A

PROJECT REPORT

ON
‘‘STUDY OF HAMMER MILL CRUSHER’’

STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION & TRAINING

Hyderabad
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF THE
DIPLOMA IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

NAME: KANDALA VINAY PIN:18398-M-095

Under the Guidance of

Mr. J.VINOD m.tech Mr. S PRAKESH

(Internal Guide) (Technical Trainer-UIA)

SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
NARAPALLY,KORREMULA ROAD,GHATKESAR(M),
MEDCHAL MALKAJGIRI(D),HYDERABAD 501301.

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 List of students

S.NO NAME PIN

1 THADURI MAHESH 18398-M-007

2 AKUNOORI VAMSHI KRISHNA 18398-M-016

3 TELUKUNTLA DINESH 18398-M-019

4 DAYANANDA SHABARESH 18398-M-031

5 MANUBOTI ROHITH 18398-M-032

6 MIRAPAKAYALA SHARATH 18398-M-052

7 CHINALA SHIVA 18398-M-056

8 SAVARI SRIKANTH 18398-M-064

9 K.KAMALAKAR 18398-M-076

10 PONNAM SAI KRISHNA 18398-M-077

11 BODDUKANTI KARTHIK 18398-M-086

12 KANDALA VINAY 18398-M-095

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 SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES
NARAPALLY,KORREMULA ROAD,GHATKESAR(M),
MEDCHAL MALKAJGIRI(D),HYDERABAD 501301.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Date: …………

This is to certify that the project report titled “STUDY OF HAMMER MILL CRUSHER”
submitted by the students To the Department of Mechanical Engineering, for the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering,
SBTET Hyderabad is a record of conduct work carried out by them under our guidance and
supervision in 2020-2021

Mr.JOGIRAJU G.SRINIVAS
Head of Department Principal

Mr.VINOD Mr. S PRAKASH

Internal Guide Technical Trainer-UIA

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This is to certify that the project report titled “STUDY OF
HAMMER MILL CRUSHER”
SUBMITTED BY:

S.NO NAME PIN

1 THADURI MAHESH 18398-M-007

2 AKUNOORI VAMSHI KRISHNA 18398-M-016

3 TELUKUNTLA DINESH 18398-M-019

4 DAYANANDA SHABARESH 18398-M-031

5 MANUBOTI ROHITH 18398-M-032

6 MIRAPAKAYALA SHARATH 18398-M-052

7 CHINALA SHIVA 18398-M-056

8 SAVARI SRIKANTH 18398-M-064

9 K.KAMALAKAR 18398-M-076

10 PONNAM SAI KRISHNA 18398-M-077

11 BODDUKANTI KARTHIK 18398-M-086

12 KANDALA VINAY 18398-M-095

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 DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and where
others ideas have been included. We have adequately referenced the original sources and we
also declare that we have followed all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have
not mis-represented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission.

We hereby declare that the results occurred in this project report titled “STUDY OF
HAMMER MILL CRUSHER” requirements for the award of Diploma are obtained by us
from our project. we have not submitted this project report to any other university/institute
for the award of any degree/diploma.

NAME PIN
THADURI MAHESH 18398-M-007
AKUNOORI VAMSHI KRISHNA 18398-M-016
TELUKUNTLA DINESH 18398-M-019
DAYANANDA SHABARESH 18398-M-031
MANUBOTI ROHITH 18398-M-032
MIRAPAKAYALA SHARATH 18398-M-052
CHINALA SHIVA 18398-M-056
SAVARI SRIKANTH 18398-M-064
K.KAMALAKAR 18398-M-076
PONNAM SAI KRISHNA 18398-M-077
BODDUKANTI KARTHIK 18398-M-086
KANDALA VINAY 18398-M-095

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We sincerely acknowledge my thanks to Mr. G.SRINIVAS Principal, (SIST) for an

opportunity and his support to do the project work.

We sincerely acknowledge our thanks to Mr. CH.SANTHOSH KUMAR Head of

the Department of Mechanical Engineering, (SIST) for their co-operation and help throughout
my project work.

We are thankful to our internal guide Mr. S. PRAKASH (UIA) for his valuable
guidance and suggestions offered by him during the project work.

