Applied Acoustics 173 (2021) 107661

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Acoustics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apacoust

Technical note

An efficient acoustic-based diagnosis of inter-turn fault in interior mount

LSPMSM
Luqman S. Maraaba a, Azhar M. Memon a,⇑, M.A. Abido b,c, Luai M. AlHems a
a
Center for Engineering Research, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
b
Department of Electrical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
c
K.A.CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center (ERIC), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper investigates the use of acoustic signals in diagnosing stator inter-turn faults in Line Start
Received 28 May 2020 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (LSPMSMs). Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) is proposed to ana-
Received in revised form 5 August 2020 lyze the acoustic signal for fault detection. The proposed methodology involves collection of experimen-
Accepted 4 September 2020
tal acoustic data using a smartphone from an interior mount LSPMSM under different loading levels,
Available online 10 October 2020
healthy as well as faulty motor cases where different number of turns are shorted to emulate different
fault levels. Acoustic signal for each case is analyzed using SSA, which results in decomposition of the sig-
Keywords:
nal into periodic components and noise. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of each component is carried out to
Acoustic
Electric motors
find the unique frequency representative for each case. The results with the proposed methodology show
Faults that it is capable to detect the occurrence of inter-turn fault under different loading levels with the capa-
LSPMSM bility of distinguishing fault severity with readily available acoustic sensor of a smart phone. In addition,
Singular spectrum analysis it is possible to differentiate between the load and no-load modes of operation.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Most of the previous research studies on the fault diagnosis

The use of LSPMSM in industrial constant speed applications is
in its early stages [1]. It is considered among the most promising
types of motors due to its high efficiency (low CO2 emissions,
meets the IE4 super-premium efficiency standard [2]), high opera-
tional power factor, power density, operational torque, low opera-
tional temperature and self-starting [3,4]. Therefore, LSPMSMs are
an excellent choice for reduction in the energy consumption.
Due to internal and external stresses such as destruction in the
insulation material, inefficient cooling, voltage stress, overloading,
chemical contamination and partial discharge, motors can experi-
ence several types of faults, such as inter-turn faults, eccentricity,
broken bars and demagnetization. These failures cause a significant
loss of revenue and decrease efficiency and reliability of the
motors. Since the number of LSPMSMs used in the industry is
increasing, the need for maintenance programs is growing consis-
tently. As such, it is important to develop a diagnosis tool that pre-
dicts the faults at their early stages [1].
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: lmaraaba@kfupm.edu.sa (L.S. Maraaba), azhar.memon@
kfupm.edu.sa (A.M. Memon), luaimalh@kfupm.edu.sa (M.A. Abido), mabido@
kfupm.edu.sa (L.M. AlHems).
were focused on rotor faults and demagnetization [5–10], while
few recent attempts addressed stator winding faults [1,11]. Several
parameters are used to identify motor faults, such as motor current
signature (MCS), instantaneous angular speed (IAS), acoustic signa-
ture (AS) and surface vibration signature (VS). The use of acoustic
signal in detection of motor faults is inexpensive and non-
invasive. A brief review of some of the recent research works on
using them for motor fault detection is presented here.
Refs. [12,13] presented the analysis of acoustic signal from syn-
chronous motor and DC machine, respectively. Former used line
spectral frequencies and K-nearest classifier with Minkowski dis-
tance, while later used Symlet wavelet transform and modified
classifier based on words. In Ref. [14], both broken bars in induc-
tion motor and shorted rotor coils in direct motor were investi-
gated using the acoustic signal under different fault severities. In
their study, the authors used pattern recognition for acoustic data
to detect the abnormalities.
In Ref. [15], the acoustic sensors in smartphones, which are
readily available for low-cost continuous real-time monitoring,
were used in detecting broken bar and dynamic eccentricity in
induction motors. It was concluded that the smartphones can be
used for preliminary condition monitoring. In Ref. [16], an acoustic
signal based diagnostic tool for detecting stator winding faults in

