SHS

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 2 - Module 6
It’s Literally Everywhere!
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Practical Research 1
Quarter 1 – Module 7– It’s Literally Everywhere!

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over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Romadel C. Gonzalo
Editor: Lany M. Abainza
Illustrator: Jason C. Borabo
Layout Artist: Atty. Catherine B. Panti
Reviewers: Lany M. Abainza and _____________
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MODULE 6
It’s Literally Everywhere!

Hi there! I am so happy to have you back in our class.

Today is another fun and exciting time to learn new concepts and
develop your skills in research.
In this module, you will learn how to explain what inferring is
,distinguish patterns from themes and delve into different
strategies in inferring and explaining data.
So, let’s get started!

Specifically, after working on this module, you should be able to infer and
explain patterns and themes from data.

YOUR READINESS CHECK

For your readiness check, provide words that make remind you of the
word in the middle of the diagram.

Data

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If you are done answering, check your work and see the answers
in the Answer Key page. Then, be back on this page.

How well did you do in your readiness check?

If you got everything right, Good job! That’s a great start for your
learning adventure. However, if you weren’t able to fill all circles,
don’t worry. I am here to help you. All you have to do is go along
this module and practice all the activities. Also, don’t forget to give
it your best. Let’s go!

YOUR VOCABULARY BUILDER

As you go through the lesson, you will encounter some words which are crucial
in understanding the module. Take some time to understand their meanings.
1. Infer
- to derive as a conclusion from facts or premises
2. Theme
- a specific and distinctive quality, characteristic, or concern
3. Data
- factual information (such as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for
reasoning, discussion, or calculation.
4. Analysis
- a detailed examination of anything complex in order to understand its nature
or to determine its essential features : a thorough study

Great job!
Now that you are already equipped with some of the needed
information, I think you are now ready to continue with your
learning adventure. Have fun and Good luck!

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YOUR INITIAL TASK

For your initial task, try to answer the questions below. Write your
answers on your answer sheet.

1. When you see or hear the word “pattern”, what comes into your mind?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Mayari was walking home from school. When she saw that the skies were
getting grey, she started to run to their house. Why do you think Mayari started
to run to their house when the skies were getting grey?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. When you see or hear the word “themes”, what comes into your mind?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

YOUR GUIDE

Try to look back at your initial task. One of the questions in the task asked for
your opinion on what will happen based on the given data. What you just did was
inferencing by analyzing the dat. Let’s delve deeper on inferring.
What is Inferring?
Hiraya kept on playing games on her phone until midnight. When she woke up,
it was already 7:00a.m and school is around 20 minutes away from her house. What
do you think will happen to Hiraya? That’s right. Hiraya will be late for school since she
has to prepare and travel to school. Usually, school starts at 7:30a.m, doesn’t it?
Therefore, based on the data given, you were able to infer that Hiraya will be late for
school and explain the reason for why she will be late. It’s because she woke up late
due to her playing games until midnight.
Inferring is the process of deriving to an idea or a conclusion based on
preceding facts or data. Inferencing is using observation and background to reach a
logical conclusion. It is very important for research data analysis since you, as
proponents, will interpret data and give your inferences and explanation depending on
the patterns and themes of the data you gathered.

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Let’s have another example. Suppose your research paper is efficiency of
Facebook as a platform for online classes. Your respondents are senior high school
students between the ages of 15-19 and most answered that Facebook is more
effective than other social media platforms in terms of online classes. What will be
your inference? Of course, your inference will depend on the majority of the answers
based on the collected data.
For you to be able to infer and explain data, there must be patterns and themes
that occur in the information that you gathered.

What are Patterns and Themes from Data?

People are oftentimes drawn into patterns and themes for uniformity and easy
distinction. Let us now dissect what patterns and themes are.
When we speak of patterns, these are repeated sequences or designs. They
may also be repeated actions that are done regularly, hence becoming patterns.
Whereas, a theme is generated when similar issues and ideas expressed by
participants within qualitative data are brought together by the researcher into a single
category or cluster. - This ‘theme’ may be labeled by a word or expression taken
directly from the data or by one created by the researcher because it seems to best
characterize the essence of what is being said.

