Chapter No#1 Research Paper MCQS.

1. The step-by-step process by which the research project is conducted

and completed is known as:

A. CORRECT! The research process.

B. ? The process of describing research.

C. ? The process of developing research ideas.

D. ? The process of gathering data for a research project.

2. The literature review that the researcher writes becomes the:

A. ? Conceptual framework for the research project.

B. Theoretical framework for the research project. (B)

C. ? Methodological framework for the research project.

D. ? Analytical framework for the research project.

3. Data collection methods are:

A. ? The means by which literature is sourced for a research

project.

B. ? The means by which data is analysed for a research

project.

C. ? The means by which data is gathered for a research

project.

D. ? The means by which the researcher develops a

theoretical framework.

4. Data is:
 A. ? Literature gathered for a research project.

B. ? Information or evidence gathered for a research project.

C. ? Always difficult to source for a research project.

D. ? Always complex when used in a research project.

5. The four frameworks approach to the research project is an approach

whereby:

A. ? The researcher uses one of four frameworks to help

design the research project.

B. ? Where the researcher carries out four research projects.

C. ? The first framework, the conceptual framework, shapes,

supports and directs the other three frameworks.

D. ? Four methodologies are used in the research project.

6. A key concept is:

A. ? A sub-section in the theoretical framework.

B. ? A source of data.

C. ? A key idea, a key word or a key phrase.

D. ? A means of gathering data.

7. Data analysis is:

A. ? A very complex process.

B. ? The analysis of data. Data is analysed, findings are

produced, conclusions are drawn and recommendations are
made.
 C. ? The means by which data is gathered for a research
project.

D. ? The final step in the research process.

8. The conceptual framework for the research project:

A. ? Contains all of the key concepts of the research project.

B. ? Contains the theoretical framework for the research

project.

C. ? Contains the aim and objectives of the research.

D. ? Contains a description of the context for the research.

9. The conceptual framework is contained in:

A. ? The literature review.

B. ? The research methodology.

C. ? The analysis carried out for the research project.

D. ? The research statement/question.

10. As you begin your research project it is important to record

your thoughts, ideas, inspirations, contacts, references and
resources:

A. ? Using an electronic recording device.

B. ? In a research diary.

C. ? For posterity.

D. ? For your research supervisor.

11. You will be able to refer back to your research diary for:
 A. ? For a record of the research project, and for inspiration
and ideas. The research diary will save you a lot of time in the
writing process.

B. ? Memories of your social life.

C. ? A record of your time at college.

D. ? Help with cramming for exams.

12. Social research is:

A. ? About statistical analysis.

B. ? About investigating some aspect of the social world.

C. ? Done by sociologists.

D. ? Always complex and difficult to understand.

13. Business research is:

A. ? About statistical analysis.

B. ? Always complex and difficult to understand.

C. ? About investigating some aspect of business.

D. ? Not really relevant.

14. Social research paradigms are:

A. ? Different perspectives taken by social scientists on the

social world.

B. ? Irrelevant in business research.

C. ? Data gathering methods.

D. ? Different means of analysing data.

15. The methodological framework contains:

A. ? All of the key concepts in the research project.

B. ? All of the detail on how the research was conducted.

C. ? The literature review.

D. ? Detail on the background to the research

16. Literature in the context of a research project is?

A. ? Published accounts of research that has been carried

out and completed.

B. ? Any paper resource.

C. ? Any written material.

D. ? Any highly regarded novel or book.

17. What is the most basic skill required of any researcher?

A. ? The ability to calculate statistics.

B. ? The ability to understand major philosophical issues and

ideas.

C. ? The ability to generate ideas for research projects.

D. ? The ability to source data.

18. When can a research project be said to be researchable?

A. ? When the researcher decides to carry it out.

B. ? When the researcher supervisor approves the research

idea.

C. ? When ethical approval for the project has been secured.

 D. ? When there is sufficient time and money (if money is
needed) to carry out the project, and if there is ready access
to the necessary data.

19. A case study research methodology is useful in:

A. ? Studies that involve very large populations.

B. ? The study of a bounded entity, such as a business, or a

class, or a club, or an event.

C. ? Studies that involve large populations spread over large

geographic areas.

D. ? Statistical analysis.

20. A survey research methodology is particularly useful in

facilitating the study of:

A. ? People at work.

B. ? Women at work.

C. ? Very large populations and geographically scattered

populations.

D. ? The workforce

21. Validity in relation to the research project relates to:

A. ? How logical, truthful, robust, sound, meaningful,

reasonable and useful the research is.

B. ? How long the research takes to carry out.

C. ? The size of the written record of the research.

D. ? The relationship between the researcher and the

research supervisor.
22. Reliability in relation to the research project relates to:

A. ? The reliability of the researcher.

B. ? The dependability of the research, and the degree to

which the research can be repeated while obtaining
consistent results.

C. ? The reliability of the research supervisor.

D. ? The reliability of the participants in the research.

23. Triangulation in the research project means:

A. ? The triangular relationship between the research, the

researcher and the research supervisor.

B. ? That there is a relationship between the literature review,

the research methodology and the data gathering methods.

C. ? That three data gathering methods must be used.

D. ? Studying the phenomenon under investigation from

more than one perspective.

24. Every research project should begin with:

A. ? A statement of the research.

B. ? A decision about the data gathering methods to be used.

C. ? A decision about the research methodology to be used.

D. ? An understanding of the overall conclusion that will be

drawn.

25. The stated objectives of the research project are:

A. ? Aspirations the researcher has for the research project.

 B. ? A complete list of all of the things the researcher hopes
to accomplish with the research.

C. ? The steps the researcher takes in order to accomplish

the aim of the research.

D. ? The standards the research supervisor sets down for the

research project.

26. The theoretical framework is:

A. ? The framework that succinctly presents all of the key

concepts in the research project.

B. ? The framework the researcher builds from the literature

(theory) s/he reviews for the research project.

C. ? The search for literature that the researcher carries out.

D. ? Another name for the analytical framework.

27. Observation, questionnaires and interviews are all:

A. ? Research methodologies.

B. ? Theoretical frameworks.

C. ? Fundamental philosophies.

D. ? Data gathering methods.

28. Ethnography, grounded theory and action research are all:

A. ? Examples of research methodologies.

B. ? Examples of data gathering methods.

C. ? Fundamental philosophies.

D. ? Theoretical frameworks.
29. Positivism, constructivism and interpretivism are all:

A. ? Examples of fundamental philosophies.

B. ? Examples of data gathering methods.

C. ? Examples of research methodologies.

D. ? Examples of theoretical frameworks.

30. Plagiarism is:

A. ? The study of research and research methodologies.

B. ? The scholarship required in the research project.

C. ? The term for the relationship between the research and

the research supervisor.

D. ? The use and/or presentation of someb else’s work or

ideas as your own.