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2020.107661
0003-682X/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
L.S. Maraaba, A.M. Memon, M.A. Abido et al. Applied Acoustics 173 (2021) 107661

single phase induction motor was developed. Two types of stator Table 1
winding faults were considered; auxiliary winding short circuit Parameters of LSPMSM motor.

fault, and auxiliary-main windings short circuit fault. The authors Parameters Value
used fast Fourier transform to extract the fault related features. Number of Poles 4
They analyzed the application of K-Nearest Neighbor, K-Means Number of turns per stator phase 86
4
clustering, and Linear Perceptron classifiers. Results showed that Number of bars 20
the effectiveness of all the selected classifiers was good. In Ref. Permanent magnet flux Density 1.25 T
Machine rated power 1 hp
[17], a fault-detection tool for broken bar and end-ring fault in a Rated voltage 400 V rms
squirrel cage three phase induction motor was developed. Acoustic Rated frequency 60 Hz
signal, collected by digital voice recorder, was used for the detec- Rated speed 1800 rpm
tion of faults. A Nearest Neighbor classifier and backpropagation
neural network were implemented using a group of extracted fea-
tures from the spectrum of acoustic signals for fault detection. In
Ref. [18], vibration signals with Hilbert-Huang transform were
used for detecting bearing faults. A nonlinear entropy-based fea-
ture extraction approach was used for the tool design. It was con-
cluded that nonlinear entropy-based feature lead to a better
accuracy and superiority of the proposed method compared to
the other methods for fault detection.
To the best of authors’ knowledge, there is no prior work on
using acoustic signals to identify load and inter-turn fault condi-
tion of LSPMSM. Moreover, the distinct characteristics of sounds
produced by various severity levels of these faults in laboratory
tests clearly indicated that there is a potential for effective fault
diagnosis. With this motivation, the objective of this study is to
provide first results on the use of a smart phone to collect acoustic
signals resulting from inter-turn faults under the full-load and no-
load modes of operation with different severity levels, and analyze
this data using singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to identify their Fig. 1. Laboratory LSPMSM experimental setup.
distinct features. Results presented in this note hint towards a
cost-effective way to diagnose the inter-turn faults of LSPMSMs. Different sizes of the inter-turn faults were implemented to the
interior mount LSPMSM used. The measured cases of motor are as
2. Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) follows: (i) healthy case (no shorted turns); (ii) 4 shorted turns;
(iii) 9 shorted turns; (iv) 26 shorted turns; (v) 40 shorted turns.
The main advantage of SSA is that it does not need apriori All test cases were performed at no-load (NL) and full-load (FL)
assumptions about the model structure or any statistical require- (4.0 N.m) with background noise which included the sound of
ments from the signal or time series to be analyzed. This feature other machines operating in the laboratory and human noise. Sta-
and the fact that it can decompose a signal into trend, oscillatory tor inter-turn fault was achieved experimentally by adding six
components and noise has made the technique a standard choice access points to phase-A as shown in Fig. 2, which were labeled
for the time series analysis. SSA can be used as a stand-alone by the letter ki. As an example, to emulate 26 shorted turns, k1
decomposition tool or in combination with other algorithms for and k2 were connected through the resistance (fault resistance).
further improvement of the results. For this work, the components The resistance was used to limit high short circuit current in the
of acoustic signal obtained by SSA are analyzed in the frequency shorted turns. During experiments, all electric data of the motor
domain by using FFT. A component that gives the unique frequency was measured as well as the audible noise was recorded using a
for each case under study is selected for load and fault characteri- smartphone mounted on the motor at 48,000 samples per second
zation. The technique comprises four steps. Firstly, the signal or using waveform capture capability of the circuit monitor.
time-series is structured in a matrix form, called trajectory matrix,
where the number of its rows equals the desired number of com- 4. Results and discussion
ponents in which the signal has to be decomposed. Secondly, sin-
gular value decomposition (SVD) is applied to the trajectory As mentioned before, two cases were studied, i.e., NL and FL
matrix for decomposition. The component matrices (product of (4.0 N.m). Furthermore, each case was studied under no-fault
eigen-vectors and respective singular values), thus obtained, are (healthy) and inter-turn fault conditions, whereby 4, 9, 26, and
then combined to group related, similar, or desired periodicities
or patterns in the signal; grouping the related components refers
to focusing on particular characteristics of the time-series which
would enhance specific periodicity. The last step reconstructs com-
ponent’s time-series from the obtained matrix. For a detailed dis-
cussion and more details, the interested reader can consult [19].