We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr. J.VINOD (SIST) for
his tremendous support, encouragement and inspiration.

We especially thank to Mr. S PRAKASH, Technical Trainer of UPPAL

INDUSTRIAL ASSOCIATION, Uppal, Hyderabad for giving us permission to do our
project work on “STUDY OF HAMMER MILL CRUSHER”.

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 ABSTRACT

The project deals with the design of shaft and rotor assembly for hammer mill crusher of
capacity 0.1(100 kg/hr.) tones per hour transmitting 20 B.H.P and speed of 750rpm. The
design is based on the standard design procedure.

In the present work by using the standard design procedure diameter of rotor shaft of hammer
mill crusher has been designed. The design should be safe when the values obtained from the
present design are compared with the values and results obtained.

When the shaft is rotated at a particular speed (rpm) and the loads when applied to the shaft it
should not bend during rotation. When the shaft is rotated under free conditions, deflections
will be created due to the critical speed of the shaft.

To compare this deflection shaft is designed such that the natural frequency and speed is
under limits.

In this project, the shaft and rotor assembly of hammer mill crusher is modeled using Solid
works & AutoCAD.

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 Index

CHAPTER 1: - INTRODUCTION

Literature Review 1

Scope of Project Work 1

CHAPTER 2: - CRUSHER

Introduction 2

Operating Principle 3

Construction of Machine 3

Types of Crushers 5

Working Principle of Machine 6

The Technology of Crushing 10

Applications of Hammer Mill Crushers 12

CHAPTER 3: - DESIGN OF SHAFT

Introduction 14

Classification of Shafts 14

Materials Used For Shafts 15

Design of Shafts 15

Shafts Subjected To Twisting Moment or Torque Only 16

Shafts Subjected To Bending Moment Only

Shafts Subjected To Combined Twisting and Bending Moment 19

Shafts Subjected To Fluctuating Loads 21

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CHAPTER 4: - DESIGN OF BEARINGS

Introduction 23
Classifications of Bearings 23

CHAPTER 5:- Design Software’s

CAD 29

Introduction to AutoCAD

Introduction to Solidworks 30

CONCLUSIONS 39

REFERENCES 40

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 1. INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature collected mostly from the Bevcon company records and the data which was
used in this project is collected from their client. We used the company’s standard procedure
for power calculations and the calculation taken from the company records. And the literature
is collected from the following journals.

SCOPE OF PROJECT WOPK

Computer aided design is essential to design the given crusher such that the component can
be viewed before manufacturing any modifications can be made in the design if required and
also, we can have different sizes of crusher at a single time without going to the manual
process. The load withstanding capacity of different component can be found out. Finally, by
checking the design and with standing capacity of the component is then manufactured
manual.

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 2. Crusher

Introduction
A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large solid material objects into a smaller volume,
or smaller pieces. Crushers may be used to reduce the size, change the form, of waste
materials so they can be more easily disposed or recycled, and to reduce the size of a solid
mix of raw materials (as in rock ore), so that pieces of different composition can be
differentiated.

Crushing is the process of transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage

through a material made of molecules that bond together more strongly, and resist
deformation more, than those in the material being crushed. Crushing devices hold material
between two parallel or tangent solid surfaces, and apply sufficient force to bring the surfaces
together to generate enough energy within the material being crushed so that its molecules
separate from (fracturing), or change alignment in relation to (deformation), each other. The
earliest crushers were hand-held stones, where the weight of the stone provided a boost to
muscle power, used against a stone anvil. Querns and mortars are types of these crushing
devices.

Description:
In industry, a crusher is typically a machine which uses a metal surface to break or compress
materials. Mining operations use crushers, commonly classified by the degree to which they
fragment the starting material, with primary and secondary crushers handling coarse
materials, and tertiary and quaternary crushers reducing ore particles to finer gradations.

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Typically, crushing stages are followed by milling stages if the materials need to be further
reduced. Crushers are used to reduce particle size enough so that the material can be
processed into finer particles in a grinder. A typical circuit at a mine might consist of a
crusher followed by a SAG mill followed by a ball mill. In this context, the SAG mill and
ball mill are considered grinders rather than crushers.