31. Ethics can be defined as:

A. ? A process of reasoning in terms of the right thing to do.

B. ? Rules governing society.

C. ? The basis of the criminal code.

D. ? A list of rights and wrongs.

32. Essential in ethics and ethical standards is:

A. ? A good grasp of research methods.

B. ? The capacity to produce good research.

C. ? A good understanding of business.

 D. ? The capacity to distinguish between right and wrong.

33. Integrity and transparency are fundamental:

A. ? Issues in business.

B. ? Requirements in research.

C. ? Ethical principles in research.

D. ? Methodologies in research.

34. Power is:

A. ? Essential in business.

B. ? Essential for the business researcher.

C. ? A good force for any researcher.

D. ? A fundamental ethical issue in research.

35. The ethically reflective practitioner:

A. ? Engages in research on ethics.

B. ? Thinks critically about the standard of their research and

their code of conduct and behaviour as a researcher.

C. ? Is particularly bound by rules and standards.

D. ? Wastes a lot of time just thinking.

36. Reflexivity is:

A. ? The fast response the researcher makes to every

development in the research project.
 B. ? The relationship that develops between the researcher
and the research project.

C. ? The researcher’s active, thoughtful engagement with

every aspect and development of their research.

D. ? A reflection on the relationship between the researcher

and the research project.

37. A guarantee of confidentiality is:

A. ? A guarantee that some information will remain

confidential and will not be disclosed.

B. ? Always required by proper ethical standards in research.

C. ? Essential for every participant in a research project.

D. ? Only given under duress.

38. The principle of informed consent is:

A. ? Of little use in business research.

B. ? Essential to the relationship between the researcher and

the research project.

C. ? A key ethical concern.

D. ? A key data gathering method.

39. The principle of informed consent holds:

A. ? That all resources used in the research project must be

properly referenced and acknowledged.

B. ? The researcher must inform the research supervisor of

every development in the research project.

C. ? The researcher must inform the research supervisor of

every ethical development in the research project.
 D. ? Participants agree to participate in a research project
when they have been fully informed of any and all potential
consequences.

40. Research ethics committees are:

A. ? Committees of researchers.

B. ? Convened by organisations to monitor and police the

ethical standards of research projects carried out under their
auspices, under their name.

C. ? Committees of researchers concerned with ethics.

D. ? Concerned only with research conducted in the medical

sciences.

41. Intrusion is:

A. ? What the researcher must engage in, in order to carry

out the research.

B. ? In the very nature of research.

C. ? Any unwarranted, unnecessary or unwelcome

engagement with a person or a place.

D. ? Unavoidable, in a research project.

42. A gatekeeper is:

A. ? Any person or structure that controls access to people,

places, structures and/or organisations.

B. ? A person in charge of a gate.

C. ? A security officer or guard.

D. ? A person who controls entrances and exits.

43. Every research project should make a contribution:

A. ? To the researcher’s development.

B. ? Financially

C. ? To knowledge.

D. ? In terms of methodology.

44. In carrying out the research, the researcher should engage

properly and thoroughly with:

A. ? The media.

B. ? The literature on the topic.

C. ? Their peers.

D. ? Art and science.

45. There are potential risks and harms in:

A. ? Every stage of the research process.

B. ? Some research projects.

C. ? Research projects that engage with human populations.

D. ? Some research projects that engage with human

populations.

46. The philosophical framework is the:

A. ? The frame of mind of the researcher undertaking the

research.

B. ? World view within which the research is situated.

C. ? The approach the academic institution takes to research.

 D. ? Framework of collaboration developed between the
researcher and research supervisor.

47. The concept of ‘fit’ is used to explain how:

A. ? Every aspect of the research project should fit with every

other aspect of the research project. All the elements of the
research project must ‘fit’ together.

B. ? Well the research project fits with the researcher.

C. ? Well the research project fits with all of the other

responsibilities of the researcher.

D. ? The relationship between the researcher and the

research supervisor works.

48. The first question a researcher asks themselves when they

start a research project is:

A. ? Why do I have to do this?

B. ? Who can I get to help me with this?

C. ? What am I going to do?

D. ? When am I going to be finished with this?

49. The second question a researcher asks themselves when they

start a research project is:

A. ? Why do I have to do this?

B. ? Who can I get to help me with this?

C. ? What am I going to do?

D. ? How am I going to do it? (the methodology and the

methods to be used)
50. In deciding on what methodology and methods to use in the
research, it is important to remember that these decisions must be:

A. ? Discussed and explained in detail in the opening

paragraph of the report of the research.

B. ? Justified.

C. ? Made in line with the traditional research methods used

in business research.

D. ? Made in collaboration with a team of advisors.

51. Ontology refers to:

A. ? The study of being.

B. ? The study of space.

C. ? The study of air.

D. ? The study of light.

52. Epistemology relates to:

A. ? Space, to what constitutes space.

B. ? Air, to what constitutes air.

C. ? Language, to what constitutes language.

D. ? Knowledge, to what constitutes knowledge.

53. The methodological pyramid shows how:

A. ? Important data gathering methods are.

B. ? Important it is to engage in triangulation in research.

 C. ? The fundamental philosophies support the different
research methodologies which in turn support the different
data collection methods.

D. ? To use the model of the research process.

54. Quantitative data are data in the form of:

A. ? Images.

B. ? Numbers, numerical data.

C. ? Attitudes.

D. ? Impressions.

55. Qualitative data is:

A. ? Non numerical data.

B. ? Numerical data.

C. ? Statistical data.

D. ? Data in the form of numbers.

56. Theory, in relation to research, is:

A. ? Relevant only in some research projects.

B. ? Any idea the researcher develops in relation to their

research project.

C. ? The explanation the researcher develops for their

research project.

D. ? To be found in literature. Literature is research that has

already been carried out and completed and published.
57. All research conducted or carried out within an academic
setting is:

A. ? Highly theoretical.

B. ? Either theoretical or applied research.

C. ? Embedded in theory.

D. ? Applied research.

58. The findings of research that does not have a theoretical base,
a theoretical framework are:

A. ? Always generalisable.

B. ? Are relevant only in social science research.

C. ? Applicable only to certain populations.

D. ? Limited to the specific context within which the research

was situated.

59. Concepts are:

A. ? Key data gathering methods.

B. ? Key words, key ideas.

C. ? Important research methodologies.

D. ? Fundamental philosophical frameworks.

60. Concepts, created and developed, and aligned with other

concepts, are:

A. ? The building blocks of theory.

B. ? Relevant to the methodological framework.

 C. ? Meaningful only in the context of the literature review.

D. ? Meaningful only in the context of the theoretical

framework.

61. A fundamental skill required by every researcher:

A. ? Is the ability to generate ideas for research projects.

B. ? Is the ability to recite by rote the stages in the research

process.

C. ? Is the ability to engage in covert research when

necessary.

