Grade Level: 11 QUARTER 4

Subject: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 WEEK 4-5

Subject Teacher: RAIZEL-JOY C. MACASADDUG Checked and Validated by: RENATO J. BERNARDEZ, MT II
Teacher II SHS Coordinator

TOPIC: MAJOR FEATURES OF GLYCOLYSIS, KREBS CYCLE, ELECTRON

TRANSPORT SYSTEM
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
1. identify major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system, and chemiosmosis;
2. differentiate glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system, and chemiosmosis based on major
features; and
3. describe reactions that produce and consume ATP

LECTURE AND DISCUSSION:

Series of energy-producing processes are involved in the production of energy molecules and other by-products.
Moreover, molecules of ATP are also used in the initial process of cellular respiration.
Each process in cellular respiration has distinct features that distinguish one from the other.

Glycolysis
Digestion results in the formation of glucose. Glucose is the source of energy for living cells. However, glucose
must be converted to Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) first so that it can fuel the metabolic processes in cells. ATP
is the energy currency of cells.
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration that results in the breakdown of glucose to draw energy for
cellular metabolism. Almost all organisms carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism. Prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells undergo glycolysis. Glycolysis is anaerobic which means oxygen is not needed in the process. It
takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Glycolysis is a series of reactions that converts glucose molecules into
pyruvic acid. The process begins with the six carbon ring-shaped structure of a single glucose molecule and
ends with two molecules of a three-carbon sugar called pyruvic acid or pyruvate. Glycolysis initially uses two ATP
molecules as an energy source and produces four ATP molecules and two NADH (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide) molecules in the latter stage. The process
results to a net gain of two ATP molecules and two molecules of NADH.

The following sequence of events take place in glycolysis. Enzymes catalyzed these reactions (Figure 1 and
Figure 2).
1. The six-carbon sugar (glucose) is converted to glucose-6-phosphate with the enzyme hexokinase. One ATP
is used in the process.
2. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate with the enzyme isomerase.
3. Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6- bisphosphate with the enzyme
phosphofructokinase. The second ATP molecule is used.
4. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is converted to two three-carbon isomers: dihydroxyacetone-phosphate and
glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate with the enzyme aldolase.
5. Transformation of the dihydroxyacetone-phosphate into its isomer, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate with an
isomerase enzyme. At this point in the pathway, there is a net investment of energy from two ATP molecules
in the breakdown of one glucose molecule.
6. Oxidation of the sugar glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to extract high-energy electrons, which are
picked up by the electron carrier NAD+ , producing NADH.
7. Phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by the addition of a second phosphate group,
producing 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate.
8. Remaining phosphate group in 3-phosphoglycerate moves from the third carbon to the second
carbon, producing 2-phosphoglycerate. A mutase (isomerase) catalyzes this step.
9. 2-phosphoglycerate loses water from its structure; this is a dehydration reaction, resulting in
the formation of a double bond that increases the potential energy in the remaining phosphate
bond and produces phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Enolase catalyzes this step.

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Grade Level: 11 QUARTER 4
Subject: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 WEEK 4-5

10. The last step in glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate kinase (the enzyme in this
case is named for the reverse reaction of pyruvate’s conversion into PEP) and results in the
production of a second ATP molecule by substrate level phosphorylation and the compound
pyruvic acid (or its salt form, pyruvate).

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Grade Level: 11 QUARTER 4
Subject: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 WEEK 4-5

Glycolysis can be summarized in figure 3. As shown in the figure, it has 2 phases, the energy investment phase
and the energy payoff phase. Initially, glucose is converted to fructose diphosphate with the help of enzymes.
Two ATP molecules are used in the process. Then fructose diphosphate splits into two glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate which then forms into two pyruvic acid or pyruvate. In the process, four ATP molecules and two
molecules of NADH are formed. Glycolysis has a net of two ATP molecules since two molecules of ATP were
used in the initial stage.

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Grade Level: 11 QUARTER 4
Subject: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 WEEK 4-5

Electron Transport System/Electron Transport Chain

The last part of aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain and it is the only part of glucose metabolism
that uses atmospheric oxygen. It exists in the mitochondria's inner membrane. In this step, high-energy electrons
within NADH and FADH2 will be transferred to a group of mitochondrial membrane-bound enzymes, collectively
known as the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain is a set of electron carriers which exist in an
ordered form. The system or chain includes Complex I, Complex II, Complex III and Complex IV. Ubiquinone(Q)
and Cytochrome C are included in the system. Electrons move through carrier molecules in a series of exergonic
redox reactions. It is composed of an enzymatic sequence of electron donors and acceptors. Each electron
donor transfers electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which gives these electrons to another acceptor in
turn. NADH passes its electrons to Complex I while FADH2 passes its electrons to Complex II in the chain then
passed on to the next protein and so on. As these occur, their energy is used in the inner membrane to pump H+
ions to the intermembrane space, forming an electrochemical gradient.