Operating Principle:
In Hammer mill machine, the motor drives the rotor to rotate at high speed through the belt
and on the -------rotor, there are series of hammers. When the materials get into that working
area of the hammers the rotating hammers with the high rotation speed are crushing them the
crushed products meeting the require shape can be discharged by the outlet and become the
final products

Construction of machine
The hammer mill crusher consists of a robust fabricated MS body of hinged type for ease of
maintenance. Accordingly, the top cover is also divided into three parts, two removable and
one fixed part. The crusher gets its motion from a electric motor through v-belt drive.

INLET TO
CRUSHER

VOLUTE
LINERS
CASING
SHAFT
HAMMERS
ROTOR

SPRING LOADED
ADJUSTER

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Hammer mill crusher mainly consists of the following parts:
Body
Body of a Hammer mill crusher consists of a base frame it is fabricated from thick MS plates
and ribs are provided along the line of stresses, so as to give maximum strength and minimum
vibrations.

Bearings
The whole rotor is supported by two no selfalligned roller bearings, housed in Plummer
blocks, which are located outside the body.

Rotor shaft
Shaft is made of special steel and is supported at both ends by means of two roller bearings.
The central part of crusher is called rotor. The rotor consists of a heavy shaft machined and
assembled with MS discs and spacers in between discs.

Hammers
The MS discs has holes spaced at 120º for intersection of pins on which hammers are
mounted. These hammers are free to rotate about their own axis and are made up of
manganese steel for high resistance towards wear.

Breaker plate
The breaker plate is held by EN 8 shafts on both top and bottom sides around rotor. The coal
is crushed to the required size between the breaker plate and the rotated hammers.

Liner plates
The liner plates are made out of manganese steel, which is a very hard material and has high
resistance towards wear. The breaker plate, on which the liner plates are mounted, can be
adjusted through take-up screws and nuts to adjust the size of the crushed coal.

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Driving motor
The foundation frame of the Driving Motor is provided by projection on one side of the
Hammer mill crusher and supports from base frame are also provided to hold the motor
foundation. The size of motor varies as per the size of Crusher. Normally squirrel cage motor
of 980 RPM is provided

Driving pulley
This pulley is provided on one side of the center shaft with two v- grooves on it. It is directly
coupled with driving motor with the help of 2 Nos. of v- belts. The dia of driving pulley has
been calculated as per the requirement of No. of vibration per second.

Types of Crushers

➢ Jaw Crusher
➢ Impact Crusher
➢ Hammer Crusher
➢ Cone Crusher
➢ Roll Crusher
➢ Wood Crusher

Jaw crusher

Jaw Crusher is mainly used to crush kinds of mining stones primarily, and the largest
compression resistance of the material is 320MPa. The jaw crusher is widely used in stone
mining, metallurgy industry, building material, highway, railway, and chemical industry.

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Working Principle of Jaw Crusher:

The motor transmits power through belt, drives the moving jaw to do periodic motion
towards the fixed jaw by the eccentric shaft. The angle between toggle plate and moving jaw
plate increases when moving jaw moves. So the moving jaw moves towards the fixed jaw.
The stuff will be crushed in this process. The angle between toggle plate and moving jaw
decreases when moving jaw moves down, the moving jaw moves leaves fixed jaw by pulling
rod and spring, the final crushed stuff will be discharged from the outlet.

Features:
1. simple structure, easy maintenance.

2. stable performance.

3. even final particles and high crushing ratio.

Impact crusher
Impact crusher is widely applied in mining, transportation, energy, construction and
chemical industry. They are ideal choice for crushing and screening. This machine features
reasonable structure, high productivity, easy operation and maintenance and safe
performance. The most outstanding advantage of this machine is that its finished powder is
in good, cubic shape and without tensility and cranny.

Features and Benefits:

1. High reduction ratio and crushing efficiency.
2. No-board connection; The blow bar with high chrome(high chromed blow bar).
3. Impact plate with a special shape.
4. Crushed product with cubical shape.
5. Easy maintenance and reliable operation.