D. ? Is the ability to discuss at length on the nature of reality.

62. The conceptual framework is the:

A. ? First framework in the four frameworks approach to the

research project.

B. ? Second framework in the four frameworks approach to

the research project.

C. ? Third framework in the four frameworks approach to the

research project.

D. ? Fourth framework in the four frameworks approach to

the research project.

63. The research idea is:

A. ? The research statement/question.

B. ? The aim of the research.

C. ? Contained in the objectives of the research.

 D. ? The broad area within which the researcher situates the
research project.

64. The research idea is refined in order to produce:

A. ? The literature review.

B. ? The theoretical framework.

C. ? The well conceptualised research statement/question.

D. ? The objectives of the research.

65. The well conceptualised research statement/question contains

all of:

A. ? The key concepts in the research project.

B. ? Literature to be used in the research project.

C. ? The data gathering methods to be used in the research

project.

D. ? Data gathered for the research project.

66. One of the most critical steps in any research project is the
process of:

A. ? Engaging with the research supervisor.

B. ? Growing the research project to the largest size

possible.

C. ? Engaging as many research participants as possible.

D. ? Limiting its scope.

67. When you have a really well conceptualised research
statement, for the sake of simplicity and clarity, you can re-state this
statement/question as:

A. ? The population of the research.

B. ? The aim of the research.

C. ? The research methodology.

D. ? The rationale for the research.

68. The second framework in the four frameworks approach to the

research project is:

A. ? The theoretical framework.

B. ? The conceptual framework.

C. ? The methodological framework.

D. ? The analytical framework.

69. The conceptual framework gives the researcher guidance and

direction:

A. ? In terms of securing access to data.

B. ? In terms of the reading that needs to be done for the

theoretical framework.

C. ? In terms of engaging with the research population.

D. ? In terms of securing ethical approval for the research.

70. The methodological framework is the:

A. ? First framework in the four frameworks approach to the

research project.
 B. ? Second framework in the four frameworks approach to
the research project.

C. ? Third framework in the four frameworks approach to the

research project.

D. ? Fourth framework in the four frameworks approach to

the research project.

71. The first element of the methodological framework is:

A. ? Literature review.

B. ? The aim and objectives of the research.

C. ? The rationale for the research.

D. ? The methodology selected by the researcher for the

research project.

72. It is not possible to finally outline a research statement/question

for a research project until:

A. ? Some reading of the literature has been undertaken.

B. ? Some data has been gathered.

C. ? Some data has been analysed.

D. ? Some findings have been made.

73. The population of a study is:

A. ? All of the people involved in carrying out the research.

B. ? Every person or entity that might be included/that might

participate in the research.

C. ? The researcher and research supervisor.

 D. ? All the researchers involved in the research.

74. A sample is:

A. ? A small research project.

B. ? A small literature review.

C. ? A subset of the population of the study.

D. ? A small set of data.

75. A research proposal is:

A. ? A question a researcher asks another researcher.

B. ? A suggestion a researcher makes to another researcher.

C. ? A request a researcher makes of another researcher.

D. ? A formal written detailed proposal for a research project.

76. n conducting a literature review the researcher:

A. ? Creates a long list of different literature.

B. ? Creates a long list of different references.

C. ? Creates a long list of different theories.

D. ? Sources literature, reads the literature and then writes a

review of the literature.

77. Research projects are designed to make a contribution to some

body of knowledge, consequently:

A. ? The rules, processes and procedures of research are

rigorous.
 B. ? Every researcher must be a member of a professional
body.

C. ? Every research project must be sponsored by a

professional body.

D. ? Every research project should be published in the

media.

78. The conceptual framework provides:

A. ? An insight into data analysis.

B. ? A guide for the review of the literature.

C. ? Information on the educational background of the

researcher.

D. ? Information on research experience of the researcher.

79. Most of the searches for literature are conducted using:

A. ? Short sentence searches.

B. ? Long sentence searches.

C. ? Key word searches.

D. ? Key letter searches.

80. In order to generate useful and thorough key word searches,

the researcher develops:

A. ? An affinity with words.

B. ? An interest in libraries.

C. ? Relationships with librarians.

D. ? A search strategy.
81. A key objective of the search for literature is that the
researcher:

A. ? Develops their vocabulary.

B. ? Develops their reading and writing skills.

C. ? Learns how to use the library and its facilities.

D. ? Develops an awareness of all of the literature relevant to

the study.

82. The theoretical framework is:

A. ? The first framework in the four frameworks approach to

the research project.

B. ? The second framework in the four frameworks approach

to the research project.

C. ? The third framework in the four frameworks approach to

the research project.

D. ? The fourth framework in the four frameworks approach

to the research project.

83. The theoretical framework emerges from:

A. ? The conceptual framework.

B. ? Library sources.

C. ? Internet sources.

D. ? Data gathering.

84. It is important to plan and structure the literature review before:

A. ? Developing a conceptual framework.

 B. ? Conceptualising the research statement/question.

C. ? Writing the literature review.

D. ? Outlining the aim of the research

85. Content analysis is a research methodology that is used when

the research calls for:

A. ? The analysis of the content of any building or permanent

structure.

B. ? The analysis of the content of any field.

C. ? The analysis of the content of any business premises.

D. ? The analysis of the content of any text or set of texts.

86. Content analysis can be used within different methodologies

as:

A. ? An approach to data analysis.

B. ? An approach to data analysis.

C. ? An approach to the conceptual framework.

D. ? An approach to the literature review.

87. In reading the literature the researcher engages in:

A. ? An evaluation of the library.

B. ? An evaluation of the literature.

C. ? An evaluation of the library’s electronic sources.

D. ? An evaluation of the library’s location.

88. The literature reviewed must be:

A. ? Reasonably easy to source.

B. ? Readily available.

C. ? Relevant to the research project.

D. ? Required reading for the programme of study.

89. Referencing is:

A. ? Quite important.

B. ? Somewhat important.

C. ? Not important.

D. ? Critically important.

90. References detail:

A. ? The source of the literature.

B. ? The context for the research.

C. ? The background to the research.

D. ? The value of the literature.

91. The methodological framework is:

A. ? The first framework in the four frameworks approach to

the research project.

B. ? The second framework in the four frameworks approach

to the research project.

C. ? The third framework in the four frameworks approach to

the research project.
 D. ? The fourth framework in the four frameworks approach
to the research project.

92. The research methodology used in the research project:

A. ? Signals the literature reviewed for the research project.

B. ? Signals the aim and objectives of the study.

C. ? Signals the background of the study.

D. ? Signals to the reader how the research was conducted

and the philosophical assumptions that underpin the
research.

93. The best way to become familiar with using research

methodologies and methods:

A. ? Is to ask for help using them.

B. ? Is to ask your classmates to explain to you how they are

using them.

C. ? Is to get some expert help whenever you have to use

them.

