Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system is made up of internal organs and external structures. Its function is to
enable reproduction of the species. Sexual maturation is the process that this system undergoes in order
to carry out its role in the process of pregnancy and birth.

For the parts and functions

As we can see on the picture these are two oval-shaped organs that are located proximal to both sides of
the uterus in the lower abdomen.The ovaries are connected to the fallopian tubes, which in turn connect
them to the uterus. Have an estimated length of 3 cm by 2 cm in diameter and is 1.5 cm thick. It appears
to be shaped like an almond. It looks pitted, like a raisin, but is grayish and white in color.

Its responsibility is to produce, mature, and discharge the egg cells. And the function is for the maturation
and maintenance of the secondary sex characteristics in females which are important for regulating a
woman’s cycle and pregnancy. These include progesterone and estrogen.Once a month, a mature egg is
released from the ovaries in a process called ovulation.

And for the fallopian tube

These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as pathways for the
ova to travel from the ovaries to the uterus.

Ovulation occurs at the midpoint of the menstrual cycle. Estrogen production from the dominant
follicle leads to a sharp rise in LH secretion, causing the dominant follicle to release its egg. The egg is
swept into the Fallopian tube by thin structures on the ends of the tubes known as fimbriae. At this time,
the cervix produces an increased amount of thin mucus that assists sperm in the passage into the uterus.

Women with an ectopic pregnancy may have irregular bleeding and pelvic or abdominal pain, often on one
side that includes missed period . Symptoms most often appear 6 to 8 weeks after the last normal menstrual
period.
here we have the reproductive female organ, the faloppian tube and the ovaries

Ovaries are female gonads, and ovaries are what will produce the female egg

woman go through a cycle each month called the menstrual cycle where they ovulate and release an egg

this process is called ovulation,

In day 1 have the secondary oocyte which is surrounded by a thick protective membrane called the zona pellucida
or ZP; its filled with sperm recognition proteins called the Zona pellucida glycoprotein. Surrounding the ZP is a layer
of cells called the corona radiata.

if this egg isn't fertilized by sperm within 24 hours, a

"period occurs", or denatured endometrium slosh which looks like blood drains through the uterus into the vagina

If a sperm undergoes capacitation in the vagina, and with its prepped (capacitated) acrosome (ont the tip of its
head) initiates the acrosome reaction after docking with the ZP3 proteins

then it will fertilize the egg

the secondary oocyte will immediately undergo forming a polar body and an Ovum, which will incorporate the
sperm genes, forming a zygote on day 1 of development

Remember that the ZP (zona pellucida) remains protecting the Morula

From days 2-3, Cleavage occurs. Cleavage starts with the splitting of the zygote single cell into two cells, two cells
to four, four to eight. The amount of cytoplasm in the dividing cell mass remains the same as the cytoplasm in the
single celled zygote throughout cleavage.
On day 4, the product of cleavage is a ball of 16 cells the"Morula"

On day 5 the 16 cell Morula has cleaved again into a 32 cell Blastocyst. The Zona pellucida remains surrounding
the blastocyst

On day 7, the Zona Pellucida is shed from the 32 cell blastocyst. this happens immediately prior to implantation

If you take a look at a cross section of the blastocyst just prior to implantation
you would find that it is a hollow cell mass sphere with a lump of cells on the side which binds to the lining of the
uterus (endometrium)

in an ectopic pregnancy, the egg implants in one of the structures along the way where it implants within
the ampulla (widest section of the uterine tubes) and common site in the fallopian tubes.