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Working Principle:
This impact crushes materials with impact force. When the materials enter the blow bar area,
they are crushed due to the high-speed impact of the blow bar and are thrown to the impact
plates on the rotor for secondary crush. Then the materials will be shot back to the blow bar
again for the third crush. This process repeats until the materials are crushed to the required
size and discharged from the lower part of the machine.
The size and shape of the finished powder can be changed by adjusting the gap between the
impact rack and rotor support.

Cone crusher

Designed on layered crushing theory, and with features of reliable structure, convenient
adjustment and economical operation, the Cone Crusher is applicable to break various ores
and rocks with medium or above height.

Cone Crusher
Roll crusher

Heavy-Duty Drive Shafts & Bearings Oversized, heat-treated, alloy steel shafts plus self-
aligning, roller-type bearings assure long life and maximum use of power. Jackshafts for
control of roller speed are standard on double roll crushers, optional on larger single roll
crushers.

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 Roll Crusher

Wood crusher

Wood Crusher is suitable for crushing raw wood with size less than 200mm (diameter). After
milled, the output size can be as small as diameter 3-5 mm , which is suitable for further
palletizing or briquette.

Working of machine:
When coal is delivered to the hammer mill crusher, it is prepared for cyclone furnace firing
by being crushed into 1/4 inch or smaller size coal. Coal enters from the top and is violently
thrown against the breaker blocks by the hammers. The final crushing is done between the
hammer faces and the screen bars. Then the crushed coal goes to the conveyors below and is
carried to the storage bunker. Tramp iron or material that will not go out between the screen
bars is dropped into the iron pocket and is later removed.

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 INLET TO
VOLUTE CRUSHER
CASING
LINERS

HAMMERS
SHAFT

ROTOR

SPRING
LOADED
ADJUSTER

Figure : Hammer Mill crusher

The final crushing is done between the hammer faces and the screen bars. Then the crushed
coal goes to the conveyors below and is carried to the storage bunker. Tramp iron or material
that will not go out between the screen bars is dropped into the iron pocket and is later
removed.

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The technology of crushing:

There are four basic ways to reduce a material by impact, attrition, shear or compression —
and most crushers employ a combination of all these crushing methods.
1. Impact
2. Attrition
3. Shear
4. Compression

Impact

In crushing terminology, impact refers to the sharp, instantaneous collision of one moving
object against another. Both objects may be moving, such as a baseball bat connecting with a
fast ball, or one object may be motionless, such as a rock being struck by hammer blows.

There are two variations of impact: gravity impact and dynamic impact. Coal dropped onto a
hard surface such as a steel plate is an example of gravity impact. Gravity impact is most
often used when it is necessary to separate two materials which have relatively different
friability. The more friable material is broken, while the less friable material remains
unbroken. Separation can then be done by screening.

Attrition

The Attrition is a term applied to the reduction of materials by scrubbing it between two hard
surfaces. Hammer mills operate with close clearances between the hammers and the screen
bars and they reduce by attrition combined with shear and impact reduction.

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Though attrition consumes more power and exacts heavier wear on hammers and screen bars,
it is practical for
crushing the less abrasive materials such as pure limestone and coal.
Attrition crushing is most useful in the following circumstances:
— when material is friable or not too abrasive
— when a closed-circuit system is not desirable to control top size

2.6.3 Shear

Shear consists of a trimming or cleaving action rather than the rubbing action associated with
attrition. Shear is usually combined with other methods. For example, single-roll crushers
employ shear together with impact and compression.

Shear crushing is normally called for under these conditions:

— when material is somewhat friable and has a relatively low silica content
— for primary crushing with a reduction ratio of 6 to 1
— when a relatively coarse product is desired, usually larger than 1 h/2 (38mm) top size

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2.6.4. Compression

As the name implies, crushing by compression is done between two surfaces, with the work
being done by one or both surfaces. Jaw crushers using this method of compression are
suitable for reducing extremely hard and abrasive rock. However, some jaw crushers employ
attrition as well as compression and are not as suitable for abrasive rock since the rubbing
action accentuates the wear on crushing surfaces.