D. ? Is to practice using them by developing ideas for

research projects in your research diary.

94. There are very many different:

A. ? Models of the research process.

B. ? Models of the four frameworks approach to the research

project.

C. ? Research methodologies in social science research.

D. ? Models of the methodological pyramid.

95. Archival research, feminist research and semiotics are all
examples of:

A. ? Data gathering methods.

B. ? Research methodologies.

C. ? Fundamental philosophies.

D. ? Methodological pyramids.

96. One of the most important decisions in any research project is

the decision about:

A. ? Which research methodology to use.

B. ? What kind of notebook to use as the research diary.

C. ? Which research supervisor to work with.

D. ? Which library to use.

97. Surveys tend to be:

A. ? Qualitative research projects, or largely qualitative

research projects.

B. ? Feminist research projects, or largely feminist research

projects.

C. ? Quantitative research projects, or largely quantitative

research projects.

D. ? Image-based research projects, or largely image-based

research projects.

98. A case study methodology is particularly useful when

researching:
 A. ? Lived experience.

B. ? Life histories.

C. ? Images.

D. ? A bounded entity such as a specific space or place, or a

number of specific spaces or places, a specific incident or
number of specific incidents.

99. Archival research is:

A. ? Research on lived experiences.

B. ? Research carried out on the content of archives.

C. ? Survey research.

D. ? Research carried out using experiments.

100. While it is important to learn something of many different

research methodologies, the researcher is required to become expert
on:

A. ? One methodology, the methodology used in the

research project.

B. ? Two methodologies, the methodologies used in the

research project.

C. ? Three methodologies, the methodologies used in the

research project.

D. ? Four methodologies, the methodologies used in the

research project.

101. The decision around which research methodology to use:

A. ? Must be made very quickly.

 B. ? Must be made very slowly.

C. ? Must only be made if necessary.

D. ? Must be a reasoned and logical decision and a decision

that will stand up to scrutiny.

102. The methodological framework for the research project

contains:

A. ? The key concepts in the research project.

B. ? The literature review.

C. ? All of the data analysis.

D. ? All of the detail on how the research was carried out.

103. The term reliability refers to:

A. ? The degree to which the researcher can be relied upon

to complete the research.

B. ? The degree to which the research supervisor can be

relied upon to support the researcher.

C. ? The degree to which the research can be repeated while

obtaining consistent results.

D. ? The degree to which the methodology used in the

research can be relied upon.

104. The issue of validity refers to:

A. ? The degree to which the researcher can validly

undertake the research.

B. ? The degree to which the research measures what it

purports to measure.
 C. ? The degree to which the research supervisor is a valid
supervisor.

D. ? The degree to which the researcher is a valid

researcher.

105. Triangulation is:

A. ? The use of more than one than one approach to

answering the research question, to responding to the
research statement.

B. ? The relationship between the research project, the

researcher and the research supervisor.

C. ? The relationship between the aim and objectives of the

study and the literature review carried out for the study.

D. ? The relationship between the data gathering methods

used, the data gathered, and the data analysed.

106. The methodological framework for the research project

contains:

A. ? An account of all of the ways and means by which the

research was actually carried out.

B. ? The key concepts in the research project.

C. ? The literature review.

D. ? The analysed data.

107. The population of the research, the sample selected from the
population and the data gathering methods are all fundamental
aspects of:

A. ? The conceptual framework.

B. ? The theoretical framework.

 C. ? The methodological framework.

D. ? The analytical framework.

108. The researcher makes a decision on whether to work with the

entire population or:

A. ? Universe.

B. ? A sample of that population.

C. ? The methodology.

D. ? Survey methods.

109. If the population of the study is very:

A. ? Small, the researcher may decide to work with a sample

taken from that population.

B. ? Narrow, the researcher may decide to work with a

sample taken from that population.

C. ? Broad, the researcher may decide to work with a sample

taken from that population.

D. ? Big, the researcher may decide to work with a sample

taken from that population.

110. If it suits the requirements of the research the researcher may

decide:

A. ? To work with a sample taken from the population.

B. ? To work with a universe taken from the population.

C. ? To work with a pyramid taken from the population.

D. ? To work with a galaxy taken from the population.

111. If there is not enough time to conduct the research with the
entire population of the study, the research will work with:

A. ? A sample taken from the population.

B. ? A universe taken from the population.

C. ? A pyramid taken from the population.

D. ? A galaxy taken from the population.

112. The concept of representation relates to:

A. ? The degree to which a universe taken from a population

can be said to be representative of that population.

B. ? The degree to which a pyramid taken from a population

can be said to be representative of that population.

C. ? The degree to which a galaxy taken from a population

can be said to be representative of that population.

D. ? The degree to which a sample taken from a population

can be said to be representative of that population.

113. The basic rule of probability sampling is:

A. ? That each member of the population has an equal

probability of being selected for inclusion in the universe.

B. ? That each member of the population has an equal

probability of being selected for inclusion in the pyramid.

C. ? That each member of the population has an equal

probability of being selected for inclusion in the galaxy.

D. ? That each member of the population has an equal

probability of being selected for inclusion in the sample.
114. Simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic
sampling and cluster sampling are all examples of:

A. ? Snowball sampling.

B. ? Non probability sampling.

C. ? Probability sampling.

D. ? Judgemental sampling.

115. In non probability sampling, the sample is selected to represent

the population but:

A. ? It cannot be said to be representative of the population,

in any statistical sense.

B. ? It cannot be said to be stratified sampling, in any

statistical sense.

C. ? It cannot be said to be cluster sampling, in any statistical

sense.

D. ? It cannot be said to be simple random sampling, in any

statistical sense.

116. Purposive sampling, quota sampling, convenience sampling

and snowball sampling are all examples of:

A. ? Probability sampling.

B. ? Cluster sampling.

C. ? Systematic sampling.

D. ? Non probability sampling.

117. Saturation point is reached when:

 A. ? The researcher feels that s/he has done enough.

B. ? The research supervisor feels that the researcher has

done enough.

C. ? The researcher, though continuing to explore the

phenomenon with participants in the research, no longer
gathers any new data.

D. ? The participants in the research feel that the researcher

has done enough.

118. There are particular and substantial ethical issues in engaging

in research with:

A. ? Big populations.

B. ? Small populations.

C. ? Broad populations.

D. ? Vulnerable populations.

119. Data collection methods are:

A. ? Synonymous with research populations.

B. ? Synonymous with probability sampling.

C. ? Synonymous with non probability sampling.

D. ? The means by which researchers gather the data

required for the research project.

120. When the researcher knows what data is required for the
research project and how best to gather that data:

A. ? The researcher gathers the data.

B. ? The researcher analyses the data.

 C. ? The researcher can design the means to gather the
data.

D. ? The researcher manages the data.

121. Primary data is:

A. ? Good data.

B. ? Data that is gathered first.

C. ? Data the researcher makes or creates themselves.

D. ? Data made or created by someone other than the

researcher.

