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Student Name: Mostafa hany ID Number 1900012

Unit Number and Title: 13 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Engines
Qualification Pearson BTEC Level 5 Higher National Diploma in Engineering (Mechanical) RQF (Y1)
Assessor Dr. Ali Abdel Aziz

Academic Year: 2019/2020
Name:
Assignment Heat Transfer and Internal combustion Engine Internal

Eng. Mohamed
Title: Performance Verifier Name:
Alaam
Assignment No. 2 Issue Date: 11/5/2020
Submission Format: Submission 14 /5/2020
Type of Evidence
Report Date:
STUDENT DECLARATION
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rules, however innocently, may be penalised. It is your responsibility to ensure that you understand correct
referencing practices. As a university level student, you are expected to use appropriate references throughout
and keep carefully detailed notes of all your sources of materials for material you have used in your work,
including any material downloaded from the Internet. Please consult the relevant unit lecturer or your course
tutor if you need any further advice.
Student Declaration
Student declaration
I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of
plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.
Also, I acknowledge that I have received the feedback about my work from the assessor.
Student signature: Date: / /2020
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IV assessment brief approval
Eng. Mohamed
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Prepared by: Ameeria ITEC based on BTEC guidance/ Ref, Approved by: QAU
Version 3.0 – Feb. 2020
Pearson Education 2016

1
Higher Education Qualifications
Summative Assignment Feedback Form
IV’s signature: Eng. Mohamed Date: 10 /5 /2020
Allam
Eng. Mohamed
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Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria:
Learning Outcome Pass Merit Distinction
(LO3): (P6): Determine the (M3): Explore heat (D3): Distinguish the
Examine the principles heat losses through lagged differences between
of heat transfer to transfer through and unlagged pipes parallel and counter
industrial applications. composite walls. flow recuperate heat
exchangers.
(P7): Apply heat
transfer
formulae to heat
exchangers.
(LO4): (P8): Describe with the (M4): Review the (D4): Evaluate the
Determine the aid of diagrams the relative efficiency of performance of two
performance of internal operational sequence of ideal heat engines stroke and four stroke
combustion engines four stroke spark operating on the Otto diesel engines.
ignition and four and Diesel cycles.
stroke compression
ignition engines.
(P9): Explain the

mechanical efficiency of
two and four stroke
engines.
Scenario
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Thermal insulation definition
Thermal insulation is the process of reduction of heat transfer between objects
in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence. Thermal insulations consist
of low thermal conductivity materials combined to achieve an even lower system
thermal conductivity. Thermal insulation can be achieved with specially
engineered methods or processes, as well as with suitable object shapes and
materials
Types of insulation
1- Blanket Batts and Rolls
Blanket batts and rolls are typically constructed with fiberglass, although versions
made of cotton, mineral wool, and plastic fibers are also available. Installing this
type of insulation is an inexpensive and DIY-friendly project, since the materials
are designed to fit into the standard width between wall studs, attic rafters, and
floor joists.
2- Spray Foam Insulation

Spray foam insulation seals leaks and gaps inside existing walls. Liquid
polyurethane is sprayed into the cavity of the wall, where it then expands and
hardens into a solid foam. When insulating a larger area, homeowners can use a
pressure sprayed (foamed-in-place) option
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3- Blown-In Insulation
L Blown-in insulation is applied using a machine that blows a paper-like material
into the space to be insulated. This type of insulation is often made of fiberglass,
rock wool, or reclaimed cellulose material (like recycled newspapers or
cardboard), which conform to fit nearly any type of location—even the peskiest
obstructions.agging pipe defintion
Un lagging pipe definition