Oxygen, the most electronegative acceptor in the chain, is the final acceptor, which then forms a molecule of
water with free H+ ions.

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Grade Level: 11 QUARTER 4
Subject: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 WEEK 4-5

Figure 4. Electron Transport System

Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis is an event that proceeds after what take place in the electron transport chain. In chemiosmosis,
the free energy from the series of redox reactions is used to pump hydrogen ions (protons) across the
membrane. It occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The uneven distribution of H+ ions across the
membrane establishes both concentration and electrical gradients (thus, an electrochemical gradient), owing to
the hydrogen ions’ positive charge and their aggregation on one side of the membrane.

If the membrane were open to diffusion by the hydrogen ions, the ions would tend to diffuse back across into the
matrix, driven by their electrochemical gradient. Recall that many ions cannot diffuse through the nonpolar
regions of phospholipid membranes without the aid of ion channels. Similarly, hydrogen ions in the matrix space
can only pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane through an integral membrane protein called ATP
synthase.

This complex protein acts as a tiny generator, turned by the force of the hydrogen ions diffusing through it, down
their electrochemical gradient. The turning of parts of this molecular machine facilitates the addition of a
phosphate to ADP, forming ATP, using the potential energy of the hydrogen ion gradient. Since ADP uses the
energy of hydrogen oxidation to phosphorylate ATP, the entire process is known as oxidative phosphorylation.

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Grade Level: 11 QUARTER 4
Subject: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 WEEK 4-5

Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Figure_07_04_02.png
Figure 6. Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis

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Grade Level: 11 QUARTER 4
Subject: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 WEEK 4-5

ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY/ OUTCOME:

POST ASSESSMENT:
Multiple Choice. Read the sentences or questions carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the
letter of your choice in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which process uses glucose to produce pyruvic acid?
A. chemiosmosis C. glycolysis
B. electron transport system D. Krebs cycle
2. Which of the following processes does not take place in the mitochondria of the
cell?
A. chemiosmosis C. glycolysis
B. electron transport system D. Krebs cycle
3. Which set of processes occurs when there is a supply of oxygen?
A. glycolysis, chemiosmosis, Krebs cycle
B. electron transport system, Krebs cycle, glycolysis
C. chemiosmosis, glycolysis, electron transport chain
D. glycolysis, electron transport chain, Krebs cycle
4. Which process uses NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP?
A. chemiosmosis C. glycolysis
B. electron transport system D. Krebs cycle

5. Which of the following processes is described as the movement of ions across a

semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical
gradient?
A. chemiosmosis C. glycolysis
B. electron transport system D. Krebs cycle 6-10. Supply the correct term to
complete the analogy.
6. glycolysis: pyruvic acid ; :NADH and FADH2
A. chemiosmosis C. glycolysis
B. electron transport system D. Krebs cycle

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Grade Level: 11 QUARTER 4
Subject: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 WEEK 4-5

7. electron transport system:H2O ; :CO2

A. chemiosmosis C. glycolysis
B. electron transport system D. Krebs cycle

8. glucose-6-phosphate :isomerase; : phosphofructokinase

A. fructose-6-phosphate C. dihydroacetone-phosphate
B. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

9. After glycolysis, what happens to the pyruvic acid? Pyruvic acid is transformed into
A. acetyl C. FADH2
B. acetyl coenzyme A D. NADH

10. Which part of the cell is associated with the Krebs cycle?
A. cell membrane C. nucleus
B. mitochondria D. vacuole

11. Which molecule is the final acceptor of H+ in the electron transport system?
A. Carbon dioxide C. Oxygen
B. Carbon monoxide D. Hydrogen peroxide

12. Which of the following processes generates the most number of ATP?
A. electron transport chain C. Krebs cycle
B. glycolysis D. Pyruvic conversion

13. Which process has both energy investment and energy payoff?
A. electron transport chain C. Krebs cycle
B. glycolysis D. Pyruvic conversion
14. With a glucose molecule, how many cycle/s take/s place in the Krebs cycle?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
15. Which enzyme is associated in the electron transport system?
A. ATP synthase C. hexokinase
B. dehydrogenase D. enolase

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