122. The methodological framework is the:

A. ? First framework in the four frameworks approach to the

research project.

B. ? Second framework in the four frameworks approach to

the research project.

C. ? Third framework in the four frameworks approach to the

research project.

D. ? Fourth framework in the four frameworks approach to

the research project.

123. The research methodology and data gathering methods used

in the research project are part of:

A. ? The conceptual framework.

B. ? The theoretical framework.

C. ? The methodological framework.

D. ? The analytical framework.

124. Secondary data is:

A. ? Poor quality data.

B. ? Data that is gathered after primary data is gathered.

C. ? Data that is part of the second framework.

D. ? Data from secondary sources, data that already exists.

125. A primary source is also called:

A. ? An original source.

B. ? A secondary source.

C. ? An unusual source.

D. ? An unexpected source.

126. Secondary sources do not provide:

A. ? Original information or evidence.

B. ? Reference details.

C. ? Useful data.

D. ? Valid data.

127. When using data from a secondary source the first thing to do
is:

A. ? To write all of the data out on a big sheet of paper.

B. ? To establish where the data came from and whether or

not this is a reputable source.

C. ? To establish that the data has the right appeal for the
research project.
 D. ? Convert the data into primary source data.

128. A source can be primary in one context and:

A. ? Tertiary in another context.

B. ? Valid in another context.

C. ? Secondary in another context

D. ? Reliable in another context.

129. The validity of the data can be established through:

A. ? The development of new methodologies and data

gathering methods for the data.

B. ? An examination of the methodologies and data gathering

methods used in the creation of the data.

C. ? The correction of the methodologies and data gathering

methods used in the creation of the data.

D. ? A description of the methodologies and data gathering

methods used in the creation of the data.

130. Historical research involves studying:

A. ? Narratives using narrative analysis.

B. ? Discourses using discourse analysis.

C. ? The content of some text or texts.

D. ? The history of some phenomenon, for example the

history of a product or the history of a business.

131. Archival research is research:

 A. ? On specific cases.

B. ? Carried out using surveys.

C. ? On the content of an archive or archives.

D. ? Conducted using experimental design.

132. The archive of a business or company can be used:

A. ? To store old rubbish.

B. ? To store items temporarily out of use.

C. ? To accommodate temporary staff and structures.

D. ? To explore and exploit the company’s heritage and it can

be used for education and training purposes.

133. One of the main problems with secondary data is:

A. ? That the data is not primary data.

B. ? That the data available may not be exactly the data

required.

C. ? That it usually quantitative data.

D. ? d. That it is usually qualitative data.

134. The validity of the data, very simply, is the extent to which:

A. ? The data measures or represents that which it purports

to measure or represent.

B. ? The data can be said to be primary data.

C. ? The data can be said to be secondary data.

 D. ? The data can be said to be quantitative or qualitative
data.

135. A secondary source is something written about a primary

source, a secondary source often builds on:

A. ? An unusual source.

B. ? A cryptic source.

C. ? A secondary source.

D. ? A primary source.

136. Observation is:

A. ? A key data gathering method in the social sciences.

B. ? The role the research supervisor takes in the research

process.

C. ? The role the researcher takes in the research process.

D. ? A key element of the theoretical framework.

137. The main kinds of observation used in data gathering are:

A. ? Near observation and distant observation.

B. ? Participant observation, non-participant observation (or

simple observation) and covert observation.

C. ? Close observation and distant observation.

D. ? Researcher observation and non-researcher

observation.

138. The methodological framework is:

 A. ? The first framework in the four frameworks approach to
the research project.

B. ? The second framework in the four frameworks approach

to the research project.

C. ? The third framework in the four frameworks approach to

the research project.

D. ? The fourth framework in the four frameworks approach

to the research project.

139. Observation studies produce:

A. ? Quantitative data.

B. ? Qualitative data.

C. ? Quantitative or qualitative data.

D. ? No data.

140. Quantitative research is situated within:

A. ? A constructivist framework.

B. ? An interpretivist framework.

C. ? A positivist framework.

D. ? A theoretical framework.

141. Qualitative research is situated within:

A. ? A conceptual framework.

B. ? A theoretical framework.

C. ? A positivist framework.
 D. ? A constructivist or an interpretivist framework.

142. Observation as a data gathering method is a traditional method

in:

A. ? Ethnographic research.

B. ? Archival research.

C. ? Metal analysis research.

D. ? Content analysis research.

143. Participant observation is a data gathering method in which:

A. ? The research participants participate in the action being

observed.

B. ? The research supervisor participates in the action being

observed.

C. ? The researcher participates in the action being

observed.

D. ? No one participates in the action being observed.

144. Covert observation:

A. ? Is the best kind of observation.

B. ? Is the observation method in which the researcher

participates in the action being observed.

C. ? Is the observation method in which the researcher does

not participate in the action being observed.

D. ? Is hidden observation, those being observed are not told

that they are being observed.
145. Observation in research is very simply:

A. ? About facilitating a group discussion on the phenomenon

under investigation.

B. ? About asking participants to respond to questions.

C. ? About watching and observing the phenomenon under

investigation.

D. ? About encouraging participants to fill in questionnaires.

146. The decision to use observation in any study is taken in

response to:

A. ? The data requirements of the research project and the

location of that data.

B. ? The wishes of the researcher.

C. ? The wishes of the research supervisor.

D. ? The wishes of the participants in the research.

147. Observation schedules can be:

A. ? Open or closed.

B. ? Broad or narrow.

C. ? Easy or hard.

D. ? Structured, semi-structured or un-structured.

148. Rigour is:

A. ? In the nature of the researcher.

 B. ? In the nature of the relationship between the researcher
and the research supervisor.

C. ? Difficult to define or explain.

D. ? One of the most important principles in research.

149. For a research project to be rigorous it must:

A. ? Be difficult to carry out and complete.

B. ? Adhere to the scientific principles of research.

C. ? Very big and very complex.

D. ? Designed by the research supervisor rather than the

researcher.

150. In a pilot study:

A. ? The researcher tests the design of the research project,

usually the data gathering method(s) to be used in the
research project, before carrying out the research.

B. ? The research supervisor carries out the research.

C. ? The research project is designed but it is not carried out.

D. ? The student researcher learns how to carry out

research.

151. Interviews and focus groups are:

A. ? Research methodologies.

B. ? Elements of the conceptual framework.

C. ? Elements of the theoretical framework.

D. ? Examples of data gathering methods

152. Interviews and focus groups can be conducted face-to-face or:

A. ? Back-to-back.

B. ? Front to back.

C. ? Using computer mediated communication (CMC).

D. ? Using extra sensory perception (ESP).

153. In a focus group:

A. ? The researcher facilitates a group of people in focusing

on and discussing the phenomenon under investigation.

