GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY

Established under Galgotia’s University Uttar Pradesh Act No. 14 of 2011

Designing of Parking Management System using QGIS software

A DISSERTATION
Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By: - Under the Supervision of -

Akash Madan (17GSCE101072) Mr. Deepak Kumar Soni
Kunal Sahu (17GSCE101076) Professor, School of Civil Engineering
Akash (17GSCE101012) Galgotias University
Shivam AKS (17GSCE1010)
Certificate
We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the dissertation titled, “Designing of Parking
Management System using QGIS software” in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering, Galgotias University, is an authentic record of our
own work carried out during the period from July 2020 to November 2020, under the supervision of Mr.
Deepak Kumar Soni, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Galgotias University.
The matter embodied in this dissertation is original and has not been submitted by us to any other
university/institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.
Akash Madan
Kunal Sahu
Akash
Shivam AKS

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates is correct to the best of my knowledge.

Mr. Deepak Kumar Soni

Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Galgotias University
Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh
Abstract-
In the largest sense, sustainability is management of the social, economic and environmental
impact of human population growth to preserve and sustain the Earth's resources. This paper
looks at some of the benefits automated parking systems (APS) contribute to sustainability
programs. Two of the greatest challenges with sustainability today are urbanization and motorization.
Urbanization is the trend of more-and-more people to live in relatively small land areas (urban or high
population density). The United Nations reports 30% of the world's population lived in urban areas in 1950.
This has increased to 54% as of 2014 and is projected to be 66% by 2050. Likewise, motorization is a
measure of the number of cars in use. Ward's automotive trade
journal estimates there were 1 billion cars in use worldwide in 2010 and projections are for 2
billion by 2035.
Acknowledgement

We would like to thank our supervisor Mr. Deepak Kumar Soni (Professor, School of Civil Engineering,
Galgotias University) for his help, excellent guidance and supporting us throughout this project and also
providing us with excellent atmosphere for doing research.
We would like to thank Civil Department and some random people who help us while doing this project.
Finally, we are thankful to all whoever have contributed in our dissertation work directly or indirectly.
1. Origin of the Proposal:

In recent years, the university campus provides all staff and students a place for their working, studying, and
even living. Parking is one of the important topics in urban transportation planning and traffic management.
This is true too for the university campus. In recent years, India’s higher education has developed rapidly,
which has led to a dramatic increase of students educated on campuses and thus a severe shortage of land
used for teaching and researching. For providing students enough space for living and guaranteeing the land
used for teaching and researching, many university employees who originally living outside the campus are
encouraged to move out.

They have private cars used for commuting between their living places and the campus. Consequently, the
number of private cars owned by them has increased notably. In addition, communication between
universities and communities is much closer than before because of the system reform currently occurring in
this country. Therefore, how to formulate and manage the campus transportation system, particularly the
parking subsystem, has attracted much attention in both academic and practical circles.

2. Objectives (Only 4-5 focused one that can be observed, measured or clearly assessable)

● Analysis of the Galgotias university parking space, campus inflow and outflow of vehicles, location
of parking lots, and corresponding capacity during peak hours,

● Identification of a suitable area for the parking system for Galgotias University with the use of QGIS
software and, selection of the best economical parking system for the campus.

● Implementation of the selected parking system on the university campus.

3. Review of status of Research and Development in the subject

3.1 International Status:

Parking lots are one of the sites where many contact accidents between vehicles and people occur. In
particular, very tragic accidents involving small children in parking lots are much too common due to the
difficulty of seeing a child from the driver’s seat of a vehicle in a crowded parking lot. Approximately 300
victims are reported as casualties of traffic accidents in parking lots annually.

In addition to this, a significant percentage of public drivers have expressed difficulty in parking even their
own vehicles (see Figure 2). In particular, parking a vehicle into a narrow space that requires multiple
actions, i.e., reversing and advancing a vehicle multiple times while avoiding contact with surrounding
objects, is particularly stressful. Furthermore, such parking manoeuvres are often slow and this may hinder
smooth traffic flows and cause traffic jams.
Currently, some vehicles with built-in, partially-automated parking systems are already on the market. In
response to this trend, Japan filed a proposal with the ISO for international standardization of such systems
to clarify necessary performance requirements to allow for the future, broad dissemination of automated
vehicle parking systems that meet specific performance criteria.
 Figure 1: Sites where vehicle accidents occurred

Fig 2: Types of driving operations that drivers feel that they are not good at.

