behavior between police
and the communities they serve.

Public Relations - a collection of communication techniques used by individuals or organizations to

convince an audience about the merits of an idea, organization, program, practice or policy.

Community Service - refers to the activities whereby police engage in pro-social activities to enhance the
well being of the community beyond law enforcement and other maintenance.

Community Participation - involves members of the community taking an active role in trying to
genuinely help the police.

Police Traditions

1. Spiritual beliefs

2. Valor

3. Patriotism

4. Discipline

5. Gentlemanliness

6. Word of Honor

7. Duty

8. Loyalty

9. Camaraderie

Spiritual Beliefs - can refer to an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality, an inner path enabling a
person to discover the essence of his/her being or the deepest values and meanings by which people
live.

Valor - great courage in the face of danger. Strength of mind or spirit that enables a person to encounter
danger with firmness.

Patriotism - love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it.

Discipline - the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior using punishment to
correct disobedience.
Gentlemanliness - characteristic of or having the character of a gentleman. A man whose conduct
conforms to a high standard of propriety or correct behavior.

Word of Honor - a verbal commitment by one person to another agreeing to do or not to do something
in the future.

Duty - a task or action that someone is required to perform.

Loyalty - a strong feeling of support or allegiance. Is faithfulness or a devotion to a person, country,

group or cause.

Camaraderie - mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together. Goodwill
and lighthearted rapport between or among friends.

Justice is rendering what is due him. It is also refers to the peace, order and well-being of the society
that are threatened or disrupted when a crime is committed. Law is a rule of just conduct, and made
obligatory by legitimate authority for the general welfare and benefit of the people. A law must be just
or equal wherein no one is above the law and it applies to everyone. In any law, punishment is always
attached, to give a deterrent or controlling effect unto the other’s behavior. Laws and punishment must
not be feared but rather it should only be followed for everybody’s equal opportunity of protection.
Those who are afraid of the law are only those would be violators of law, for they know that they will be
punished and suffer curtailment of one’s freedom as a consequence of violating the law.

1. Substantive law – law that creates the right and obligations of persons; defines their status; governs
their relations; and confers power upon them.

2. Adjective law – it is part of the law that governs the prosecution and defense of action involving the
enforcement of rights and obligation.

3. Public law – deals principally with the powers, rights and obligations of the state.

4. Private law – deals with the individuals his rights and transactions, and his affairs.

5. International law – governing relation between state and sovereign entities or between states and
international organization of state. 6. Municipal law – the entire body of law enacted by jurisdiction and
applied in that jurisdiction.

Justice – it refers to the peace, order and well-being of the society that are threatened or disrupted
when a crime is committed.

Criminal Justice – it is part of justice that concerns itself with giving the state, the victim of the crime as
well as the victim, the dessert consequent upon the commission of the crime.
Criminal Justice System - it consist of the institution, offices, officers and procedures for the
enforcement of public order, particularly for dealing with infractions or violation of laws. • Offender – it
is the principal character in the criminal justice system.

Victim/Offended Party – they are the neglected or forgotten man in the criminal justice system.

Crime

• “An act or omission punishable by law” (RPC, Phils)

• “An act or omission prohibited by law for the protection of the public, the violation of which is
prosecuted by the state in its own name and punishable by incarceration.” (Model Penal Code, US)

Elements of Crime

1. An act (actus reus)

2. An unlawful act

3. An intent (mens rea)

4. Attendant circumstances

5. Concurrence of act and intent

6. Causation

The term POLICE It is derived from the word POLITIA, meaning condition of the state, government and
administration. POLITIA originated from the Greek word “Politea” which means government, citizenship,
or the entire activity of a POLIS, a city. But in restricted sense, it refers to that body of armed

men which as an institution is capable of exercising its duties by armed physical forces in the
preservation of peace and order, detection and investigation of crimes, and enforcement of laws.

The PNP is the primary law enforcement agency of the country, which is national in scope and civilian in
character. It was activated on January 29, 1991 under Section 23, Chapter III, of RA 6975, entitled, "An
Act Establishing the Philippine National Police Under a Reorganized Department of the Interior and Local
Government,". It was constituted from the full merger of the former PC and the INP with Police Director
General CESAR NAZARENO as the First Chief, PNP.