3. Data collection

For this work, a 1.0 Hp interior mount LSPMSM was used and its
parameters are presented in Table 1. A smartphone was used for
collecting the acoustic signal from a faulty machine. The laboratory
experimental setup for performing these tests is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fault illustration for LSPMSM experimental setup.

2
L.S. Maraaba, A.M. Memon, M.A. Abido et al. Applied Acoustics 173 (2021) 107661

40 turns were shorted to emulate the faulty conditions. The file-
names for each data set are listed in Table 2 and the same will
be followed throughout this paper. Each file lasted for two seconds
or 96,000 samples at the sampling frequency of 48,000 samples per
second.
Before proceeding with SSA, the data was pre-processed; this
included removing mean from each time-series of the acoustic sig-
nal and also normalizing them between 0 and 1. For application
described in this paper, the number of components or window
length L for SSA was made by the visual inspection of the data
and trials with various values, whereby the computational time
and frequency content of the obtained components were observed;
L of 200 samples was selected. This takes a reasonable amount of
computational time and results in distinct frequencies for each
case. This was followed by conventional SVD, elementary grouping
and reconstruction by diagonal averaging. Once the components
were obtained, FFT was employed to reveal the frequency content.
Python 3.7.4 64-bit was used for implementation of SSA algo-
rithm on Windows 10 platform with Intel Core i5, 3.4 GHz proces-
sor and 8 GB RAM. It is worth mentioning that the algorithm for
basic SSA, as described in the literature, took several hours for
completion on this machine even for a smaller window size. This
was due to the grouping and diagonal averaging steps. In order
to efficiently perform these steps, only the first 30 elementary
matrices were selected (out of 200) to go through the averaging
process, as all the components beyond 30 were unstructured noise.
Furthermore, algorithmic changes were made in Python code to
perform fast diagonal averaging.
150 Hz. With a different energy distribution along these frequen-
cies, the first component of healthy FL mode shows an additional
110 Hz frequency, which is prominent with significant energy.
The results are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, where the time domain
observation of the first component shows a larger amplitude and
distortion for FL case as opposed to NL. Here, the data is zoomed
to the first 20,000 samples to ensure better visualization of wave-
form characteristics. Unlike NL case, the deviation from sinusoidal
pattern can be attributed mainly to the presence of 110 Hz compo-
nent, which is not a harmonic of 30 Hz. It is obvious that 110 Hz
frequency can be used to differentiate between NL and FL condi-
tions in a healthy motor.
4.1.2. 4-turns fault
Similar to the healthy case described above, SSA was applied to
the data of 4-turn shorted fault. The results show a similar behav-
ior to healthy case as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Higher amplitude and
distortions were observed for FL with distinct 110 Hz frequency
component in addition to the fundamental 30 Hz and its harmon-

4.1. No-load and full-load conditions

As a first step, it was necessary to differentiate between the NL

and FL cases in both healthy and faulty conditions. The proposed Fig. 3. First 20,000 samples of the 1st component; window length ‘L’ = 200, samples
SSA algorithm was applied on the acoustic data collected for all ‘N’ = 96000. (a) No-load healthy motor. (b) Full-load healthy motor.