3.2 National Status:

The industrialization of the world, increase in population, slow paced city development and mismanagement
of the available parking space has resulted in parking related problems. There is a dire need for a secure,
intelligent, efficient and reliable system which can be used for searching the unoccupied parking facility,
guidance towards the parking facility, negotiation of the parking fee, along with the proper management of
the parking facility. Intelligent Parking Service is a part of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).
According to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (Mirth), India (2018), there is whooping growth
in motor vehicle population of nearly 400% from 55 million in 2001 to 210 million in 2015 in India, as
shown in Fig. 1. The growth rate of motor vehicles is even higher for densely populated urban cities like
Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, etc., in India. It has surprisingly been noted that in National Capital Territory
(NCT) of Delhi, the growth rate of population is about 1%, but the increasing rate of motor vehicles is
around 7% (Directorate of Economics and Statistics, 2018). Fig. 2 shows the vehicle composition in India
considering two-wheelers (TW), car, bus, goods vehicle (GV), etc., in which it can be clearly seen that
private vehicles (TW and car) dominated throughout the period (greater than 85% in 2015). Due to this high
growth rate, parking has become integrated component of buildings as well as roadways. Hence, it creates a
requirement while planning each infrastructure.

Fig – Automobile Market in India

3.3 Importance of the proposed project in the context of current status

Due to the proliferation in the number of vehicles on the road, traffic problems are bound to exist. This is
due to the fact that the current transportation infrastructure and car park facility developed are unable to
cope with the influx of vehicles on the road. To alleviate the aforementioned problems, the smart parking
system has been developed. With the implementation of the smart parking system, patrons can easily locate
and secure a vacant parking space at any car park deemed convenient to them. Vehicle ingress and egress
are also made more convenient with the implementation of hassle-free payment mechanism.

3.4 If the project is location specific, basis for selection of location be highlighted:

Area selected for the design of this advanced parking system is the Galgotias University Campus of Greater
Noida. It is vital to develop this kind of parking system in our university as it has high strength of day
scholar students including a large number of faculties as Galgotias University offer a large number of
courses and it does not have any proper parking system which cause an improper shock waves of vehicles

Location of study area (Galgotias University Campus)

4. Conceptual Definition and Literature Review:

● QGIS Software: QGIS functions as geographic information system (GIS) software, allowing

users to analyze and edit spatial information, in addition to composing and exporting
graphical maps. QGIS supports both raster and vector layers; vector data is stored as either
point, line, or polygon features.

● Demand Supply Analysis

The calculation about Parking Volume, Parking Accumulation, Parking Load, Parking Duration,
Parking Index, Parking Turn-over etc. have been done with the collected data. The demand and
supply scenario have been analysed from these terms.

● Parking lot size: If you operate a university, the recommended number of spaces will be higher than
if your parking lot is primarily for restaurant guests. Some industries have code requirements for
parking — determined by the square footage of the facility — while others have recommendations
based on seats or rooms, as in a hotel.

● Pavement thickness: Depending on the weight your asphalt will hold day in and day out,
the thickness of your pavement will vary. Larger vehicles, such as trucks bearing shipping loads, will
require more significant depth. This traffic class, along with the subgrade soil class, or the quality of
the soil beneath your pavement, determine how thick your pavement should go for the highest
durability.

● Consider accessibility requirements: Account for extra space you'll need for van-accessible

parking spaces, handicap parking spaces, walkways, ramps and curb structures. A parking lot needs
to be accessible and safe for everyone who uses it. This requirement can include extra access aisles
between spaces and the room for additional parking barriers.

● Ecological transformation: To transform the car park into an ecological site, the design studio
converted the sterile coated soils into autonomous green spaces, recycling the asphalt areas into
natural terrains that reintroduce biodiversity. Designated areas in the proposed project are
transformed into an agri-food sector, giving people the ability to rent or sell gardening spaces to buy
 and produce “zero-packaging” fruits and vegetables.

● Planning of Sustainablity: The project ensures eco-responsibility by introducing sustainable means

throughout the site. The hypermarket and parking are powered by solar panels installed on site. The
surplus of energy produced is resold to the neighboring houses, generating an additional income and
providing the parking’s neighborhood with sustainable energy. Rainwater is recovered and filtered in
natural ground, and the organic waste is recycled.