Section 4, Article 2 of the 1987 Constitution provides that, "... it is the policy of the State to promote
peace and order, ensure public safety and further strengthen local government capability aimed
towards the effective delivery of basic services for the citizenry through the establishment of a highly
and competent police force that is national in scope and civilian in character". • Section 23, Chapter III,
of Republic Act No. 6975, "An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police Under a Reorganized
Department of the Interior and Local Government", or otherwise known as, "The PNP Law".

Statutory Power of the Police:

• To enforce laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives and properties;

• To maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure public safety;

• To investigate and prevent crime , effect the arrest of criminal offenders, bring offenders to justice and
assist in their prosecution;

• To detain arrested person/s for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law, informing the persons
so detained of all rights under the constitution; and

• To exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure and enforce pertinent laws.

Licensing, Supervisory and Control and Training:

• To issue licenses for the possession of firearms and explosives in accordance with law;

• To supervise and control the training and operations of security agencies and issue license to operate
security agencies, and to security guards and private detectives for the practice of their profession;

• To train students taking up their baccalaureate, vocational or technical courses in undergoing Law
Enforcement Service Program in compliance to the National Service Law.

Deputized Statutory Power of the Police to perform such other duties and exercise all other functions as
maybe provided by law such as:

• To enforce election laws during the conduct of election;

• To enforce laws on agriculture, environment and natural resources;

• To enforce laws on land transportation; and,

• To enforce other laws under the jurisdiction of various departments and/or offices of the government
where the PNP is deputized under the principle of intra-coordination between and among offices/
departments of the government.

Republic Act No. 4864 – police act of 1966. This law gives birth to NAPOLCOM.

Presidential Decree 765 –Philippine Constabulary/Integrated National Police (PC/INP) Law.

Presidential Decree 1184 – police professionalization law of 1977 and gives birth to Philippine National
Police Academy.
 Republic Act No. 6975 –an act establishing the PNP under the reorganized Department of Interior and
Local Government and for other purposes.

Republic Act No. 8551 – PNP reform and reorganization act of 1998. Republic Act No. 9708 – an act
extending for five (5) years the reglementary period for complying with the minimum educational
qualification for appointment to the Philippine National Police (PNP) and adjusting the promotion
system thereof, amending for the purpose pertinent provisions of republic act no. 6975 and republic act
no. 8551 and for other purposes.

• Exercise administrative and operational supervision.

• Advice the president on all matters involving police function and administration.

• Render the president and congress an annual report.

• Perform other function as president may direct.

Terminologies

• Prosecution – is the process or method whereby accusations are brought before the court of justice to
determine the guilt or innocence of the accused.

• Prosecutor – it refers to the person who is a quasi-judicial officer who assures full discretion and
control over a criminal case in the administration of justice and represents the government or the
people of the Philippines in a criminal proceeding in the court of law.

• Preliminary investigation – it is the inquiry or proceedings for the purpose of determining whether
there is sufficient ground that the crime is committed and probably guilty thereof and should be held for
trial.

• Probable cause - it is the existence of such facts and circumstances as would exile the belief that the
person charged is guilty thereof.

• Inquest – it is an informal and summary investigation conducted by a public prosecutor in criminal

cases when the suspect was arrested without warrant in order to continue the detention of the suspect
beyond what is prescribed by law.

• Ombudsman – a conditionally independent office that has disciplinary and prosecutorial functions and
exercise jurisdiction over administrative cases filed against government officers or employees and can
impose administrative penalties. (RA 6770)

Adversarial/accusatorial system – the victim or his representative has the primary responsibility for
finding and presenting evidences to the court. The accused is presumed guilty until proven innocence.
Inquisitorial – the judge searches the facts, listens to witness to be taken, and investigate to prove the
guilt or innocence of the accused. The accused is presumed innocence until proven guilty.

Mixed system – adopts both accusatorial and inquisitorial, where the victim or his representatives
provides the fats, evidences and testimony of witness to prove the guilt of the accused. The accused is
presumed innocent and also provides facts, evidences and testimony of his witness to disprove the
accusation of the complainant. The judge will investigate and determine the guilt of the accused beyond
reasonable doubt and its moral certainty.

A prosecutor is one whose principal task is to charge violators of the law with the offenses that they
may have committed, to conduct preliminary investigation, to file the necessary information before the
court, and to represent the People of the Philippines. Prosecutors are part of the Executive Branch of
government and as a general rule belong to the Department of Justice. However, the Ombudsman also
prosecutes offenses committed by public officer or employees