Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region V (Bicol)
Division of City Schools
MASBATE NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
Masbate City

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 (QUALITATIVE RESEARCH)

2nd SEMESTER, SY. 2020-2021

3rd QUARTER WEEK – 5 (MODULE 5)

Name of Learner: _______________________________ Grade Level: _______________

Section: _______________________________________ Date: _____________

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

A literature review is a summary of studies related to a particular area of research. It

identifies and summarizes all the relevant research conducted on a particular topic. The literature
review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular area of research.
The review should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify this previous
research. The literature review acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in so doing,
assures the reader that your work has been well conceived. It is assumed that by mentioning a
previous work in the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimilated that work
into the work at hand. This module is about learning from others and reviewing the literature.

This learning activity sheet aims to discuss to you the value of qualitative research; its kinds,
characteristics, uses, strengths, and weaknesses. Also, it aims to show you the importance of
qualitative research across fields of inquiry and the range of research topics in the area of inquiry
as well as the value of research in the area of interest.

Please use this LAS with due care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this LAS.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests if necessary. And read the
instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this LAS or
any difficulty in answering the tasks, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

II. LEARNING SKILLS/CONTENT

This LAS was created so that you will be able to;

• selects relevant Literature

• cites related Literature using standard style
• differentiate literature and studies, as well as the different kinds of literature reviews
• distinguish the various citation styles used in research
In a research paper, the literature review is contained in the Review of Related Literature
section. There is a need for us to define the difference between literature and studies first.

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 • Literature refers to any written document which is related to the
topic being investigated. These may be from books, magazine
articles, pamphlets, public records, or even online articles.

• Studies are specific examples of literature that are produced

scholarly. This consists of published research found in journals,
unpublished research found in university libraries, case studies,
position papers, and other articles that are products of scholarly
research.

LESSON
In July 1518, at Strasbourg, France, one woman
started to dance uncontrollably in the city streets.
Eventually, she was joined by other people, mostly
women, who also started to dance continually and
uncontrollably without any clear reason. The dancing
crowd continued to grow in number and it was estimated
that at least 50 to 400 were dancing for days.

This event was known as the Dancing Plague of

1518 (Viegas, 2012). City and church officials as well as
doctors recorded this event and documented that it
indeed occurred, however, they were not sure why it
happened and how it spread. Modern social researchers
Dancing Plague. and psychologists have examined the records and have tried to explain
Engraving by Hendrik the causes of the apparent mania. Some
Hondius (c. 1642)
experts believe that it was caused by the people’s consumption
of ergot fungi which contains a compound that may have led to them having hallucinations. Other experts
disagree with the fungi theory and suggested that it may have been caused by the extreme stress brought
by the poverty in the Alsace region of France. The stress led to the people experiencing mass hysteria or
unusual behavior exhibited by a group of people at the same time.

It would have been interesting to observe this event today, however, we could only rely on records
and documents published during the 16th century to understand what happened and how it happened. We
can also refer to the understanding of these documents developed by modern scholars to explain the
probable causes of the event. This examination of documents is called a literature review.

In most cases, other researchers have already documented or observed the same phenomenon you are
investigating but in a different setting. Since comparing experiences and perspectives is essential in
qualitative research, selecting and obtaining relevant information from various written works enable you
to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon you are studying.

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The Importance of a Literature Review

There are several reasons why research includes a literature review. Prieto, Naval, and Carey (2017,
84) present the following reasons:
1. To indicate the research that has been conducted on the topic, to ensure that the researcher is not
‘reinventing the wheel’
2. To demonstrate that you are aware of important and recent studies on the topic. This prevents you
from being discouraged when you suddenly find out that there is a similar study already
conducted on the topic.
3. To ensure that you have not missed literature detailing and efficient way for you to conduct your
study, or pointing you to a data collection tool that is most appropriate for your study
4. To explain the theoretical background of your proposed research project
5. To demonstrate your ability to critically analyze the literature in your study .

Kinds of Literature Review

Literature reviews come in various forms and compositions according to the purpose of the researcher.
Researchers can create any of the following literature reviews:

1. Narrative – the literature review provides an overview of the current understanding of the topic as
presented in various articles and studies. The research narrates what other authors or researchers
are saying about the topic.

2. Integrative – This review synthesizes findings from different approaches such as qualitative and
quantitative studies.