● Space efficiency: For the most space-conscious parking slots, always opt for the 90-degree angled
spaces. To further optimize space in the parking areas, consider creating a lot that is rectangular
rather than an irregular shape. Another standard recommendation is to make the long sides of the
parking lot parallel to each other, with parking spaces located along the perimeter of the lot. Finally,
allow two-way traffic lanes to access parking stalls on either side of the driving aisle for the highest
space efficiency.

● Parking space angles: The angles at which your parking slots are aligned with the driving aisles
depend largely on the purpose of your lot. Angles at 45 to 60 degrees are ideal for a parking lot with
high turnover, like a convenience store parking lot. Ninety-degree angled parking spaces are the most
difficult to park in, so they're often reserved for overnight or employee parking.
 ● Figure out the number of spaces: Going back to the purpose of your parking lot, pinpoint how
many parking spaces are either recommended in your industry or enforced by building code
requirements. Knowing the number of spaces, you need to fit into the parking area will help you see
whether you have room for other parking lot amenities that are less essential, such as two-way
barrier gates, which can require a sizeable space.

5.Work Plan:
4.1 Methodology
Before designing the appropriate parking system, we need to collect some data to complete the
parking demand

● Population Growth calculation in campus

● Parking Demand
● Open Area in Campus
● (Using QGIS)
● Number of Students and Staff
● Number of vehicles Registered

.Install QGIS Plug-in and Upload a base map.

Install QGIS Plug-in Go to Plugins and select Manage and Install plugins. This will open the plugins
dialogue box and type Open Layers Plugin and click on Install plugin. This plugin will give you access to
Google Maps, open Street map layers and others, and it is very useful to make quick maps from Google
satellite, physical, and street layers. However, the Open Layers plugin could generate zoom errors in your
maps. There is another plug in: Quick Map Service which uses tile servers and not the direct api for getting
Google layers and others. This is a very useful plugin which offers more options for base maps and less
zoom errors. To install it you should follow the same steps as you did for the Open Layers plugin except this
time you’ll type Quick Map Service and install the plugin.
Also, If you want to experiment with Quick Map services you can expand the plugin: Go to Web->Quick
Map Services->Settings->More services and click on get contributed pack. This will generate more options
for mapping.

2. Add the base layer Map:

I recommend playing with the various options in either Open Layers like the Google satellite, physical, and
other maps layers, or Quick Map Service.

For this map, we will use ESRI library from Quick Map services. Go to–> Web- ->QuickMapServices–>
Esri–> ESRI Satellite . You should see your satellite map.
You can click on the zoom in icon to adjust the zoom, as shown in the map below where I   zoom in the
Galapagos Islands. You’ll also notice that on the left side you have a Layers panel box, this box shows all
the layers you add to your map. Layers can be raster data or vector data, in this case we see the layer: ESRI
Satellite. At the far left you’ll see a list of icons that are used to import your layers. It is important to know
what kind of data you are importing to QGIS to use the correct function.
III. Adding our vector data.
We will now add our data file which contains latitude and longitude of all the sites we collected samples, in
addition to values for salinity, temperature, and turbidity. You can do this with your own data by creating a
file in excel  and have a column with longitude and latitude values and columns with other variables  and
save it as a csv file. To input data you’ll go to the icons on the far left and click on “Add   Delimited Text
Layer”. Or you can click on Layer-> Add Layer-> Add Delimited Text Layer. You’ll browse to the file with
your data. Make sure that csv is selected for File format. Additionally, make sure that X field represents the
column for your longitude points and Y field for latitude. QGIS is smart enough to recognize longitude and
latitude columns but double check! You can also see an overview of the data with columns for latitude,
longitude, Barometer mmHg, conductivity, Salinity psu and other variables. You can leave everything else
as default and click ok. You’ll be prompt to select the coordinate reference system selector, and this is very
important because if you do not select the right one you’ll get your points in the wrong location. For GPS
coordinates, as the data we are using here, you need to select WGS 84 ESPG 43126.
Now we can see all the points where we collected data!
As we saw earlier, the data contains environmental measurements such as: salinity, turbidity, temperature
and others. We can style the layer with our sampling points based on the variables of our data. In this
example we will create a layer representing salinity values. You’ll right click on the layer with our data in
the Layer Panel, in this case our layer: 2017_ecuador_ysi_dat.. and select properties. The are many styles
you can choose for the layer and the styling options are located in the Style tab of the Properties dialogue.
Clicking on the drop-down bottom in the Style dialogue, you’ll see there are five options available: Single
Symbol, Categorized, Graduated, Rule Based and Point displacement. We’ll use Graduated which allows
you to break down the data in unique classes. Here we will use the salinity values and will classify them into
3 classes: low, medium, and high salinity. There are 5 modes available in the Graduated style to do this:
Equal interval, Quantile, Natural breaks, Standard deviation and Pretty breaks. You can read more about
these options in QGIS documentation.
In this tutorial, for simplicity  we’ll use the Quantile option. This method will decide the classes such that
number of values in each class are the same; for example, if there are 100 values and we want 4 classes, the
quantile method decide the classes such that each class will have 25 values.
In the Style section: Select->Graduated, in Column->salinity psu, and in color ramp we’ll do colors
ranging from yellow to red.
In the classes box write down 3 and  select mode–>Quantile. Click on classify, and QGIS will classify your
values in different ranges.
Now we have all the data points color in the 3 different ranges: low, medium, and high salinity.
However, we have a lot of points and it is hard to visualize the data points. We can edit the points by right
clicking on the marker points and select edit symbol. Now, I am going to get rid of the black outline to make
the points easy to visualize. Select the point by clicking on Simple Marker and in Outline style select
the No Pen. Do the same for the remaining two points. Nice, now we can better see variations in our points
based on salinity!