these cases. Then, FFT of the first thirty components was observed
for distinct frequencies pertaining to the load characteristics of the
motor.
To test the applicability of the proposed methodology, the algo-
rithm was applied on multiple windows of the 2 s data with vary-
ing the size and placement of each window. This was done since
different sources of background noise were present at the time of
data collection, which would result in different acoustic character-
istics during the same acoustic file.
In this section, the authors only show results of one of the win-
dows to ensure brevity as the algorithm gives consistent results
regardless of the selected window. In the healthy and faulty condi-
tions, FFT of the first component shows workable features for dif-
ferentiating between the NL and FL modes of operation as Fig. 4. Comparison of the 1st component in time and frequency domain for healthy
illustrated in the following subsections. motor in NL and FL conditions. Only first 20,000 samples are shown here for clarity,
SV stands for Singular Value. (a) Time domain. (b) Frequency domain, 110 Hz
4.1.1. Healthy motor observed for full-load case.

In healthy NL condition the component shows periodicity of

30 Hz along with three to four harmonics at 60, 90, 120 and

Table 2
Filenames of audio data and their description.

Filename Description
nlh No load, healthy motor
nl4 No load, 4 turns shorted
nl9 No load, 9 turns shorted
nl26 No load, 26 turns shorted
nl40 No load, 40 turns shorted
flh Full load, healthy motor
fl4 Full load, 4 turns shorted
fl9 Full load, 9 turns shorted
fl26 Full load, 26 turns shorted
Fig. 5. First 20,000 samples of the 1st component; window length ‘L’ = 200, samples
fl40 Full load, 40 turns shorted
‘N’ = 96000. (a) No-load 4-turn fault. (b) Full-load 4-turn fault.

3
L.S. Maraaba, A.M. Memon, M.A. Abido et al. Applied Acoustics 173 (2021) 107661

Fig. 6. Comparison of the 1st component in time and frequency domain for 4-turn Fig. 10. Comparison of the 1st component in time and frequency domain for 26-
shorted motor in NL and FL conditions. Only first 20,000 samples are shown here for turn shorted motor in NL and FL conditions. Only first 20,000 samples are shown
clarity, SV stands for Singular Value. (a) Time domain. (b) Frequency domain, here for clarity, SV stands for Singular Value. (a) Time domain. (b) Frequency
110 Hz for full-load and additional 25 Hz observed for no-load case. domain.

Fig. 7. First 20,000 samples of the 1st component; window length ‘L’ = 200, samples Fig. 11. First 20,000 samples of the 1st component; window length ‘L’ = 200,
‘N’ = 96000. (a) No-load 9-turn fault. (b) Full-load 9-turn fault. samples ‘N’ = 96000. (a) No-load 40-turn fault. (b) Full-load 40-turn fault.

Fig. 8. Comparison of the 1st component in time and frequency domain for 9-turn
shorted motor in NL and FL conditions. Only first 20,000 samples are shown here for
clarity, SV stands for Singular Value. (a) Time domain. (b) Frequency domain,
110 Hz for full-load case observed.
Fig. 12. Comparison of the 1st component in time and frequency domain for 40-
turn shorted motor in NL and FL conditions. Only first 20,000 samples are shown
here for clarity, SV stands for Singular Value. (a) Time domain. (b) Frequency
domain, where 110 Hz can still be observed despite the fault severity.

Table 3
Frequency modes for NL operating mode in the 18th
component of SSA.