B. ? The researcher interviews a group of people.

C. ? The researcher interviews one person.

D. ? The researcher photographs a group of people.

154. Focus groups are generally used when:

A. ? The researcher hasn’t time to interview participants.

B. ? The researcher doesn’t want to interview participants.

C. ? The researcher refuses to interview participants.

D. ? The researcher wants the participants to focus on a

particular phenomenon and through that focus, generate
some ideas about or insights into the phenomenon under
investigation.

155. Three of the five types of interview explored in the textbook

are:

A. ? The one-to-one interview, the group interview and the

telephone interview.
 B. ? The short interview, the long interview and the in-
between interview.

C. ? The happy interview, the sad interview and the neutral

interview.

D. ? The radio interview, the television interview and the dvd

interview.

156. In focus groups and in group interviews:

A. ? The researcher is the focus of attention.

B. ? The group is the focus of attention.

C. ? The group dynamic is used to help generate the required

data.

D. ? The group dynamic is often beyond the control of the

researcher.

157. Online interviews are:

A. ? Interviews conducted over the telephone.

B. ? A different form of focus group.

C. ? Better than any other kind of interview.

D. ? Interviews conducted online

158. In photo-elicitation interviews, the researcher engages

research participants in:

A. ? Taking photographs.

B. ? Collecting photographs.

C. ? A search for photographs.

 D. ? An exploration and analysis of a photograph or a series
of photographs.

159. Bias in research is:

A. ? Anything that compromises or contaminates the

research or the data.

B. ? The way researchers tend to favour particular areas of

research.

C. ? The way researchers tend to favour particular

methodologies in research

D. ? The way researchers tend to favour particular methods

of research

160. Interviews are conducted differently in:

A. ? The Middle East and the Far East.

B. ? Africa and Asia.

C. ? Europe and America.

D. ? Quantitative and qualitative research.

161. In quantitative research interviews are conducted in:

A. ? Research laboratories.

B. ? A structured and systematic manner.

C. ? An unstructured manner.

D. ? In a haphazard manner.

162. In qualitative research interviews are usually conducted:

 A. ? In research laboratories.

B. ? In a structured and systematic manner.

C. ? Using a loosely designed interview schedule.

D. ? In a haphazard manner.

163. Data gathering schedules are designed to:

A. ? Provide the necessary data for the research project.

B. ? Fit into the bag the researcher carries.

C. ? Fit with the lifestyle the researcher pursues.

D. ? Provide the researcher with an introduction to the field or

context within which the research will take place.

164. Semi-structured interview and focus group schedules allow:

A. ? The researcher the opportunity to express themselves

relatively freely with regard to the phenomenon under
investigation.

B. ? Participants the opportunity to express themselves

relatively freely with regard to the phenomenon under
investigation.

C. ? The research supervisor the opportunity to express

themselves relatively freely with regard to the phenomenon
under investigation.

D. ? Gatekeepers in the research the opportunity to express

themselves relatively freely with regard to the phenomenon
under investigation.

165. Interviewee verification is an aid to:

A. ? Reviewing the literature.

 B. ? Developing the methodological framework.

C. ? Developing the analytical framework.

D. ? Establishing the validity of the data gathered, and

consequently it is an aid to establishing th

166. Questionnaires and scales are:

A. ? Unstructured means of gathering data.

B. ? Semi-structured means of gathering data.

C. ? Structured means of gathering data.

D. ? Over structured means of gathering data.

167. Questionnaires are used primarily to gather:

A. ? Quantitative data.

B. ? Qualitative data.

C. ? Quantitative and qualitative data.

D. ? Secondary data.

168. Questionnaires can also be used to gather:

A. ? Quantitative data.

B. ? Qualitative data.

C. ? Quantitative and qualitative data.

D. ? Secondary data.

169. Questionnaires can also be used to gather:

 A. ? Quantitative data.

B. ? Qualitative data.

C. ? Quantitative and qualitative data.

D. ? Secondary data.

170. Data gathering techniques are part of:

A. ? The conceptual framework.

B. ? The theoretical framework.

C. ? The methodological framework.

D. ? The analytical framework.

171. Questionnaires and scales are very precise data gathering

instruments, they are designed to:

A. ? Elicit qualitative data.

B. ? Ensure that participants have to spend a long time

completing them.

C. ? Confuse respondents to such an extent that they fill

them in incorrectly.

D. ? Elicit short precise responses to concisely stated and

precise questions.

172. Attitude research is used in researching:

A. ? Narratives, in narrative analysis.

B. ? The attitudes of the participants in the research to the

phenomenon under investigation.

C. ? Discourses, in discourse analysis.

 D. ? Signs and how they are used in society.

173. The importance of attitudes and the value of studying attitudes

lies primarily in:

A. ? The degree to which the researcher is interested in this

research methodology.

B. ? The degree to which the research supervisor is

interested in this research methodology.

C. ? The capacity of the researcher to use this research

methodology.

D. ? The assumption that attitudes facilitate intention-forming

and thus behaviour.

174. The issues of validity and reliability are treated differently in:

A. ? Quantitative and qualitative research.

B. ? Africa and Asia.

C. ? The Middle East and the Far East.

D. ? Europe and America.

175. The key issues in the design of a questionnaire are:

A. ? The attitude of the researcher and the interest of the

research supervisor.

B. ? The attitude and interest of the participants in the

research.

C. ? The content of the questions, the presentation of the

questions, the order of the questions, and the length of the
questionnaire.
 D. ? The methodology used in the research, the population of
the research, whether or not a sample was used, and if one
was, the sample method used.

176. The best guide to the design of an appropriate question for a

questionnaire or item for a scale, to begin with, is:

A. ? The conceptual framework.

B. ? The theoretical framework.

C. ? The methodological framework.

D. ? The analytical framework.

177. When you begin to design your data gathering method you
look:

A. ? To your research supervisor for help.

B. ? To your friends and classmates for help.

C. ? At what everyone else in the class is doing and then,

based on what they’re doing, you design your data gathering
method(s).

D. ? At your research statement/question and then you

decide what it is that you are trying to accomplish with the
research and what it is that you really need in terms of data.

178. When you think of a question to ask in a questionnaire:

A. ? Imagine asking a research participant to respond to that

question and then try to imagine the kind of response they
would likely make. That response will be the data you gather.

B. ? Include it immediately in your questionnaire.

C. ? Ask your research supervisor if it would be acceptable to

include it in your questionnaire.
 D. ? Ask your friends and classmates if it would be
acceptable to include it in your questionnaire.

179. A response rate in a research project is:

A. ? A count of the number of responses received in a data

gathering exercise.

B. ? A record of the speed at which respondents respond in a

data gathering exercise.

C. ? A count of the number of valid responses received in a

data gathering exercise.