IV. Print Composer: making a final map

We can start to assemble the final version of our  map. QGIS has the option to create a Print composer
where you can edit your map. Go to Project -> New Print composer You will be prompted to enter a title for
the composer, enter the title name and hit ok. You will be taken to the Composer window. In the Print
composer window, we want to bring the map view that we see in the QGIS canvas to the composer. Go to
Layout-> Add a Map. Once the Add map button is active, hold the left mouse and drag a rectangle where
you want to insert the map. You will see that the rectangle window will be rendered with the map from the
main QGIS canvas. You can see in the far right end the Items box; this  shows you the map you just added.
If you want to make changes, you’ll select the map and edit it under item properties. Sometimes it is useful
to edit the scale until you are happy with the map. We can also add a second map of the location of Cayapas
Mataje in South America as a  geographic reference. Go to the main QGIS canvas and zoom out the map
until you can see where in South America the reserve is located. Now go back to Print Composer and add
the map of  the entire region. You’ll do the same as with the first map. Go to Layout–> Add map. Drag a
rectangle where you want to insert the map. You will see that the rectangle window will be rendered with
the map from the main QGIS canvas. In Items box, you can see you have Map 0 and Map 1. Select Map 1,
and add a frame under Item properties, click on Frame to activate it and adjust the thickness to 0.40mm. We
can add a North arrow to the map. The print composer comes with a collection of map related images
including many North arrows. Click layout–> add image. Hold on the left mouse button, draw a rectangle on
the top-right corner of the map canvas. On the right-hand panel, click on the Item Properties tab and expand
the Search directories and select the north arrow image you like the most. Once you’ve selected your
image, you can always edit the arrow under SVG parameters. Now we’ll add a scale bar. Click on Layout–
> Add a Scale bar. Click on the layout where you want the scale bar to appear. Choose the Style and units
that fit your requirement. In the Segments panel, you can adjust the number of segments and their size.
Make sure Map 0 is selected under main properties. I’ll add a legend to the map. Go to Layout–> add a
Legend. Hold on the left mouse button, and draw a rectangle on the area you want the legend to appear. You
can make any changes such as adding a title in the item properties, changing fonts and renaming your legend
points by clicking on them and writing the text you want. It’s time to label our map. Click on Layout ‣ Add
Label. Click on the map and draw a box where the label should be. In the Item Properties tab, expand
the Label section and enter the text as shown below. You can also make additional changes to your font, size
by editing the label under Appearance. Once you have your final version, you can export it as Image, PDF
or SVG. For this tutorial, let’s export it as an image. Click Composer ‣ Export as Image.

Now you can try the tutorial with your own data. Making maps is always a bit challenging but put your
imagination to work!