What are the dangers of un-insulated water pipes?
There are several reasons to insulate your pipework:
1-Copper’s high conductivity means it is great for transporting hot water in central
heating systems, but just as the pipes get very warm, they can also get too cold.
When water freezes, pipes can burst, potentially leading to expensive repair work.
2-Pipes in cold environments can attract water vapour – when it condenses on
the surface, it can lead to corrosion. It can also potentially encourage damp
within walls. Insulation prevents this by raising the surface temperature of the
pipe and forming a water-vapour barrier.
3-Exposed metal pipework can reach extreme temperatures of hot and cold –
from a safety point of view, insulating them means people are less likely to injure
themselves if they come into contact with pipes.
4-Insulation can also form a sound barrier. Pipes sometimes radiate mechanical
noise or you can hear water gurgling through them. Putting something over the
top can help muffle sound.
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Effect of thickness in lagging and un lagging pipe
Thermal conductivity is basically the property of a material that allows the flow of
heat through the material. It is also known as the coefficient of conductivity,
because it is given as a number that can be used in equations. The thermal
conductivity of any particular material, it indicates how well it allows heat to flow,
is therefore also a good indicator of how well the material insulates, or blocks the
flow of heat. Objectives of this paper are to determine the thermal conductivity of
the given insulating material by using lagged pipe apparatus (Asbestos and
Sawdust) and to plot the temperature distribution across the lagging material.
Lagging of pipes is required to prevent leakages of heat. The Apparatus is designed
to study the lagging phenomenon. The apparatus consists of three concentric
pipes, at the axis of which a heating element is positioned. Two types of lagging
materials are filled up, one between innermost and middle pipe and other between
middle and outermost pipe. Temperature across the lagging material, i.e.,
temperature of pipe walls for radial outward heat flow are measured by the
thermocouples. The heater can be supplied with different heat inputs with the help
of dimmer stat so that characteristics of lagged pipe can be studied at different
heat flow rates.
Heat transfer formula in lagging and un lagging pipe
Insulation materials, which will perform satisfactorily in the temperature range
-268˚C to1000˚C, are widely available. Most of the ordinary types of insulation are
obtained bymixing fibres, powders or flakes of insulation material with air. The
properties of theseinsulation materials, then depends on the volumetric fraction of
the air. Heat transfer
A Pipe 200 mm outside diameter and 20 m length is covered with a layer of 70 mm
thick insulation having thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/m·K and a thermal
conductance of 10 W/m2·K at the outer surface. If the temperature of the pipe is
350 °C and the ambient temperature is 15 °C, calculate the external surface
temperature of the lagging.
I have calculated the thermal resistances as:
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Rpipe=1A×ho=1(π×2002×(1/103)2×()=3.183098862
Rinsulation=12πKL=1(2π×0.05×20)=0.04776312933
The heat transfer is supposed to be:
Q=△TRtotal
What does it mean by "temperature of the lagging"? The change in temperature
from the outside and inside already given.
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a)
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b)
Surface area of heat transfer
In conduction, heat is transferred from a hot temperature location to a cold
temperature location. The transfer of heat will continue as long as there is a
difference in temperature between the two locations. Once the two locations have
reached the same temperature, thermal equilibrium is established and the heat
transfer stops. Earlier in this lesson, we discussed the transfer of heat for a situation
involving a metal can containing high temperature water that was placed within a
Styrofoam cup containing low temperature water. If the two water samples are
equipped with temperature probes that record changes in temperature with respect
to time, then the following graphs are produced.
Space limit I on and Lengths of parallel and counter

flow
To illustrate the use of the above equation, let's calculate the rate of heat transfer on
a cold day through a rectangular window that is 1.2 m wide and 1.8 m high, has a
thickness of 6.2 mm, a thermal conductivity value of 0.27 W/m/°C. The temperature
inside the home is 21°C and the temperature outside the home is -4°C.
To solve this problem, we will need to know the surface area of the window. Being a
rectangle, we can calculate the area as width • height.
Area = (1.2 m)•(1.8 m) = 2.16 m2.
We will also need to give attention to the unit on thickness (d). It is given in units of
cm; we will need to convert to units of meters in order for the units to be consistent
with that of k and A.
d = 6.2 mm = 0.0062 m
Now we are ready to calculate the rate of heat transfer by substitution of known
values into the above equation.
Rate = (0.27 W/m/°C)•(2.16 m2)•(21°C - -4°C)/(0.0062 m)
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Rate = 2400 W (rounded from 2352 W)
Compare between counter flow and parallel