As a mechanical reduction method, compression should be used as follows:

—if the material is hard and tough
—if the material is abrasive
—if the material is not sticky
—where the finished product is to be relatively coarse, i.e., 1 h/2 (38mm) or larger top size
—when the material will break cubically

Hammer mill features:

➢ Material is reduced by impact from free-swinging bar hammers

➢ Finished Product size controlled by grates or crusher sizes
➢ Materials can be reduced to granular powder at high rate.
➢ Heavy-duty cast-iron or carbon steel construction
➢ Right-hand or left-hand machine available
➢ Easy access for maintenance and crusher/grate change

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Applications of Hammer mill crushers:

➢ Recycling glass
➢ Feed industry
➢ Stone crushing
➢ Size reduction of waste materials
➢ Electronics recycling
➢ Ceramics
➢ Pulverization of sea shells
➢ Minerals
➢ Wood particles for fuel wood
➢ Limestone

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 3. DESIGN OF SHAFT

Introduction
A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to
another. The power is delivered to the shaft by some tangential force and the resultant torque
(or twisting moment) set up within the shaft permits the power to be transferred to various
machine linked up to the shaft.
The following stresses are induced in the shafts:
1. Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque (i.e. due to torsional load).
2. Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the forces acting upon machine
element like gears, pulleys etc.
3. Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.

This is the shaft on which torsion and bending analysis has been done

Classification of shafts
Shafts involved in power transmission may be classified as

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1) Transmission shafts are used to transmit power between source and the machines using
the power. They include line shafts, jack shafts and counter shafts.
i) Line shaft is a long continuous shaft which receives power from the source and
distribute to different machines.
ii) Jack shaft is directly connected to the source of power and from which other
shafts are driven.
iii) Counter shafts receive power from line shaft and transmit to a machine.

2) Machine shafts are incorporated within the machine, such as crank shaft.

Material used for shafts

The material used for shafts should have the following properties:
1. It should have high strength
2. It should have good machinability
3. It should have low notch sensitivity.
4. It should have good heat treatment property.
5. It should have high wear resistant property.
Depending on the requirement, the shafts can be made of plain carbon steel or alloy steel.

Design of shafts

The shafts may be designed on the basis of

1) Strength and 2) rigidity and stiffness
In designing shafts on the basis of strength, the following cases may be considered:
1) Shafts subjected to twisting moment or torque only.
2) Shafts subjected to bending moment only.
3) Shafts subjected to combined twisting and bending moment
4) Shafts subjected to axial loads in addition to combined torsion & bending loads

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Shafts subjected to twisting moment or torque only:

When the shaft is subjected to twisting moment (or torque) only, then the diameter of the
shaft may be obtained by using the torsion equation. We know that

Where,
T=Twisting moment acting on the shaft, Nmm

J=Polar moment of inertia of the shaft about the axis of rotation, m Fs

=Torsional shear stress, N/ m

r=Distance from neutral axis to the outer most fiber
=d/2 mm
G= modulus of rigidity N/ m
= angle of twist or torsional deflection, radians and L=
length of shaft, mm

We know for solid shaft, polar moment of inertia,

The equation may be written as

Or

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Twisting moment (T) may be obtain by the following relation: In S.I

units, power transmitted (in watts) by the shaft,

P=2ΠNT/60 or T=P*60/2ΠN

Where,
T=Twisting moment in N-m
N=Speed of the shaft in RPM

In M.K.S units, horse power transmitted by the shaft,

P=2ΠNT/4500 or T=P*4500/2ΠN
Where,
T=Twisting moment in Kgf-m and
N=Speed of the shaft in RPM

Shafts subjected to bending moment only:

When the shaft is subjected to a bending moment only, then the maximum stress (tensile or
compressive) is given by the bending equation. We know that

Where,
M=Bending moment, N-mm
I=Moment of inertia of cross-sectional area of the shaft about the
axis of rotation,

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 Fb =Bending stress, N/ and
Y=Distance from neutral axis to the outer-most fiber, mm E=
Modules of elasticity N/
R = Radius at which load as stated act, mm

We know that for a round solid shaft, moment of inertia,

and y=d/2

Substituting these values in the equation:

Shafts subjected to combined twisting and bending moment:

When the shaft is subjected to combined twisting and bending moment then the shaft must be
designed on the basis of the two moments simultaneously. The maximum induced stress can
be obtained by considering the following theories.
1) Maximum shear stress theory or Guest’s theory. It is used for ductile materials such
as mild steel.
2) Maximum normal stress theory or Rankine’s theory. It is used for brittle
materials such as cast iron.