Here is a list of links that could help with QGIS:

-QGIS blog with various tutorials and new info on functions to use: here.
-If you want more information on how QGIS handles symbol and vector data styling: here  is a good tutorial.
-If you need data, a good place to start is Natural Earth: Free vector and raster basemap data used for almost
any cartographic endeavor.

Space Efficiency and Sustainability

Accommodating increasing numbers of people and cars in a sustainable manner requires

efficiency, especially space efficiency. The fundamental purpose of an automated parking system (APS) is
significantly reducing the land area and volume required for car. APS can more than double the number of
parking spaces of conventional parking. The design flexibility of APS allows them to fit in locations or areas
where other parking solutions are too large or unfeasible.
The ultimate in sustainable efficiency is putting parking in otherwise unused or unusable areas.
The smaller size and design flexibility of APS enable parking spaces to be put in locations
too small for conventional parking facilities. Similarly, the APS size and volume also make
underground parking less expensive than conventional underground parking. This optimizes the use of land
and makes available more green, open and living space as well as sunlight and unobstructed views.

Sustainability & Efficient Resource Use

Our planet has finite resources. Sustainability demands using, re-using and preserving
resources as efficiently as possible. Steel is the most widely recycled material worldwide. Using recycled
steel reduces CO2 emissions and energy consumption by 75% compared to steel made from virgin materials.
Recycled steel can represent up to 85% of the building materials used in an APS. Moreover, the smaller
building size reduces the need for all building materials and the amount of construction waste compared to
traditional parking facilities. Smaller excavations also require moving and disposing of less earth, less
shoring and less building and disruption time.
In many situations, APS aid sustainability through efficient energy usage. APS require
substantially less or no lighting, ventilation, security systems, people elevators and other
accommodations, which minimizes electricity consumption, particularly in underground and
enclosed parking applications.

Quality of Life and Sustainability

When the quality of life deteriorates in a community, people suffer and various inefficiencies
make life in the community unsustainable. Safety and security are vitally important to
sustainability. Neighborhoods can't survive without them. APS are inherently safe and secure.
Vandals and thieves have no place to hide in an APS and can't access or steal cars in the
parking area. Drivers using APS do not walk through parking areas but only access open and
high visibility areas at street level. Parking should be convenient and close to homes, shopping and
workplaces. It must also be available and accessible for everyone. Parking in an APS is easy with space and
accessibility for everyone. No special parking spaces or accommodations are needed for mothers with
children, vans with wheelchair lifts or those with limited mobility. This eliminates the space often wasted by
special parking spaces while meeting the needs of everyone and eliminates parking damages.

Sustainability and the Environment

Protection of the environment is a key element of sustainability that encompasses all of nature
and natural processes. Reducing airborne pollutants such as CO2, NOx and particulate matter
generated by cars is always good and APS help to reduce such pollutants in a number of ways.
APS reduce airborne pollutants by eliminating all driving, circling and waiting typically needed
to locate a parking space in a multi-storey car park. Users simply leave their locked cars with
the engine off at the APS entrance and the automated system parks and retrieves them.
Moreover, increased parking availability reduces the 30% of cars circling (looking for parking)
in urban traffic congestion estimated by the International Parking Institute.
There is a host of other environmental challenges eliminated or made better by automated
parking systems. Among these challenges are reducing urban heat build up, minimizing
rainwater runoff into streams and rivers, better capturing leaked oil and fluid pollutants from
cars and controlling light and noise pollution.

Sustainability Benchmarks

Sustainability and "green" building are more than nice ideas but have become a regulated
necessity. Local governments, building owners and other stakeholders increasingly demand
buildings meet certain levels of sustainable design. Two of the major organisations that set
sustainability benchmarks and targets are LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design) and BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment
Methodology).
Automated parking systems, like those from Skyline Parking, provide the highest levels of
sustainability, environmental protection and efficient resource usage of any car parking
solutions to help meet your LEED or BREEAM goals. But, this doesn't mean having to sacrifice
profitability. The flexibility and performance of Skyline APS often result in the best ROI and
0profitability.

Conclusion

Parking demand management is now an important issue all over the world. As more as the world getting
modernized and mechanized the no. of vehicles are increasing. To provide parking spaces for all these
vehicles in the working hour and in the free hour is a tough job. Various strategies such as- restriction,
pricing, fixation of time duration etc. are practiced all over the world to minimize this problem and to
manage the huge parking demand in the peak period limited spaces should be used fruitfully.