D. ? A record of the speed at which a research supervisor

responds to a request for help during the research project.

180. The higher the response rate:

A. ? The more work for the researcher.

B. ? The less likelihood there is that all of the data will be

analysed.

C. ? The less valid the research.

D. ? The better. Non responses change the nature of the

study and the claims that can be made about the study.

181. The analytical framework:

A. ? Is the first framework in the four frameworks approach to

the research project.

B. ? Is the second framework in the four frameworks

approach to the research project.

C. ? Is the third framework in the four frameworks approach

to the research project.
 D. ? Is the fourth framework in the four frameworks approach
to the research project.

182. Quantitative data analysis:

A. ? The same as qualitative data analysis.

B. ? The analysis of numerical data using statistical methods.

C. ? Is an element of the theoretical framework.

D. ? Does not draw on statistics or statistical methods.

183. Qualitative data analysis:

A. ? The same as qualitative data analysis.

B. ? The analysis of numerical data using statistical methods.

C. ? Is an element of the theoretical framework.

D. ? Is the analysis of qualitative data. Qualitative data is

non-numerical data.

184. SPSS, Atlas ti and NVivo are all examples of:

A. ? Conceptual frameworks.

B. ? Methodological frameworks.

C. ? Data analysis software packages.

D. ? Analytical frameworks.

185. One of the major roles of research is the generation of:

A. ? Theory.

B. ? CADA.
 C. ? CAQDAS

D. ? SPSS.

186. Data management is:

A. ? A fundamental responsibility of the research supervisor.

B. ? A fundamental responsibility of research participants.

C. ? A fundamental responsibility of the researcher.

D. ? A fundamental responsibility of the organisation where

the research is carried out.

187. When the researcher designs the data gathering methods for
the research project:

A. ? S/he gets all the help possible.

B. ? S/he designs data gathering methods of which they have

some experience.

C. ? S/he ensures that at least one of the methods is a

questionnaire.

D. ? The researcher, at the same time, develops a sense of

how the data will be analysed.

188. Simple and small quantitative data sets can be analysed:

A. ? Only with the use of a software package like SPSS.

B. ? By simply counting the numbers and calculating simple

statistics in relation to them.

C. ? Using Atlas ti.

D. ? Using NVivo.
189. If there is a great deal of quantitative data to analyse it would
be appropriate to use:

A. ? CAQDAS.

B. ? Atlas ti.

C. ? NVivo.

D. ? SPSS.

190. CADA is:

A. ? Computer Assisted Data Analysis.

B. ? Card Analysis and Desk Analysis.

C. ? Can anyone do data analysis?

D. ? Calling All Data Analysts.

191. Qualitative data is:

A. ? Non-numeric data.

B. ? Numeric data.

C. ? Data in the form of numbers.

D. ? Quantitative data.

192. Data analysis software packages are particularly helpful:

A. ? In sourcing literature.

B. ? In managing data and data analysis.

C. ? The work of outlining the aim and objectives of the

study.
 D. ? When making decisions about data gathering methods.

193. The first stage in the four stages of data analysis is the stage
of:

A. ? Describing data.

B. ? Gathering data.

C. ? Collecting data.

D. ? Managing data.

194. The fourth and final stage of data analysis is the stage of:

A. ? Describing data.

B. ? Gathering data.

C. ? Managing data.

D. ? Theorisation.

195. Data reduction is a fundamental aim of the process of:

A. ? Managing data.

B. ? Gathering data.

C. ? Losing data.

D. ? Data analysis.

196. The analytical framework is presented in:

A. ? The conceptual framework.

B. ? The literature review.

 C. ? The methodological framework.

D. ? The data analysis chapter or the thesis/the data analysis

section of the report of the research.

197. The work of data analysis is a substantial project, what goes

into the thesis or the report of the research is:

A. ? A synopsis of all of the analysed data.

B. ? A complete account of all of the analysed data.

C. ? A partial account of the analysed data.

D. ? A biased account of the analysed data.

198. The key findings, the key data and the key interpretations of
the data are:

A. ? Not presented in the data analysis chapter or in the data

analysis section of the report of the research.

B. ? Presented in the data analysis chapter or in the data

analysis section of the report of the research.

C. ? Lost in all of the detail of the data analysis that is

presented in the data analysis chapter or in the data analysis
section of the report of the research.

D. ? Presented in the research methodology chapter of the

thesis, in the research methodology section of the report of
the research project.

199. The researcher uses the coding key to:

A. ? Understand the theory.

B. ? Understand the data.

C. ? Understand the research methodology.

 D. ? Understand the data gathering methods.

200. Sometimes respondents don’t answer all the questions in a

questionnaire, these non responses become:

A. ? Critical data.

B. ? Outlying data.

C. ? Missing data.

D. ? Significant data.

201. A computer software package, as well as helping analyse the

data, also helps with:

A. ? The loss of data.

B. ? The location of data.

C. ? The management of data.

D. ? The complication of data.

202. When data has been loaded into a software package it has to
be:

A. ? Covered.

B. ? Cleaned.

C. ? Closed.

D. ? Compiled.

203. Experimental design is:

A. ? The methodology used in survey research.

 B. ? The methodology used in case study research.

C. ? The methodology used in ethnographic research.

D. ? The methodology used when conducting experiments.

204. Statistics are used in quantitative data analysis for two

purposes:

A. ? Addition and subtraction.

B. ? Description and prediction.

C. ? Multiplication and division.

D. ? The calculation of means and modes.

205. Percentages:

A. ? Are the same as ratios.

B. ? Can be used to calculate the standard deviation.

C. ? Are a good approximation of the interquartile range.

D. ? A particular kind of scale with measures of 1 to 100.

206. Proportions:

A. ? Are a particular kind of scale with measure of 1 to 100.

B. ? Are used in calculating tests.

C. ? Are a type of ratio in which the denominator is the total

number of cases.

D. ? Can be used to calculate the standard deviation.

207. Graphing data, like tabulating data:

 A. ? Is helpful in the construction of a theoretical framework.

B. ? Is helpful in the calculation of the mean, mode and

median.

C. ? Allows for the communication of the range and the

interquartile range.

D. ? Allows for the communication of large quantities of data

in a very succinct manner.

208. Visually displaying data can:

A. ? Make trends and patterns in the data apparent.

B. ? Serve to hide trends and patterns in the data.

C. ? Serve the development of the theoretical framework.

D. ? Serve the development of the methodological

framework.

209. Line charts, bar charts and scattergrams are all examples of:

A. ? Graphs used in meteorology.

B. ? Graphs used in oceanography.

C. ? Graphs used in social science research.

D. ? Graphs used in Google map research.

210. A good way of learning how to present data is to:

A. ? Examine how other researchers present data, e.g. in

journal articles.

211. The aim of the process of qualitative data analysis is to:

 A. ? Produce a complex statistical profile of the phenomenon
under investigation.

B. ? Provide a description of that process.

C. ? Provide a skewed perspective on the phenomenon

under investigation.