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1) Guest’s theory: According to maximum shear stress theory the maximum shear
stress due to combined load is

Let fs = Shear stress induced to twisting moment

fb = bending stress (tensile or compressive) induced to
Bending moment
According to Maximum shear stress theory, the maximum shear stress in the shaft

Substituting the values of fb & fs as per above equations

or

2) Rankine’s theory: According to maximum normal stress theory, the maximum

normal stress in the shaft

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Shafts subjected to fluctuating loads:

In above equations shafts are subjected to constant twisting moment & bending moment
but in actual practice shafts are subjected to fluctuating torque & bending moments. In
order to design such shafts like line shaft &counter shaft combined shock & fatigue factor to
be considered for calculating twisting moment and bending moment Substituting these factors
in above equations

For maximum shear stress theory

For maximum normal (tensile or compressive) theory

Where:

M=
Bending Moment fb
= Bending stress
T = Twisting moment (Torque) upon the shaft

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 fs = Tensional shear stress
Km = Combined shock & fatigue factor for bending
Kt -= Combined shock & fatigue factor for twisting d
= diameter of the shaft

Recommended Values For Km & Kt

Nature of Load Km Kt

Stationary shafts

Gradually Applied Loads 1.0 1.0

Suddenly Applied Loads 1.5 to 2.0 1.5 to 2.0

Rotating shafts Gradually

Applied Loads 1.5 1.5

Suddenly Applied Loads with minor 1.5 to 2.0 1.5 to 2.0

shock
2.0 to 3.0 2.0 to 3.0
Suddenly Applied Loads with major
shock

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 4. DESIGN OF BEARINGS

Introduction:
A bearing is a machine element which supports another moving machine element knows
as journal. It permits a relative motion between the contact surfaces of the member, while
carrying the load. The efficiency of the mechanical system depends to a great extent on the
efficiency of its bearings.
A necessity for the efficient working of the bearings is that the running surface should be
adequately supplied with lubricant. For this purpose the oil is supplied through a lubricating
ring firmly clamped on the shaft at the after end and a wiper device fitted in the upper part.
This device, together with correctly formed oil grooves in the bearing shells ensure that in
bearings the oil supply is maintained in all circumstances even at low revolutions.

Classification of bearings:
Bearings may be classified as given below
1. Depending upon the direction of load to be supported: The bearing under this group
are classified as
a) Radial bearings: The load acts perpendicular to the direction of motion of the
moving element.
b) Thrust bearings: The load acts along the axis of rotation.

2. Depending upon the nature of contact: The bearing under this group are classified as:
a) Sliding contact bearings: The sliding takes place along the surface of contact
between the moving element and the fixed element. The sliding contact bearing are
also knows as plain bearings, To minimize the friction these surfaces are usually
separated by film of lubrication.

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 b) Rolling contact bearings: The steel balls or rollers are interposed between the
moving and fixed element. The object of rolling contact bearing is to minims the
friction by substituting pure rolling motion for sliding motion. Since the rolling
friction is much less than the sliding friction, rolling contact bearings are called anti-
friction bearings.

Bearings used in crusher:

Mainly rolling contact bearings are applicable in crushers because they have the following
advantages.

• Can be adopted for combined radial and axial loads without any complications.
• More compact design
• Maintenance cost is low
• Low starting friction
• Easier to provide lubrication and requires small consumption of lubrication
• Accuracy alignment of parts can be maintained
• Reliable in service
• The dimensions are internationally standardized

The following bearings are used in crushers:

1) Deep groove ball bearings

2) Cylindrical roller bearings
3) Spherical roller bearings
4) Tapered roller bearings

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1) Deep groove ball bearings:

A) Single Row Deep Groove Ball Bearings:

B) This bearing consists of inner and outer rings with deep symmetrical ball race, ways,
separator and complement of Balls. This beading is designed primarily for radial load
but due to its design features it is capable of carrying equal amount of thrust load in
either direction and is capable of operating at high speed too.