Mode – Fault Approx. Frequency [Hz]

No load – Healthy 2750
No load – 4-turn fault 240
No load – 9-turn fault 2450
No load – 26-turn fault 6950
No load – 40-turn fault 3600

ics. However, with 4-turn shorted fault, NL operation shows distor-

tions mainly due to a 25 Hz component with comparable ampli-
Fig. 9. First 20,000 samples of the 1st component; window length ‘L’ = 200, samples tude with that of the 30 Hz. In addition, a difference can be
‘N’ = 96000. (a) No-load 26-turn fault. (b) Full-load 26-turn fault. observed between the original data for healthy case in Fig. 3(a)
and 4-turn fault data in Fig. 5(a), where former shows repetition

4
L.S. Maraaba, A.M. Memon, M.A. Abido et al. Applied Acoustics 173 (2021) 107661

Fig. 13. FFT of the 18th component of NL acoustic data, samples ‘N’ = 96000, window length ‘L’ = 200. (a) No-load 4-turn fault at 240 Hz. (b) No-load 9-turn fault at 2450 Hz.
(c) No-load healthy at 2750 Hz. (d) No-load 40-turn fault at 3600 Hz. (e) No-load 26-turn fault at 6950 Hz.

of an envelope as opposed to later. First component for the FL case
shows a higher amplitude variation (Fig. 6(a)) as compared to its
counterpart in healthy case (Fig. 4(a)).
4.1.3. 9-turns fault
For 9-turn fault scenario, the NL acoustic data and its first com-
ponent show similar behavior as in the healthy case. This can be
observed by comparing Fig. 3(a) with 7(a). In both cases, similar
shaped envelope is followed and the first component does not
show significant distortions from sinusoidal behavior. Moreover,
the energy distribution among harmonics is also similar as shown
in Figs. 4(b) and 8(b). These parallels make the detection of 9-turn
fault in no-load case a challenging task, which will be discussed
below. Similar to the cases discussed above, unlike the NL case,
the 110 Hz component can be observed with a significant energy
content in full-load case.

5
L.S. Maraaba, A.M. Memon, M.A. Abido et al. Applied Acoustics 173 (2021) 107661

Table 4 4.1.4. 26-turns fault

Frequency modes for FL operating mode in the 11th component of SSA. NL 26-turns fault’s acoustic signal shows resemblance with the
Mode – Fault Approx. Frequency [Hz] corresponding healthy and 9-turns fault cases such that a similar
Full load – Healthy 1900 envelop is followed. This is not true for NL 4-turn fault where a sig-
Full load – 4-turn fault 1400 nificant distortion is observed in the envelop (Fig. 5(a)) due to the
Full load – 9-turn fault 500 presence of 25 Hz component.
Full load – 26-turn fault 2450 Comparison of Fig. 9(a) with (b) depicts the acoustic signal fol-
Full load – 40-turn fault 1200
lowing an envelope for NL as opposed to its FL counterpart. The

Fig. 14. FFT of 11th component of FL acoustic data, samples ‘N’ = 96000, window length ‘L’ = 200. (a) Full-load 9-turn fault at 500 Hz. (b) Full-load 40-turn fault at 1200 Hz. (c)
Full-load 4-turn fault at 1400 Hz. (d) Full-load healthy at 1900 Hz. (e) Full-load 26-turn fault at 2450 Hz./.