D. ? Accomplish a thick description of the phenomenon under

investigation.

212. Qualitative researchers rather than objectively studying the real

world:

A. ? Acknowledge and study multiple realities.

B. ? Believe that there is just one reality of which we are all

part.

C. ? Refuse to engage in ontological debates.

D. ? Refuse to engage in epistemological debates.

213. Within qualitative data analysis the researcher and the role of
the researcher are made evident:

A. ? In the obvious manner.

B. ? In a reflexive manner.

C. ? In a scholarly manner.

D. ? In a scientific manner.

214. Language is particularly important in qualitative data and

qualitative data analysis as:

A. ? Statistics are not.

B. ? Numbers are not.

 C. ? It is through the study and analysis of the language of
participants that qualitative researchers conduct their
research.

D. ? It is in all research.

215. Many of the data collection methods used in qualitative

research produce data that is:

A. ? Language based.

B. ? Relevant only to the institution within which the research

was carried out.

C. ? Based on mathematical principles.

D. ? Accessible only to senior academics.

216. In qualitative data analysis there are:

A. ? Two different approaches to the analysis of data.

B. ? Different approaches to the analysis of data, based on

the needs and design of the study.

C. ? Three different approaches to the analysis of data.

D. ? No formal approaches to the analysis of data.

217. Qualitative data can be analysed thematically:

A. ? In terms of descriptive statistics.

B. ? In terms of inferential statistics.

C. ? In terms of discourses.

D. ? In terms of themes.
218. Qualitative data can be analysed using a phenomenological
approach, if:

A. ? The researcher decides to do that.

B. ? The research supervisor advises that.

C. ? The research project has been developed using a

phenomenological methodology.

D. ? The research project uncovers a strange phenomenon.

219. There are:

A. ? Two stages of data analysis.

B. ? Three stages of data analysis.

C. ? Four stages of data analysis.

D. ? Five stages of data analysis.

220. The second stage in data analysis is:

A. ? Description.

B. ? Interpretation.

C. ? Conclusion.

D. ? Theorisation.

221. In the theorisation stage:

A. ? The researcher learns the theoretical framework.

B. ? The researcher creates the theoretical framework.

 C. ? The researcher looks back at the literature review to see
if and how the findings of their study fit with or contradict the
findings of the studies presented there.

D. ? The theoretical framework becomes the analytical

framework.

222. The fourth and final framework in the four frameworks

approach to the research project is:

A. ? The conceptual framework.

B. ? The theoretical framework.

C. ? The methodological framework.

D. ? The analytical framework.

223. The analytical framework for the study is informed by:

A. ? The conceptual framework.

B. ? The theoretical framework.

C. ? The methodological framework.

D. ? The three preceding frameworks, the conceptual

framework, the theoretical framework, the methodological
framework.

224. A grounded theory research methodology is used when:

A. ? The specific focus of the research project is on building

theory from data.

B. ? The specific focus of the research project is on the study

of signs in society.

C. ? The specific focus of the research project is on the study

of the content of any text or texts.
 D. ? The specific focus of the research project is on the study
of images.

225. The key to the presentation of data is:

A. ? The story, the narrative, that the researcher is trying to

tell to illustrate or explain the data.

226. In the final chapter the researcher:

A. ? Presents the conclusions and recommendations of the

study.

B. ? Presents the context for the research.

C. ? Presents the background to the study.

D. ? Presents the research proposal.

227. A conclusion in research is essentially:

A. ? A guess.

B. ? A judgement, a final decision.

C. ? A supposition.

D. ? A proposition.

228. The overall conclusion the researcher draws in the final chapter
is:

A. ? A simple idea the researcher has.

B. ? No more than a hunch that the researcher has.

 C. ? Developed from all of the minor conclusions presented
in the data analysis chapter, so it emerges from the data
gathered, and it is informed by the review of the literature.

D. ? A guess that the researcher makes.

229. The research diary is:

A. ? A good place to jot down ideas for conclusions and to

develop rough drafts of conclusions.

B. ? Is of little use to the researcher.

C. ? Is of little use to the research.

D. ? Is of little use.

230. To learn how to present conclusions:

A. ? Ask someone to show you how.

B. ? Ask your classmates to show you how.

C. ? Ask your research supervisor to show you how.

D. ? It is a good idea to examine the manner in which

conclusions are presented by other researchers, in journal
articles and in theses in the library.

231. In theorising the research, the researcher:

A. ? Writes theories for research.

B. ? Learns theories of research.

C. ? Makes explicit connections between their research and

the research of other researchers.

D. ? Discusses theories in research.

232. The entire research project is an exercise in:

A. ? Rhetoric.

B. ? Logic.

C. ? Procrastination.

D. ? Gymnastics.

233. Recommendations are:

A. ? Courses of action the researcher recommends based on

the findings and conclusions of the study.

B. ? Simply a couple of ideas that the researcher jots down.

C. ? Long and complicated theoretical posturings that the

researcher engages in.

D. ? Never taken seriously.

234. The writing of the research project:

A. ? Is a simple task.

B. ? Is a monumental undertaking.

C. ? Is routine and unimportant.

D. ? Is the most important and the most critical aspect of the

research project.

235. It is important to begin the process of writing:

A. ? A week or two before the submission date.

B. ? When all of the data has been gathered and analysed.

C. ? As early as possible.
 D. ? When you feel you are ready to do so.

236. The bibliography:

A. ? Is always the last thing to be written.

B. ? Is presented before the first chapter/section.

C. ? Is a list of all of the data gathering methods used in the

research.

D. ? Is a list of all of the references in the text, presented in

alphabetical order.

237. The bibliography is:

A. ? One of the most useful resources, for the researcher and

for other researchers, to be produced in the research
process.

B. ? Of little importance.

C. ? Of some importance.

D. ? Relevant only to the researcher.

238. A lot of time is needed always for the final:

A. ? Discussion of the research with the research supervisor.

B. ? Editing and polishing of the final draft of the thesis/report

of the research.

C. ? Discussion of the research with fellow researchers.

D. ? Discussion of the research with the examiners of the

research.
239. The model of the research process is:

A. ? Of some use to the beginner researcher.

B. ? Of little use to the practiced researcher.

C. ? Of no use to the skilled researcher.

D. ? A useful model for any researcher.

240. The research process is:

A. ? A scientific endeavour.

B. ? A creative endeavour.

C. ? An endeavour that is neither creative nor scientific.

D. ? An endeavour that is both creative and scientific.

E. ? To present the images first and then the text.

F. ? To present all of the figures and tables together and then

the text.

G. ? To present all of the matrices together and then the text.

H. ? Practice writing theoretical frameworks.

I. ? Read about the different research methodologies.

J. ? Study the different ways of gathering data.