RANIEL D.

RAZON
SECTION: BSIT-2H
TEACHER: SIR ALFRED OCAMPO
SUBJECT: NET1
 I

 WHAT IS COMPUTER NETWORK:

WHAT IS COMPUTER NETWORK FROM THE WORD COMPUTER NETWORK WHICH CONNECTED TO THE
MULTIPLE DEVICES AND SHARING FOLDER, PRINTING, ETC. COMPUTER NETWROK HAS DIFFERENT TYPE,
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN), LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN), METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
(MAN), WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) IN TERMS OF PURPOSE, MANY NETWORKS CAN BE CONSIDERED
GENERAL PURPOSE, WHICH MEANS THEY ARE USED FOR EVERYTHING FROM SENDING FILES TO A
PRINTER TO ACCESSING THE INTERNET. SOME TYPES OF NETWORKS, HOWEVER, SERVE A VERY
PARTICULAR PURPOSE

 USES AND COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK:

 CLIENT: (SUCH AS YOUR COMPUTER)
 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC): IS A HARDWARE COMPONENT THAT ALLOWS YOU TO
CONNECT TO A NETWORK
 HUB/SWITCH: A HUB IS A NETWORKING DEVICE THAT ALLOWS YOU TO CONNECT MULTIPLE PCS
TO A SINGLE NETWORK
 ROUTER: CONNECT COMPUTERS AND OTHER DEVICES TO THE INTERNET.
 SERVER: IS THE COMPUTER THAT IS PROVIDING INFORMATION OR SERVICES TO THE OTHER
COMPUTER
 ETHERNET CABLE: THAT CONNECTS DEVICES WHICH IS ROUTER TO COMPUTER, COMPUTER TO
COMPUTER, AND OTHER DEVICES THAT CONNECTING ITSELF
 II

 NETWORK STRUCTURE
 PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN): INTERCONNECTION OF THE COMPUTERS OR COMPUTING
DEVICES FOR THE PERSONAL USE.
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): CONNECTING TWO OR MORE COMPUTER IN A SMALL
 GEOGRAPHIC AREA
 WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN): A WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN) IS A
WIRELESS COMPUTER NETWORK THAT USES A WIRELESS DISTRIBUTION METHOD TO LINK TWO
OR MORE DEVICES.
 CAMPUS AREA NETWORK (CAN): ITS MOSTLY USE IN THE SCHOOL, LIBRARY, ETC AND IT IS A
LARGER THAN LOCAL AREA NETWORK
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN): LARGER THAN LAN BUT SMALLER THAN A WAN, 5 TO
50 KILOMETER IN SUCH AS CITY
 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN): IS A TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK THAT EXTENDS OVER A
LARGE GEOGRAPHIC AREA
 III

 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1. MESH TOPOLOG: A MESH TOPOLOGY IS A NETWORK SETUP WHERE EACH COMPUTER AND
NETWORK DEVICE IS INTERCONNECTED WITH ONE ANOTHER.
2. STAR TOPOLOGY: A STAR TOPOLOGY IS A TOPOLOGY FOR A LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) IN
WHICH ALL NODES ARE INDIVIDUALLY CONNECTED TO A CENTRAL CONNECTION POINT, LIKE A
HUB OR A SWITCH
3. BUS TOPOLOGY: A BUS TOPOLOGY IS A TOPOLOGY FOR A LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) IN
WHICH ALL THE NODES ARE CONNECTED TO A SINGLE CABLE. THE CABLE TO WHICH THE NODES
CONNECT IS CALLED A "BACKBONE".
4. RING TOPOLOGY: A RING TOPOLOGY IS A NETWORK CONFIGURATION WHERE DEVICE
CONNECTIONS CREATE A CIRCULAR DATA PATH. EACH NETWORKED DEVICE IS CONNECTED TO
TWO OTHERS, LIKE POINTS ON A CIRCLE.
5. HYBRID TOPOLOGY: A HYBRID TOPOLOGY IS A KIND OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY THAT IS A
COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE NETWORK TOPOLOGIES, SUCH AS MESH TOPOLOGY, BUS
TOPOLOGY, AND RING TOPOLOGY.
IV
 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