6
L.S. Maraaba, A.M. Memon, M.A. Abido et al.
110 Hz component for FL mode can be observed in Fig. 10, which is
responsible for introducing the distortions in the first component.
4.1.5. 40-turns fault
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed SSA-based
algorithm, a more severe 40-turn shorted fault has been examined
(see Fig. 11). It was observed that the NL and FL modes can still be
differentiated using 110 Hz component for later, where the har-
monics of 30 Hz can still be observed for former as shown in
Fig. 12(b). This shows the effectiveness of SSA to successfully iden-
tify the no and full load cases. Unlike the previous cases, first com-
ponent for NL shows higher amplitude, comparable to that for the
FL case, while retaining nearly sinusoidal behavior as illustrated in
Fig. 12(a). Furthermore, the first component for FL case has lesser
energy as compared with corresponding 4, 9, and 26 turn fault
cases.
4.2. Healthy and faulty conditions
After successfully identifying the load condition of the motor,
next obvious step would be to differentiate among different
inter-turn faults based on their severity. The analysis using SSA
algorithm was used with the same window length L ¼ 200 and
FFT of the first thirty out of 200 components was visually inspected
to find the distinct frequencies for each fault case as well as healthy
mode of operation. Multiple windows were analyzed for each data
set using the same window length of 200 samples. Specifically,
they were 0–53000, 45000–52000, 82500–90000, and 0–96000
samples, i.e., complete signal frame of 2 s. As described above, dif-
ferent windows have been examined to ensure that the analysis
algorithm does not depend on the window size and its placement
over the complete data frame. Consistent results were observed for
each window despite the presence of different types of noise
within given acoustic frame. In this paper, the results for only 0–
96000 window are shown to maintain brevity. NL scenario is dis-
cussed below, followed by the FL case.
For the NL condition, 18th component shows distinct frequency
modes for healthy as well as each fault case. The approximate fre-
quency modes observed are shown in Table 3 and illustrated
through Fig. 13. However, it was challenging for 9-turn fault to dif-
ferentiate between the frequency peaks as shown in Fig. 13(b) as
the peaks of 4-, 9-, and 40-turn faults can be observed around
2400 Hz. On the other hand, the 9-turn fault in NL operation is
the only case where this peculiarity is observed and it can be tack-
led using sophisticated peak-detection algorithms, which are sen-
sitive to minor frequency shifts. An alternative can be the use of
other component, which shows a distinct frequency for this fault
in conjunction with the 18th component.
For FL operation, 11th component shows the distinct frequency
modes for healthy as well as each fault case. The results are shown
below in Table 4 and illustrated through Fig. 14. Note that, in FL
case, the frequencies for healthy and fault conditions are distinct
and well separated. This makes the identification of the fault and
healthy modes much easier. This was not the case for NL where
it was challenging to identify 9-turns fault case (Fig. 13(b)) and
the frequency band for healthy case was narrow (Fig. 13(c)).
Note that the frequencies identified for each fault case in NL and
FL operation are different and one might think of this as a limita-
tion. However, the authors would like to point out that from an
implementation point of view, the acoustic signal will be analyzed
to reveal the load condition first, and then the respective fault and
healthy mode frequencies for NL and FL (given in Tables 3 and 4)
will be identified.
7
Applied Acoustics 173 (2021) 107661
5. Conclusion
In this work, a smart phone was used to record the acoustic sig-
nals for detection of stator inter-turn fault in a 1.0-hp interior
mount LSPMSM. Various fault levels were emulated under no
and full-load conditions. The acoustic signal for each case was ana-
lyzed using SSA, which results in decomposition of the signal into
the periodic components and noise. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of
each component was then carried out to find the unique frequency
representative for each fault case.
Following conclusions can be drawn from this work:
 Audio signals collected using the smart phone can be used for
the fault diagnosis of inter-turn faults in LSPMSMs.
 It is possible to differentiate, with high accuracy, between the
fault severities under no and full-load operation using SSA.