3. Syntactic – This review synthesizes actual pieces of evidence and findings collected to minimize
bias.

4. Scoping – This review involves a broad research question that explores the current evidence base.

Sources of Literature

Literature may be taken from various sources. However, literature sources are classified according to how
near they were to the event being studied.

✓ Primary sources are literature produced by those who experienced the event and indicates the first
appearance of new information. Primary sources include:
Transcript of interviews from those who witnessed and experienced the event, autobiographies, diaries,
letters, and original social media posts.

✓ Secondary sources are literature that are interpretations and evaluations made from primary
sources. They are written with the benefit of hindsight, where the author compares various
primary sources to produce the evaluation. These include:
Biographies, commentaries, encyclopedia entries, published research in journals, textbooks, and survey
results.
✓ Tertiary sources are distillations and collections of primary and secondary sources. Tertiary
sources serve as a good jumping-off point for searching more direct references that contain the
actual data on the event.

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 Examples of these are:

Almanacs, fact books, chronologies, indices and bibliographies, and directories. Wikipedia
articles on a topic can sometimes count as a tertiary source.

It is important to remember that the closer a researcher is to a primary source of data, the more
accurate the data collected will be. Primary sources are the best sources of data because they come from
those who experienced the event being investigated, and they are free from interpretations and biases of
other authors. However, in the absence of primary sources, secondary and tertiary sources may suffice as
long as the literature review is a balanced presentation of all possible views and interpretations of an
event. Obtaining information from Wikipedia is often discouraged, because Wikipedia articles can be
edited by anyone, and may even be vandalized. However researchers may use the References section of a
Wikipedia article to examine primary and secondary sources used for the article.

In the process of learning from others, we must also appreciate their contributions to the topic that
we are researching on. Citation not only recognizes the accomplishments of the author, but also
establishes your own research as being grounded on the work of other experts.

Suppose that you were browsing through your social media applications and you found a very
interesting post you wish to share to your friends. You saw that your friend typed ‘CTTO’ in his post and
even his source did not indicate who the original creator was. Would it be sufficient to simply place
‘CTTO’ as well?

Citation is the act of quoting or referencing the work of others in your own work. This is highly
important in a literature review, since you will be incorporating the things you have learned from what
you have read. Citing the creator of a work recognizes their important contribution to the field you are
studying and it gives them due credit for their hard work. Any material that you would use as reference in
your research (such as books, journal articles, websites, and videos) must be properly cited.

Different Referencing Styles

There are different referencing styles that may be used for citing the work of others in your research
paper. Prieto, Naval, and Carey (2017, 88) lists them and gives a short description of each:

1. American Psychological Association (APA) Style

- It is an author/date style, and places emphasis on the author and date of the material to uniquely identify
it. It is currently on its 7th edition.

2.Modern Language Association (MLA) Style

- It is often applied in the arts and humanities particularly in the United States.

3. Harvard Style
- Similar to APA, and it is well-used in the UK and Australia.

4. Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS)

- First published in 1906 by the University of Chicago Press and it is currently on its 17th edition. It has
two variations:
The Notes and Bibliography System which uses footnotes. This is used for papers written in the
fields of literature, history and the arts.
The Author-Date System, which uses a style somewhat similar to APA, and is used for papers in the
fields of science and social science. It uses parenthetical citations that indicates the name, date of

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publication, and page from which the citation is taken. This module uses the Author-Date System for in-
text citations and references.

5. Turabian Style
- Created by Kate L. Turabian, it is a variation of the Chicago Manual of Style created for high school and
college students for their research which are not meant for journal publication.

Various institutions recommend different citation styles. For example, it is recommended for Pasig City
Senior High School students to use the Chicago Manual of Style for research papers in public secondary
schools. This may not be the case for other schools and universities. Always refer to the preferred format
of the school you are in.

In-Text Citations

In-text citation is the method of citing the author or creator of the material or idea as well as the date of
its creation or publication. It enables the reader to directly reference the idea or material being discussed
to its author. The complete details of the reference can be found in the bibliography which is found at the
latter part of the research paper.

Literature reviews contain different kinds of in-text citations. Given below are examples of in-text
citations in the Author-Date System of the CMoS format:

1. By author or writer (Narrative Citations) – the researcher mentions the last name of the author
then the year of publication with the page numbers in parentheses. If there are multiple pages,
write the first and last page numbers connected by a hyphen.