PEER TO PEER NETWORK: A PEER-PEER NETWORKING DOESN’T HAVE A DEDICATED SERVER TO

ADMINISTER THE NETWORK AND IT’S RESOURCES. IN A PEER-PEER NETWORK, EVERY PEER CAN PLAY A
ROLE OF BEING A SERVER BY SHARING FILES, FOLDERS, PRINTER(S), NETWORK CONNECTION, OTHER
RESOURCES, ETC.

SERVER CLIENT NETWORK: A CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK IS WHERE A SERVER MACHINE IS PRESENT AND
OPERATING IN THE NETWORK WHILE SERVING AS THE CENTRAL CONTROL/ADMINISTRATION FOR ALL
SERVICES, SUCH AS- AUTHENTICATION, FILE/FOLDER AND PRINT SHARING, IP ADDRESSING, GROUP AND
SECURITY POLICY IMPLEMENTATION/MANAGEMENT, ETC.
 V

 ISO MODELS

1. PHYSICAL LAYER: PHYSICAL LAYER DEALS WITH THE ACTUAL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE SOURCE
AND DESTINATION. IF YOU'RE TRANSFERRING DATA TO ANOTHER MACHINE THROUGH LAN, PHYSICAL
LAYER IS THE ETHERNET CONNECTION. THE WATER IN THE SEA CONNECTING YOUR PLACE AND
DESTINATION IS THE PHYSICAL LAYER IN OUR CASE.

2. DATA LINK LAYER: IN THIS LAYER DATA IS BROKEN DOWN INTO PIECES. THAT IS YOUR GOODS WILL BE
SEPARATED IN VARIOUS CATEGORIES, SAY EXPENSIVE GOODS, FRAGILE AND NON FRAGILE. THIS LAYER
DEALS WITH BREAKING THE DATA BEING SENT AND TRANSMITTING IT THROUGH THE PHYSICAL LAYER.
SO GOODS BEING CATEGORIZED AND SENT THROUGH THE SEA.

3. NETWORK LAYER: HERE THE DATA BEING SENT IS ORGANIZED. IT ALSO DECIDES WHICH PROTOCOLS
TO USE, TCP OR UDP. SO IN OUR CASE THE DIFFERENT COMPARTMENTS OF SHIP WHERE YOU'LL KEEP
THESE GOODS IS THE NETWORK LAYER. IT WILL ALSO DECIDE WHICH GENERATORS AND ENGINES TO BE
USED WHILE TRAVELLING (PROTOCOLS).

4. TRANSPORT LAYER: TRANSPORT LAYER GIVES YOU THE BEST ROUTE, SECURITY AND SAFEST PATH TO
THE DESTINATION. THE TRANSPORTATION OF DATA TAKES PLACE HERE. SO THINK OF THE COAST
GUARD AS TRANSPORT LAYER. HE'LL LOOK AFTER THE CONNECTION, INFORM YOU IF THERE'S ANY
DANGER AND TELL YOU THE BEST ROUTE TO YOUR DESTINATION.

5. SESSION LAYER: THE BEST WAY TO REMEMBER A SESSION IS THINKING OF IT AS A HANGOUT OR

YAHOO MESSENGER CHAT. WHEN TWO PEOPLE START COMMUNICATING A SESSION IS CREATED, AS
SOON AS ONE ENDS THE CHAT OR DISCONNECTS SESSION IS BROKEN. SESSION LAYER CREATES A NEW
SESSION FOR A PACK OF DATA. SO THE TIME WHEN OUR SHIPS LEAVES OUR DOCKS AND TILL THE TIME
IT REACHES THE DESTINATION IS ONE WHOLE SESSION, ASSUMING THERE ARE NO PROBLEMS DURING
THAT INTERVAL. IF YOUR SHIPS GETS HIJACKED BY PIRATES, SESSION IS TERMINATED. IF THE
DESTINATION BLOWS UP, SESSION IS TERMINATED.