according to heat
Heat exchangers are typically classified according to flow arrangement and type of
construction. The simplest heat exchanger is one for which the hot and cold fluids
move in the same or opposite directions. This heat exchanger consists of two
concentric pipes of different diameters.
parallel-flow arrangement. In the parallel-flow arrangement, the hot and cold fluids
enter at the same end, flow in the same direction, and leave at the same end.
counter-flow arrangement. In the counter-flow arrangement, the fluids enter at
opposite ends, flow in opposite directions, and leave at opposite ends.
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Four Stroke Cycle Engines

A four-stroke cycle engine is an internal combustion engine that utilizes four distinct
piston strokes (intake, compression, power, and exhaust) to complete one
operating cycle. The piston make two complete passes in the cylinder to complete
one operating cycle. An operating cycle requires two revolutions (720°) of the
crankshaft. The four-stroke cycle engine is the most common type of small engine.
A four-stroke cycle engine completes five Strokes in one operating cycle, including
intake, compression, ignition, power, and exhaust Strokes.
Intake Stroke
The intake event is when the air-fuel mixture is introduced to fill the combustion
chamber. The intake event occurs when the piston moves from TDC to BDC and
the intake valve is open. The movement of the piston toward BDC creates a low
pressure in the cylinder. Ambient atmospheric pressure forces the air-fuel mixture
through the open intake valve into the cylinder to fill the low pressure area created
by the piston movement. The cylinder continues to fill slightly past BDC as the air-
fuel mixture continues to flow by its own inertia while the piston begins to change
direction. The intake valve remains open a few degrees of crankshaft rotation after
BDC. Depending on engine design. The intake valve then closes and the air-fuel
mixture is sealed inside the cylinder.
Compression Stroke
The compression stroke is when the trapped air-fuel mixture is compressed inside
the cylinder. The combustion chamber is sealed to form the charge. The charge is
the volume of compressed air-fuel mixture trapped inside the combustion
chamber ready for ignition. Compressing the air-fuel mixture allows more energy
to be released when the charge is ignited. Intake and exhaust valves must be
closed to ensure that the cylinder is sealed to provide compression. Compression
is the process of reducing or squeezing a charge from a large volume to a smaller
volume in the combustion chamber. The flywheel helps to maintain the
momentum necessary to compress the charge
Ignition Event
The ignition (combustion) event occurs when the charge is ignited and rapidly
oxidized through a chemical reaction to release heat energy. Combustion is the
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rapid, oxidizing chemical reaction in which a fuel chemically combines with oxygen
in the atmosphere and releases energy in the form of heat.
Power Stroke
The power stroke is an engine operation Stroke in which hot expanding gases force
the piston head away from the cylinder head. Piston force and subsequent motion
are transferred through the connecting rod to apply torque to the crankshaft. The
torque applied initiates crankshaft rotation. The amount of torque produced is
determined by the pressure on the piston, the size of the piston, and the throw of
the engine. During the power Stroke, both valves are closed.
Exhaust Stroke
The exhaust stroke occurs whenspent gases are expelled from the combustion
chamber and released to the atmosphere. The exhaust stroke is the final stroke
and occurs when the exhaust valve is open and the intake valve is closed. Piston
movement evacuates exhaust gases to the atmosphere.
A four-stroke cycle sequences (Ci)