Strategies to Infer and Explain Data

In qualitative research, there are two ways to infer and explain data. These are
Thematic Analysis and Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA).
Thematic Analysis is a widely used method of analysis in qualitative research.
Braun and Clarke (2006) stated that thematic analysis is a foundational method of
analysis that needed to be defined and described to solidify its place in qualitative
research. It is a step-by-step process which were then identified by Braun and Clarke.
These steps are the following:
1. Familiarization with the data: This phase involves reading and re-reading
the data, to become immersed and intimately familiar with its content.
2. Coding: This phase involves generating succinct labels (codes!) that identify
important features of the data that might be relevant to answering the research
question. It involves coding the entire dataset, and after that, collating all the codes
and all relevant data extracts, together for later stages of analysis.
3. Searching for themes: This phase involves examining the codes and
collated data to identify significant broader patterns of meaning (potential themes). It
then involves collating data relevant to each candidate theme, so that you can work
with the data and review the viability of each candidate theme
4.Reviewing themes: This phase involves checking the candidate themes
against the dataset, to determine that they tell a convincing story of the data, and one

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that answers the research question. In this phase, themes are typically refined, which
sometimes involves them being split, combined, or discarded.
5. Defining and naming themes: This phase involves developing a detailed
analysis of each theme, working out the scope and focus of each theme, determining
the ‘story’ of each. It also involves deciding on an informative name for each theme.
6.Writing up: This final phase involves weaving together the analytic narrative
and data extracts, and contextualizing the analysis in relation to existing literature.
The ones which were mentioned were the strategies to infer and explain
patterns and themes from data. Let us now have the techniques the different
techniques to identify themes in qualitative data.
1. Word Repetitions - Word repetitions, key- indigenous terms, and key-words-
in-contexts (KWIC) all draw on a simple observation—if you want to understand what
people are talking about, look at the words they use. Word repetitions can be analyzed
formally and informally. In the informal mode, investigators simply read the text and
note words or synonyms that people use a lot. A more formal analysis of word
frequencies can be done by generating a list of all the unique words in a text and
counting the number of times each occurs.
2. Indigenous categories - Another way to find themes is to look for local terms
that may sound unfamiliar or are used in unfamiliar ways. Patton (1990) refers to these
as "indigenous categories" and contrasts them with "analyst- constructed typologies."
Grounded theorist refers to the process of identifying local terms as in vivo coding
(Strauss 1987, Strauss and Corbin 1990).
3. Key-words-in-context (KWIC) – These are closely associated with
indigenous categories. KWIC is based on a simple observation: if you want to
understand a concept, then look at how it is used. In this technique, researchers
identify key words and then systematically search the corpus of text to find all
instances of the word or phrase. Each time they find a word, they make a copy of it
and its immediate context. Themes get identified by physically sorting the examples
into piles of similar meaning.
4. Compare and Contrast - The compare and contrast approach is based on
the idea that themes represent the ways in which texts are either similar or different
from each other. Glazer and Strauss (1967) refer to this as the "constant comparison
method.”
5. Social Science Queries - Besides identifying indigenous themes— themes
that characterize the experience of informants— researchers are interested in
understanding how textual data illuminate questions of importance to social science.
Spradley (1979) suggested searching interviews for evidence of social conflict, cultural
contradictions, informal methods of social control, things that people do in managing
impersonal social relationships, methods by which people acquire and maintain
achieved and ascribed status, and information about how people solve problems.
The second strategy that is used to infer and explain patterns and themes of
data is Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA). It is the range of processes and procedures
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whereby we move from the qualitative data that have been collected into some form
of explanation, understanding, or interpretation of the people and situations the
researchers are investigating.
You collect qualitative data through interviews, observations, or content
analysis and then subject them to data analysis. In your data collecting activities, you
indispensably experience a lot of things vis-a-vis the sources of data, such as their
sizes, shapes, ideas, feelings, attitudes, and so on. If you record these data through
verbal language or graphic means, you get to immerse yourself in a qualitative data
analysis, not quantitative data analysis, for the latter deals with data expressed in
numerical forms. (Layder 2013)
These strategies and techniques are very important for researches since they
help the proponents to have an end in their minds. Moreover, it will delimit the study
into the probability that the researchers are looking for.
Now that you have an idea on how to infer and explain patterns and themes of
research data, let’s have more activities to gather information on what you learned.