SESSION PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ONLINE TRANSACTIONS. IN THE VERY LAST STEP, WHERE YOU
NEED TO ENTER OTP OR YOUR SECURE PASSWORD TO AUTHORIZE THE TRANSACTION, IF YOU SIT IDLE
FOR MORE THAN 2-3 MINUTES WITHOUT ANY ACTIVITY, THE SESSION WILL TERMINATE ITSELF AND THE
TRANSACTION WILL BE UNSUCCESSFUL.

6. PRESENTATION LAYER: THERE ARE TIMES YOU SEND VARIOUS FILE FORMATS THROUGH THE
NETWORK LIKE IMAGES OR VIDEOS. PRESENTATION LAYER DEALS WITH ALL THIS DIFFERENT FILES. IT
CONVERTS THIS DATA INTO A READABLE FORMAT FOR THE DESTINATION. THINK OF A CAPTAIN WHO'S
IN CHARGE OF PEOPLE FROM VARIOUS RACES, COUNTRIES AND LANGUAGES. HE HAS TO MAKE SURE
EVERYONE WILL REACH TO DESTINATION AND CAN PERFORM THEIR WORK OVER THERE.

7. APPLICATION LAYER: MANY PEOPLE THINK OF BROWSERS AS SOON AS THEY HEAR APPLICATION
LAYER. BUT APPLICATION LAYERS ISN'T THE BROWSERS OR APPLICATION YOU'RE USING. IN OUR CASE IF
BROWSERS ARE TAKEN THEN SHIPS WILL BE OUT APPLICATION LAYER.

VI

 ETHERNET CABLE
 STRAIGHT THROUGH CABLE: A STRAIGHT THROUGH CABLE IS A TYPE OF TWISTED PAIR CABLE
THAT IS USED IN LOCAL AREA NETWORKS TO CONNECT A COMPUTER TO A NETWORK HUB
SUCH AS A ROUTER. ON A STRAIGHT THROUGH CABLE, THE WIRED PINS MATCH.
 CROSS OVER CABLE: AN ETHERNET CROSSOVER CABLE IS A TYPE OF ETHERNET CABLE USED TO
CONNECT COMPUTING DEVICES TOGETHER DIRECTLY. THE INTERNAL WIRING OF ETHERNET
CROSSOVER CABLES REVERSES THE TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SIGNALS. IT IS MOST OFTEN USED TO
CONNECT TWO DEVICES OF THE SAME TYPE. TWO COMPUTERS OR TWO SWITCHES TO EACH OTHER.
VII
 CISCO PACKET TRACER
 THE ADVANTAGE OF THE CISCO PACKET TRACER IS EASIER TO FIX NETWORK BECAUSE YOU
ARE NOT WORRIED IF THE CABLE OR OTHER DEVICES IS WRONG ALL YOU HAVE TO DO IS TO
CORRECT IT, BY SYMPLY CONNECTING IN A CORRECT INPUT TO DEVICES AND ALSO DOUBLE
CHECK THE CABLES AND IP ADDRESS YOU INSERT IN DESIGNATED ROUTE. PACKET TRACER IS
A CROSS-PLATFORM VISUAL SIMULATION TOOL DESIGNED BY CISCO SYSTEMS THAT
ALLOWS USERS TO CREATE NETWORK TOPOLOGIES AND IMITATE MODERN COMPUTER
NETWORKS. THE SOFTWARE ALLOWS USERS TO SIMULATE THE CONFIGURATION OF CISCO
ROUTERS AND SWITCHES USING A SIMULATED COMMAND LINE INTERFACE.