Last Name (Year of Publication, pages)

Example:
Jackson (2016, 2) pointed out that people have misconceptions about psychologists and
psychology.

2. By topic (Parenthetical Citations) – the name of the author and year of publication are enclosed
in parentheses, then followed by a comma and the page numbers. It is located after the idea or
quotation was mentioned.

(Last Name Year of Publication, pages)

Example:
People have misconceptions about the role of psychologists and the field of psychology (Jackson 2016,
2).

If a work was taken from the internet, there is no need to indicate the page number. If it is written by two
authors, use and between their surnames. If a work has four or more authors, et al. should be used after
the first name cited. If the cited article has no date available, n.d. should be used.

Narcissism among college students in the United States increased between 1980 and 2006 (Twenge and
Foster 2008).

Campbell, et al. (2004) speculated that entitlement would be greater in cultures where resources are
easily accessible and interdependence among individuals is low.

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 There is a possibility that entitlement among individuals would be greater in cultures where resources are
easily accessible and interdependence between people is low (Campbell, et al., 2004, 1). Even if you are
employing these methods of in-text citation, this does not allow you to copy huge blocks of text or direct
quotations from the source. It is best that you paraphrase the ideas instead of copying blocks of text.

References

Each in-text citation must have a matching detailed reference located at the research paper’s
bibliography. This serves as a guide for the reader to the sources of ideas mentioned in the study. In the
17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, each kind of reference has its own citation format. Please
note that the references are written with a half-inch hanging indent from the left margin (the 2 nd line is
indented except of the first line) to emphasize the author. Take note that if the article is written by four or
more authors, list down up to ten authors.

1. Books
Surname of First Author, First Name and First Name Surname of 2 nd Author. Year of Publication. Title of
the Book: Subtitle of the Book. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Examples:
Jackson, Sherri. 2016. Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach. Boston: Cengage
Learning.
Creswell, John and J. David Creswell. 2018. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed
Methods. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

2. Research Journals
Surname of First Author, First Name and First Name Surname of Subsequent Author. Year of
Publication. “Title of Journal Article.” Name of Journal volume number, issue number (Journal
Publication Year): page numbers. DOI link.

Examples:
Piff, Paul. 2013. “Wealth and the Inflated Self: Class, Entitlement, and
Narcissism.” Personality and Social Psychology Bullettin 40, no. 1 (2014): 34-43.
http://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213501699
Zemojtel-Piotrowska, Magdalena, Jaroslaw Piotroski, Jan Cieciuch, Rachel
Calogero, Alain Van Hiel, Piergiorgio Argentero, Sergiu Batalgescu, Tomasz Baran, Gopa Bardwahj,
Marcin Bukowski. 2015. “Measurement of
Psychological Entitlement in 28 Countries.” European Journal of Psychological Assessment 33, no. 1
(2017): 207-217.
https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000286

3. Newspapers and Magazines (including online editions)

Printed:
Surname, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title of Article” Name of Periodical, Date of Issue.
Online Editions:
Surname, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title of Article” Name of Periodical, Date of Issue. Website
Link.
Examples:
Semuels, Alana. 2020. “No income. Major medical bills. What life is like for millions of Americans
facing financial ruin because of the pandemic.” Time, May 18, 2020.

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Semuels, Alana. 2020. “No income. Major medical bills. What life is like for millions of Americans
facing financial ruin because of the pandemic.” Time, May 18, 2020. https://time.com/5833008/us-
unemploymentcoronavirus/

4. Websites, Blog Posts, and Blog Comments

Website:
Surname, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title of Article” Accessed [Date of Access]. Website Link.

Blogs:
Surname, First Name (username). Year of Publication. “[First 160 characters of the post].” Blog Name,
Date of Publication.

Examples:
Padillo, Marc Adrian. 2019. “PUV Modernization: Here’s What You Need to Know”. iMoney Learning
Center, Accessed October 1, 2019.

III. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1
Direction: Try to classify the following written materials according to their source.
In your notebook, copy the given table below and list the given terms in the box
under their respective columns. Write your answers in your Answer sheet.