Intake Stroke
The intake valve is open, and fuel and air are drawn past the valve and into the
combustion chamber and cylinder from the intake manifold located on top of the
combustion chamber. The exhaust valve is closed and the electrical contact switch
is open. The fuel/air mixture is at a relatively low pressure (near atmospheric) and
is colored blue in this figure. At the end of the intake stroke, the piston is located
at the far left and begins to move back towards the right.
Compression Stroke
With both valves closed, the combination of the cylinder and combustion chamber
form a completely closed vessel containing the fuel/air mixture. As the piston is
pushed to the right, the volume is reduced and the fuel/air mixture is compressed
during the compression stroke.
Power Stroke
At the beginning of the power stroke, the electrical contact is opened. The sudden
opening of the contact produces a spark in the combustion chamber which ignites
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the fuel/air mixture. Rapid combustion of the fuel releases heat, and produces
exhaust gases in the combustion chamber.
Exhaust Stroke
At the end of the power stroke, the piston is located at the far left. Heat that is left
over from the power stroke is now transferred to the water in the water jacket
until the pressure approaches atmospheric pressure. The exhaust valve is then
opened by the cam pushing on the rocker arm to begin the exhaust stroke.
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Mechanical efficiency is the ratio that shows how much of the power developed
by the expanding gases in the cylinder is actually delivered to the output shaft. It
is a comparison between the bhp and the ihp. It can be expressed by the formula:
Brake horsepower is the useful power delivered to the propeller shaft. Indicated
horsepower is the total hp developed in the cylinders. The difference between the
two is friction horsepower (fhp), the power lost in overcoming friction. The factor
that has the greatest effect on mechanical efficiency is the friction within the
engine itself. The friction between moving parts in an engine remains practically
constant throughout an engine’s speed range. Therefore, the mechanical efficiency
of an engine is highest when the engine is running at the rpm at which maximum
bhp is developed. Mechanical efficiency of the average aircraft reciprocating engine
approaches .
The four-stroke engine is the most common type of internal combustion engine
and is used in many cars such as cars, trucks, and some motorcycles. The four-
stroke engine provides one power stroke for every two piston turns. Four-stroke
engine and more explanation of the process below.
The thermal efficiency of these gasoline engines will vary depending on the
car model and design. However, in general, gasoline engines convert 20% of the
fuel into mechanical energy as only 15% will be used to move the wheels. One of
the ways in which the thermodynamic efficiency of engines can be improved is with
a higher compression ratio. This ratio is the difference between the minimum and
maximum size in the engine room. A higher ratio will allow in a greater mixture of
fuel and air, causing higher pressure, resulting in a hotter room, which increases
thermal efficiency.
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Equations of Mechanical Efficiency
Efficiency Formula
Efficiency is a measure of how much work or energy is conserved in a process. In
many processes, work or energy is lost, for example as waste heat or vibration.
The efficiency is the energy output, divided by the energy input, and expressed as
a percentage. A perfect process would have an efficiency of 100%.
η = efficiency (Greek letter "eta")
Wout = the work or energy produced by a process. Units are Joules (J).
Win = the work or energy put in to a process. Units are Joules (J).
Relation between mechanical efficiency and two stroke
and four stroke
4-Stroke:
In a 4-stroke engine, the piston completes 2-strokes during each revolution: one
compression stroke and one exhaust stroke, each being followed by a return
stroke. The spark plugs fire only once every other revolution, and power is
produced every 4-strokes of the piston. These engines also do not require pre-
mixing of fuel and oil, as they have a separate compartment for the oil.
2-Stroke:
In a 2-stroke engine, the entire combustion cycle is completed with just one piston
stroke: a compression stroke followed by the explosion of the compressed fuel.
During the return stroke, the exhaust is let out and a fresh fuel mixture enters the
cylinder. The spark plugs fire once every single revolution, and power is produced
once every 2-strokes of the piston. Two-stroke engines also require the oil to be
pre-mixed in with the fuel.
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Heat losses and output and input in system of two stroke
and four stroke
This thesis focuses on measurement of the heat and mechanical losses
in I.C.engines based on a gasoline engine data operated on different engine
speeds. The objective is to determine the classic and modern methods of
measurement the heat and mechanical losses. The transfer of energy is
measured for losses to the engine coolant and exhaust, usable power output, as
well as friction losses. A major part of the energy is lost with the exhaust
gases. In addition, another major part of energy input is rejected in the form of
heat via the cooling system. Energy loss increases with increasing engines
speed and load and thus the mechanical efficiency decreases. Future
improvements to obtain distinguishable results are outlined
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Otto cycle description
PV
T-s diagram
Diesel cycle description
Pv-diagram
T-s diagram
The image shows a p-V diagram for the ideal Diesel cycle; where {\displaystyle p}p
is pressure and V the volume or {\displaystyle v}v the specific volume if the
process is placed on a unit mass basis. The idealized Diesel cycle assumes an ideal
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gas and ignores combustion chemistry, exhaust- and recharge procedures and
simply follows four distinct processes:
1→2 : isentropic compression of the fluid (blue)