YOUR DISCOVERY TASKS

IDENTIFICATION: Give the technique that is used in identifying themes

for qualitative data which are related to the words or phrases given per item.
Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. It focuses on interviews for evidence of social conflict, cultural contradictions,
informal methods of social control, etc.
2. In this technique, researchers identify key words and then systematically
search the corpus of text to find all instances of the word or phrase.
3. This technique focuses on what people are talking about, and how they are
used. These words can be analyzed formally and informally.
4. This is based on the idea that themes represent the ways in which texts are
either similar or different from each other.
5. The words that are used by people are local terms that may sound unfamiliar
or are used in unfamiliar ways.

Congratulations for making it through your Discovery Tasks!

How well did you get the answers?
Were you able to answer everything?

To check if you got them all right, just go the Answer Key page.

If you got 4-5 correct answers, Good job!

If you got lower than 4, that’s okay. Keep on going and never give up. Now,
let’s see how much you’ve learned.

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LET’S SUM IT UP

Inferring is the process of deriving to an idea or a conclusion based on

preceding facts or data. Inferencing is using observation and background to reach a
logical conclusion. It is very important for research data analysis since you, as
proponents, will interpret data and give your inferences and explanation depending on
the patterns and themes of the data you gathered.
When we speak of patterns, these are repeated sequences or designs. They
may also be repeated actions that are done regularly, hence becoming patterns.
Whereas, a theme is generated when similar issues and ideas expressed by
participants within qualitative data are brought together by the researcher into a single
category or cluster.
In qualitative research, there are two ways to infer and explain data. These are
Thematic Analysis and Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA). Thematic Analysis is a
widely used method of analysis in qualitative research. Braun and Clarke (2006) stated
that thematic analysis is a foundational method of analysis that needed to be defined
and described to solidify its place in qualitative research whereas Qualitative Data
Analysis (QDA) is the range of processes and procedures whereby we move from
the qualitative data that have been collected into some form of explanation,
understanding, or interpretation of the people and situations the researchers are
investigating.

YOUR FINAL TASK

A. Check the sentence that expresses what is true about qualitative data
analysis. Do this on your answer sheet.
______ 1. It is a time-saving analysis of data.
______ 2. Its unit of analysis is large language structures like paragraphs.
______ 3. It centers its analysis on opinionated knowledge.
______ 4. It is prone to examining numbers.
______ 5. It cannot use data matrices.
______ 6. It examines verbal language as well as non-verbal language.
______ 7. It puts into codes abstract qualities of people.
______ 8. It analyzes data first before it collects them.
______ 9. Exempted from qualitative-data analysis are prose and non-prose materials.
______ 10. Coding is not for numerical data.

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B. Think of a topic. Try to interview someone about a topic that you think
may help the present situation of this pandemic. Write your manuscript on your
answer sheet.

Example:

Interviewer: Good day. What is your opinion regarding the extension of

quarantine lockdowns? Is it an advantage or a disadvantage?
Interviewee (you may specify the name): I agree with the extension of
quarantine lockdowns because the cases of Covid-19 is rising.
Interviewer: How will it affect the economy?
…

YOUR REINFORCER

Given the situation that we are in (pandemic) are these techniques and
strategies beneficial in conducting researches? Why or why not? Write your answer
on your notebook.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

YOUR REFLECTION/S

On your notebook, relate how the concepts you learned are relevant in your
life as a student.

Great job!
I am so happy to see you learn and accomplish all the
activities. Keep up the good work and see you on our next
learning session. Take care!

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References
Baraceros, E. L. (2016). Practical Research I. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store.
Dictionary.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from Dictionary.com: dictionary.com
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
(Slideshare, n.d.)

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Answer Key

YOUR READINESS CHECK:

Answers may vary

DISCOVERY TASK:

1. Social Science Queries

2. Key-words-in-context (KWIC)
3. Word Repetitions
4. Compare and Contrast
5. Indigenous Categories

FINAL TASK:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Answers may vary

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