In the picture the difference of normal pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy results from
a delay in the passage of the fertilized ovum through fallopian tube.This delay can result from anatomical
abnormalities of the tubes, such as constriction and false passage formation or tubal dysfunction as
altered contractility or abnormal ciliary activity.
ectopic
pregnancy in the fallopian tube this is
a very common boards question that
boards question being where in the
fallopian tube is the most likely site
of an ectopic pregnancy and it is like
90% of them or 80% of them I believe are
some of those recent numbers occur in
this reason we're going to talk about
today just to orient you to our drawing
here we have the uterus a rough
schematic of the uterus the cervix
making the vaginal opening down here
over a ligament to the ovary and then we
have the fallopian tube and before we
talk about the exact site of a
fertilization and thus ectopic pregnancy
or implantation we're going to talk
about the different parts here so we
already talked about the ovary ovarian
ligament or ovarian segment cervix
uterus and now we have this fallopian
tube now a fallopian tube has parts to
it right so these these first part here
is going to be the fimbriae the the
thing bran because they're kind of like
fingers or fin break fingers so they're
kind of they have these little
projections here so when the ovary
during ovulation release releases that
secondary oocyte you know to be caught
by the by the fallopian tube and Bryan
to the uterus that secondary oocyte is
released by the ovary and these fin
Brandel reach out kind of like fingers
and catch it and guide it into what's
called the infundibulum no infundibulum
is like Al and we're kind of talking
about a funnel or a hollow body that
kind of funnels down our squeezes down
there's infundibulum dollar over the
body right so we have like the pituitary
the infundibulum detaching the
hypothalamus down at the - Ettore all
sorts infundibulum so this one is going
to infundibular portion of the fallopian
tubes the second portion air after the
thin bright next we're going to move
into the ampulla and the last one we're
going to talk about today that's really
important is the
now the isthmus is the narrowest portion
you might know it although the isthmus
is like an landforms but it's a narrow
land form connecting two larger
landforms right so it is very narrow and
that is why people usually think that
the isthmus is the site of ectopic
pregnancy however that's incorrect
the most common site of ectopic
pregnancy is the ampulla which is not
the narrowest but it's the site where
fertilization occurs right so when a
male ejaculates and sperm is inside the
vagina it can then go through as long as
it has successful motility in the
uterine cavity out and actually that
sperm will migrate all the way out to
this ampulla so that like we talked
about earlier when that little tiny
secondary oocyte is released and caught
by the Skrim brain it starts to come
down and this is a common site of
fertilization in humans in fact I think
it's it's might be the only sign of
fertilization as long as nothing's wrong
in humans this is ampulla so this is
where they actually the egg gets
fertilized and because that once that
egg gets fertilized as you remember from
reproduction class well it looks a place
to implant right it needs to implant to
start growing to get nutrients and so it
can implant anywhere along here because
of the cell types found in ampulla and
because of the mucus found there and the
secretions there I should say rather it
presents itself as a nice place to
implant so we have this fertilized egg
it implants here instead of a uterine
cavity where it's supposed to implant
and it starts to grow because it has the
nutrients needs to grow and so it starts
to grow it gets too big and that's where
you have that condition known as ectopic
pregnancy now ectopic just means
somewhere where it's not supposed to be
right so we want it to be inside the
uterus that's where we want our little
fetus to develop or embryo to develop
instead of developing out here and the
problem is is when that looking tube the
ampulla you know it starts this big and
so when that that fertilized egg comes
through in the beginning of the implants
incorrectly or ectopic the implants it's
not a big deal at first because it has
all this room to grow
as it gets bigger and bigger and bigger
as it starts to grow well now this this
Angela either has to start bulging to
allow for the growing embryo or else
it's it's not going to work right in a
rupture and so that's where you see
women of reproductive age is showing up
to the ER with just crazy abdominal pain
usually one sided right because we have
fallopian tubes on both sides of yours I
didn't draw this one but there's one
over there and so when you ovulate it
could come from either side the low side
could and so implants in there it starts
to grow and over time you know you have
this this growing mass that causes pain
inflammation and pain just an aside if
you do have the ectopic pregnancy
sometimes they want to try and save the
fallopian tube so let's say it's like a
sixteen year old female who still has
plenty of years of childbearing
potential left they might try and say
that fallopian tube they might just try
and go in in size and remove just the
ectopic pregnancy or they might dunno if
it's an older female who's already had
children and there's okay being
sterilized at least on one side they
will just remove the fallopian tube and
and cut it all out probably even the
ovary to avoid causing a eugenic
menopause but in any case just to sum it
up we have different parts of the
fallopian tube the Isthmus is the
narrowest however the ampulla is the
most common site of for both
fertilization and ectopic pregnancy

Melissa C,S. MDFemale Reproduction Organ Anatomy.2019 Medscape. Retrieved

from:https://www.medicinenet.com/female_reproductive_system/article.htm