2→3 : reversible constant pressure heating (red)
3→4 : isentropic expansion (yellow)
4→1 : reversible constant volume cooling (green)[1]
The Diesel engine is a heat engine: it converts heat into work. During the bottom
isentropic processes (blue), energy is transferred into the system in the form of
work {\displaystyle W_{in}}W_{in}, but by definition (isentropic) no energy is
transferred into or out of the system in the form of heat. During the constant
pressure (red, isobaric) process, energy enters the system as heat {\displaystyle
Q_{in}}Q_{in}. During the top isentropic processes (yellow), energy is
transferred out of the system in the form of {\displaystyle W_{out}}W_{out},
but by definition (isentropic) no energy is transferred into or out of the system in
the form of heat. During the constant volume (green, isochoric) process, some of
energy flows out of the system as heat through the right depressurizing process
{\displaystyle Q_{out}}Q_{{out}}. The work that leaves the system is equal to
the work that enters the system plus the difference between the heat added to
the system and the heat that leaves the system; in other words, net gain of work
is equal to the difference between the heat added to the system and the heat that
leaves the system.
Description of diagram
1-Work in ({\displaystyle W_{in}}W_{in}) is done by the piston compressing the
air (system)
2-Heat in ({\displaystyle Q_{in}}Q_{in}) is done by the combustion of the fuel
3-Work out ({\displaystyle W_{out}}W_{out}) is done by the working fluid
expanding and pushing a piston (this produces usable work)
4-Heat out ({\displaystyle Q_{out}}Q_{{out}}) is done by venting the air
5-Net work produced = {\displaystyle Q_{in}}Q_{in} - {\displaystyle
Q_{out}}Q_{{out}}
The net work produced is also represented by the area enclosed by the cycle on
the P-V diagram. The net work is produced per cycle and is also called the useful
work, as it can be turned to other useful types of energy and propel a vehicle
Eng. Mohamed
Allam
24
(kinetic energy) or produce electrical energy. The summation of many such cycles
per unit of time is called the developed power. The {\displaystyle
W_{out}}W_{out} is also called the gross work, some of which is used in the next
cycle of the engine to compress the next charge of air
Relative efficiency formula
Comparing the two formulae it can be seen that for a given compression ratio (r),
the ideal Otto cycle will be more efficient. However, a real diesel engine will be
more efficient overall since it will have the ability to operate at higher
compression ratios. If a petrol engine were to have the same compression ratio,
then knocking (self-ignition) would occur and this would severely reduce the
efficiency, whereas in a diesel engine, the self ignition is the desired behavior.
Additionally, both of these cycles are only idealizations, and the actual behavior
does not divide as clearly or sharply. Furthermore, the ideal Otto cycle formula
stated above does not include throttling losses, which do not apply to diesel
engines.
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Eng. Mohamed
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27
Compare between two stroke engine And four stroke
engine
Pro’s and Con’s:
So, which is ‘better’? Here are a few of the pro’s and con’s to both engine
designs:
As far as efficiency goes, the 4-stroke certainly wins. This is due to the fact that
fuel is consumed once every 4 strokes.
Four-stroke engines are heavier; they weigh upwards of 50% more than a
comparable 2stroke engine.
Typically, a 2-stroke engine creates more torque at a higher RPM, while a 4-
stroke engine creates a higher torque at a lower RPM.
The 4-stroke engine is also much quieter, a 2-stoke engine is significantly louder
and has a distinctive, high-pitched “buzzing” sound.
Because 2-stroke engines are designed to run at a higher RPM, they also tend to
wear out faster; a 4-stroke engine is generally more durable. That being said, 2-
stroke engines are more powerful.
Two-stroke engines are a much simpler design, making them easier to fix. They
do not have valves, but rather ports. Four-stroke engines have more parts,
therefore they are more expensive and repairs cost more.
Two-stroke engines require pre-mixing of oil and fuel, while the 4-strokes do not.
Four-strokes are more environmentally friendly; in a 2-stroke engine, burnt oil is
also released into the air with the exhaust.
Two-stroke engines are typically found in smaller applications such as remote-
controlled cars, lawn tools, chainsaws, boat motors and dirt bikes. Four-stroke
engines are found in anything from go-karts, lawnmowers and dirt bikes, right up
to the typical internal combustion engine in your vehicle. It’s up to you to decide
which engine you prefer, and for what purpose.
At Berryman Products, we are committed to providing prompt personal service