 It was observed that the first component of SSA decomposition
characterized the loading condition by showing 30 Hz and its
harmonics for no-load, and an additional 110 Hz component
for full-load.
 Distinct frequencies were observed for healthy and faulty con-
ditions in 18th SSA component for no-load, and 11th compo-
nent for full-load operation.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Luqman S. Maraaba: Conceptualization, Validation, Investiga-
tion, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Funding acquisition.
Azhar M. Memon: Conceptualization, Software, Validation, Formal
analysis, Investigation, Writing - original draft, Visualization. M.A.
Abido: Data curation, Writing - review & editing, Supervision. Luai
M. AlHems: Writing - review & editing, Supervision.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by
the Deanship of Research at King Fahd University of Petroleum &
Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia for funding this work through Pro-
ject No. SR181028.
References
[1] Maraaba LS, AlHamouz ZM, Abido M. Mathematical modeling, simulation and
experimental testing of interior-mount LSPMSM under stator inter-turn fault.
IEEE Trans Energy Conv Sep. 2019;34(3):1213–22.
[2] De Almeida AT, Ferreira FJ, Quintino A. Technical and economical
considerations on super high-efficiency three-phase motors. In: Presented at
the 48th IEEE industrial & commercial power systems conference, Louisville,
KY, May 20–24, 2012..
[3] Ganesan AU, Chokkalingam LN. Review on the evolution of technology
advancements and applications of line-start synchronous machines. IET
Electr Power Appl 2018;13(1):1–16.
[4] Zöhra B, Akar M, Eker M. Design of a novel line start synchronous motor rotor.
Electronics 2019;8(1):25.
[5] Shen J-X, Li P, Jin M-J, Yang G. Investigation and countermeasures for
demagnetization in line start permanent magnet synchronous motors. IEEE
Trans Magn 2013;49:4068–71.
[6] Lei C, Changjiang W, Xiaohua B. Influence of load characteristics on the
demagnetization of LSPMSM with non-uniform air gap structure. J Electr Eng
2018:1.
[7] Weifu L, Haisen Z, Jian Z, Yingli L, Mingji L. Dynamic irreversible
demagnetization behavior of line-start permanent magnet synchronous
motors in the starting process. Electr Power Compon Syst 2015;43:1621–9.
L.S. Maraaba, A.M. Memon, M.A. Abido et al.
[8] Dogan Z. The static eccentricity fault diagnosis in time domain at line start
permanent magnet synchronous motor. J New Results Sci 2016;5:88–95.
[9] Sedky M. Diagnosis of static, dynamic and mixed eccentricity in line start
permanent magnet synchronous motor by using FEM. Int J Electr Robot Electr
Commun Eng 2014;8:29–34.
[10] Mehrjou MR, Mariun N, Karami M, Noor SBM, Zolfaghari S, Misron N, et al.
Wavelet-based analysis of MCSA for fault detection in electrical machine.
Wavelet Transform and Some of Its Real-World Applications; 2015. p. 79..
[11] Fonseca D, Santos CM, Cardoso AJM. On-line stator fault diagnosis in line-start
permanent magnet synchronous motors. In: Presented at the 13th
international conference on electrical machines (ICEM), Alexandroupoli,
Greece, Sept. 3–6, 2018..
[12] Glowacz A. Diagnostics of synchronous motor based on analysis of acoustic
signals with the use of line spectral frequencies and K-nearest neighbor
classifier. Arch Acoust 2014;39(2):189–94.
[13] Glowacz A. Diagnostics of direct current machine based on analysis of acoustic
signals with the use of symlet wavelet transform and modified classifier based
Applied Acoustics 173 (2021) 107661
on words. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability 2014;16
(4):554–8.
[14] Glowacz A. Diagnostics of DC and induction motors based on the analysis of
acoustic signals. Meas Sci Rev 2014;14(5):257–62.
[15] Vaimann T, Sobra J, Belahcen A, Rassõlkin A, Rolak M, Kallaste A. Induction
machine fault detection using smartphone recorded audible noise. IET Sci
Meas Technol 2018;12(4):554–60.
[16] Glowacz Adam. Acoustic based fault diagnosis of three-phase induction motor.
Appl Acoust 2018;137:82–9.
[17] Glowacz Adam, Glowacz Zygfryd. Diagnosis of stator faults of the single-phase
induction motor using acoustic signals. Appl Acoust 2017;117:20–7.
[18] Hoseinzadeh Mohammad Sadegh, Khadem Siamak Esmaeilzadeh, Sadooghi
Mohammad Saleh. Modifying the Hilbert-Huang transform using the
nonlinear entropy-based features for early fault detection of ball bearings.
Appl Acoust 2019;150:313–24.
[19] Golyandina N, Korobeynikov A, Zhigljavsky A. Singular Spectrum Analysis with
R. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2018.