Archaeological artifact Video recording Book review

Research abstract Social media posts Diaries

Tourist guidebook Radio commentary Patents

Newspaper articles Encyclopedia entry Historical review

Websites Census results Case Study

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 Primary Source Secondary Source Tertiary Source

Activity 2
Directions: This activity will help you practice obtaining information from both
literature and studies. For every term given below, supply one definition from any
literature source, and one definition from a study. Do not forget to indicate the
author and date of publication. Write your answers in your Answer sheet.

1. Entitlement
Literature: ___________________________________________ (author, date)
Study: ______________________________________________ (author, date)
2. Korean Wave
Literature: ___________________________________________ (author, date)
Study: _______________________________________________ (author, date)

3. Memes
Literature: ___________________________________________ (author, date)
Study: _______________________________________________ (author, date)

Activity 3
Directions: The following references need to be written using the Chicago Manual of Style.
In your notebook, write down the appropriate parenthetical in-text citation for the following:

1. Pages 24-25 of How to Write a Thesis by Rowena Murray. Open University Press. Published in
New York in 2002.
In-text Citation:

2. How to Make Mayonnaise by Jessica Gavin. Accessed blog last April 21, 2020.
Published on her blog on March 23, 2018 at
https://www.jessicagavin.com/how-to-make-mayonnaise/ In-text Citation:

3. “Want to Cancel Your Food Delivery Order? You Could Get Six Years in Jail if This Law Passes in
the Philippines” article by Seren Morris on Newsweek. Published June 8, 2020 at
https://www.newsweek.com/philippines-foodgrocery-delivery-order-cancel-prison-1509379 In-
text Citation:

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 POSTTEST A.

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your research
notebook.

1. Wikipedia articles may be considered as what kind of information

source?
A. primary Source
B. secondary Source
C. tertiary Source
D. invalid Source
2. Which kind of literature review synthesizes the different approaches
on the topic such as quantitative and qualitative studies?
A. narrative
B. integrative
C. scoping
D. syntactic
3. Which of the following may NOT be classified as primary source of
information?
A. biography
B. witness testimony
C. video recording
D. diary entry
4. Tertiary sources may be considered as _____.
A. good eyewitness testimonies of a particular event.
B. good reviews of available information from first-hand
sources.
C. good jumping-off point for obtaining primary and secondary
sources.
D. unusable for any research purposes.
5. Interview transcripts belong to what kind of information source?
A. primary Source
B. secondary Source
C. tertiary Source
D. invalid Source

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 POSTTEST B.

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your research
notebook.

1. Which of the following indicates that the author did not indicate the
date on which an article was written, or that the date is not available?
A. et al.
B.
diem
pervul
gatus
C. no
date
D. n. d.
2. In the Chicago Manual of Style, the term et al. is used when an
article is authored by at least how many persons?
A. five authors
B. four authors
C. three authors
D. two authors
3. Which of the following citation formats is the Author-Date System
of the Chicago Manual of Style similar to?
A. Harvard Style
B. Turabian Style
C. Modern Language Association Style
D. American Psychological Association Style
4. Which system of the Chicago Manual of Style is used for history,
humanities, and the arts?
A. Turabian Style
B. Author-Date System
C. Notes and Bibliography System
D. Both b and c.
5. In the Chicago Manual of Style, how many authors will you list
down for a reference that is authored by four or more authors?
A. first four B. first seven C. up to eight authors D. up to ten authors
B.

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IV. RUBRIC
Learning exercises do not require a rubric for scoring.

V. ANSWER KEY

KEY TO CORRECTION

VI. REFLECTION JOURNAL

What did you learn from this lesson/activity?

________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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VI. REFERENCES

Avilla, Ruel Atendido. 2016. Practical Research 1. Manila: DIWA Learning Systems Inc.
Babbie, Earl. 2016. The Practice of Social Research. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Prieto, Nelia, Victoria Naval, and Teresita Carey. 2017. Practical Research 1 for
Senior High School. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
Jackson, Sherri. 2016. Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach. Boston:
Cengage Learning Prieto, Nelia, Victoria Naval, and Teresita Carey. 2017. Practical Research 1
for Senior High School. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

Prepared by: Noted:

(Sgd.) BLESSY JOY M. BRIOSO (Sgd.) EDWIN G. RETURAN

TEACHER, Practical Research 1 HT III/ OIC-SHS

Recommending Approval: Approved:

(Sgd.) FRANCY R. VALDEMORO (Sgd.) NOEL D. LOGRONIO

Public School’s District Supervisor Chief Education Supervisor

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