and producing products that meet the highest quality standards of performance,
reliability and environmental responsibility. Check out our website and Facebook
page for accurate information and quality products you need to handle your most
common vehicle issues.
Intake: The piston moves down the cylinder allowing a mixture of furl and air into
the combustion chamber
Compression: The piston moves back up the cylinder; the intake valve is closed
Eng. Mohamed
Allam
28
to compress the gasses within
Combustion: A spark from the spark plug ignites the gas
Exhaust: The piston goes back up the cylinder and the exhaust valve is opened
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Eng. Mohamed
Allam
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"Good Luck"
Higher Nationals - Summative Assignment Feedback Form
Eng. Mohamed
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Student Name Mostafa hany Student ID 1900012
Unit Title Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Engines
Assignment Number 2 Assignment Title Heat Transfer and Internal combustion Engine
Performance
Assessor Summative Feedback: Feedback should be against the learning outcomes and assessment
criteria to help students understand how these inform the process of judging the overall grade. *should be
constructive and useful including:
- Feedback should give full guidance to the students on how they have met the learning outcomes and
assessment criteria
a) Strengths of performance
b) Limitations of performance
c) Any improvements needed in future assessments
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Re-submission Date
submission
Resubmission Feedback:
*Please note resubmission feedback is focussed only on the resubmitted work
Eng. Mohamed
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Internal Verifier’s Comments:
Signature: Date: / /2020
* Please note that grade decisions are provisional. They are only confirmed once internal and external moderation
has taken place and grades decisions have been agreed at the assessment board.
Eng. Mohamed
Allam
Pearson Education
Pearson
33
2016
Education 2016
Higher Education
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Education Qualifications
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Student Name: Mostafa hany ID Number 1900012

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Pearson Education 2016

(P9): Explain the

Pearson Education 2016

2- Spray Foam Insulation

Un lagging pipe definition

I have calculated the thermal resistances as:

Space limit I on and Lengths of parallel and counter

Area = (1.2 m)•(1.8 m) = 2.16 m2.

Rate = (0.27 W/m/°C)•(2.16 m2)•(21°C - -4°C)/(0.0062 m)

Compare between counter flow and parallel

Four Stroke Cycle Engines

A four-stroke cycle sequences (Ci)

η = efficiency (Greek letter "eta")

1→2 : isentropic compression of the fluid (blue)

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c) Any improvements needed in future assessments

Assessor Signature: Date: / /2020

/ /2020 Actual Date Received Re- / /2020

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