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Q#1: 4
Q#2: 4
Q#3: 4
Q#4: 4
TOTAL: 16

SUBMITTED BY UMAMAH TAYYABAH

(10191)

BS APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

SEMESTER 5th

ASSIGNMENT NO 02

Following the question Answers

1. Explain the relationship between validity and reliability in-detail with
the help of at least ONE example. (5 Marks)

10191

Reliability:

 The degree to which a test consistently assesses whatever it measures is known as

reliability.
 While a measuring process produces consistent results when the phenomena being
tested is constant; the degree to which scores are free of "Measurement Error"
 The measurement's consistency
 The test that gives same results when taken multiple time is reliable test
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For example:

 If I measured my door length firstly it would be 50 inches, I will measure it after 2

hours it would be same. If I take the length after 3 months the result would be
same. So, my measurement was reliable.
 If a test is designed to asses personality of client, in each time I measure the
personality of client would be same than that test is reliable.
 The thermometer measure warm when placed in warm and cold when placed in
cold is reliable.

Validity:

Degree to which test measure what its purpose is to measure

 • Validity is the ability of a test to accurately measure what it promises to assess.

The topic of validity is presented in the context of three factors
 the test's format
 Its (test) purpose,
 target audience.
 A test that measures what it was suppose to be
 For example;
 If you are measuring job satisfaction but you have given question the question
you have given below is of performance so this test is not valid.
 Let’s take one example from the above one the thermometer which measures hot
when placed in hot and measures cold when place in cold is valid.
 In psychology, the memory test should measure memory rather than testing
personality. If it is measuring memory all its question and instrument are related
to measure memory than it is valid.

Example for reliability and validity:

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If I am using intellectual test on an individual to assess persons intellect, after multiple

attempts if results are same, we say it is reliable but if we use intellectual test to access
personality traits than test is not valid. It is reliable but not valid.

2. Differentiate between Concurrent Validity and Predictive Validity with the help of at
least ONE example of each concept. (5 Marks)

Concurrent Validity Predictive Validity

 Is demonstrated when test corelates well  This is the accuracy with which a test
with the measures/test that has predicts a criteria that will occur in the
previously been validated. future.

 The two tests may be for the same
construct but more often use for different
but presumably related construct.
 The concurrent and predictive are
different on the basis of time at which
two measures are administered
 Predicts future values of criterion
 Proof that a test score or other
measurement is related to a variable that
can only be determined after the test or
measurement has been completed.

 Concurrent validity assesses how well a
new test compares to one that has been
around for a while. It can also refer to the
process of simultaneously testing two
groups or having two distinct groups of
individuals take the same test.
 Any test that gives prediction about
future than test has predictive validity.
 If a psychologist has taken a personality
test (tat) by a 18 years old boy and he
predicted that he will not be able to cope
up with environment or socially. Or he
will have problem in maintaining
relations than this future prediction the
test give is predictively valid.

Example: For example:

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 For example: an employment test may be  Aptitude test is being done to predict the
administered to the group of workers and success and work of employees in future
then the test scores can be co related with
the rating of the workers supervisors  The intelligence test at in early childhood

taken on the same day or in same week. will predict that this student will have a
better degree with better grades in future.
 Another example I see nowadays is,
being bs psychology student if I want to
know my knowledge of psychological
 Any test that gives prediction about
assessment (which is important course in
future than test has predictive validity.
my study) we would give 2 exam one is
practical other is theoretical if I did good
in practical, I will score high in
theoretical as well

2. Under which circumstances inter-rater reliability is beneficial? Explain in-detail

with help of at least ONE example. (5 Marks)

Why beneficial? It is beneficial to know to much extent our data is correct.

 The test-retest technique evaluates a test's external consistency. This relates to the
consistency with which various raters evaluate the same behavior.
 This kind of reliability is used in interviews
 In the research when observers observe same behavior and independently
compares the data than it is inter rater reliability
 In this type of reliability
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 It can the same assessment completed by same rater at two different occasions,
but the past test or assessment can interfere the present assessment.
 It is mostly beneficial in CSS interviews if all three officers’ rate 9 than it is
reliable. If a single officer rates 2 and other 9 than there would be something
wrong.
 For example, if research is being conducted in college students, (where some
semester comes for psychical classes other are taking online classes) for
depression nowadays. The researcher rate high depression in those students who
takes online classes. Both of the researchers rate them high so the consensus over
this independently collected data, that strong correlation between sets of results is
inter rater reliability. (The researcher’s data was compared and rates of them was
similar)

4. Illustrate the complete concept of “Equivalent Forms Method” of

reliability. (5 Marks)
 Way to gauge the consistency of measurement based on correlations between
scores on two similar forms of the same test taken by the same individual.
 It would be appropriate for aptitude test, which has stable characteristics but not
for mood test because it fluctuates or creativity which might be affected by any
factors
 It is a metric generated by assessing the same phenomenon with the involvement
of a same sample group using several evaluation methods.
 Two same kinds of test are given to a sample, both test measures the same skills
or construct
 Useful for estimating reliability for achievement test

For example:

 We have 2 intelligence tests; we will administer a sample by giving test one by

one.
We will receive two different scores of different tests when result will come and
their correlation will be strong than it is equivalent forms of methods
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I want to assess a student for math’s I will give him one test if he solves it, after
some time we will give another test a little different (values) but same if he can
solve it, he can solve that too, if he scores same in both tests. Then we will say
both have strong relation and is equivalent form methods of reliability