This bearing has the lowest frictional losses and therefore, it is the most widely used
among all types of bearings.

Fig4.3.1. Single row deep groove ball bearing.

B) Double Row Deep Groove Ball Bearings:

Double row deep groove bearing embodied the same design principle as that of the single
row deep groove ball bearings.

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The bearing has a lower axial displacement than it occurs in the single row deep groove ball
bearing. These bearings are capable of carrying substantial thrust loads in either direction and
due to double rows of ball they are also capable of carrying.

2) Cylindrical Roller Bearings:

In this type of bearings, the rollers race tracks are essentially cylindrical, however they may
be ground slightly curved in order to achieve thereby small degree of flexibility.

The rollers are guided between two lips on either the inner race or the outer race. Other
types provided with no lip, one lip or two lips, according to the function which the bearing
has to perform. Ball Bearings have a point contact on the races whereas all types of
cylindrical roller bearings have a line contact.
Due to line contact the cylindrical roller bearings have a very high radial load carrying
capacity as compared to ball bearings of the same size. Due to their separable design,
cylindrical roller bearings are more convenient for mountings than ball bearings

Fig.4.3.2 Cylindrical roller bearing

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3) Spherical roller bearing:

A spherical bearing is a bearing that permits angular rotation about a central point in two
orthogonal directions within a specified angular limit based on the bearing geometry.
Typically these bearings support a rotating shaft in the [bore] of the inner ring that must
move not only rotationally, but also at an angle.
Construction of spherical bearings can be hydrostatic or strictly mechanical. A spherical
bearing by itself can consist of an outer ring and an inner ring and a locking feature that
makes the inner ring captive within the outer ring in the axial direction only. The outer
surface of the inner ring and the inner surface of the outer ring are collectively considered the
raceway and they slide against each other, either with a lubricant or a maintenance-free based
liner. Some spherical bearings incorporate a rolling element such as a race of ball-bearings,
allowing lower friction. The design of this bearing permits radial load and heavy thrust load in
either direction.

Fig.4.3.3 Spherical roller bearing

4) Tapered roller bearing:

Taper roller bearing consists of two main units, a cup and a cone. The cup is on the outer race
whereas the cone consists of inner race, the separator and compliment of taper

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rollers. The taper rollers are guided by the high load on the inner race. The taper roller
bearings are manufactured with interchangeable cups and cone on the shaft separately.

Fig. Tapered roller bearing

These bearings are capable of carrying both the radial and axial loads and permit fine
adjustment for end play. Greater care is required to ensure the proper alignment of bearings
and maintenance of proper axial clearance is essential to avoid bearing failure. Due to more
development in the design of the taper roller bearings, these are also available with 2 rows
and 4 rows.

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 5. DESIGN SOFTWARE’S

CAD
Computer aided design (cad) is defined as any activity that involves the effective use of the
computer to create, modify, analyze, or document an engineering design. CAD is most
commonly associated with the use of an interactive computer graphics system, referred to as
cad system. The term CAD/CAM system is also used if it supports manufacturing as well as
design applications.
The design software used to design the shaft and bearing assembly of the Hammer Mill
crusher is Solidworks.

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD
Mechanical engineering is a broad field which involves planning and Designing
mechanical objects is the primary focus of Mechanical Engineers, whether they are producing
engine and motor components or complete devices like refrigerators and robots. Design
programs like AutoCAD help Mechanical Engineers do their job, by helping them create
preliminary designs, and spot flaws before production, saving time and resources.

AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software

application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in December
1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers.

Before AutoCAD was introduced, most commercial CAD programs ran on mainframe
computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a separate
graphics terminal.

AutoCAD is software, which is used to produce engineering drawings. CAD software

will follow the instructions given, and computer hardware to run software to

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 produce drawings into digital form. Thus, teaching and learning strategies must be
designed to ensure appropriate student competent in producing quality design later

The development of CAD technology in the construction of three-dimensional drawings,

THREE dimensional digital models and computer simulations can provide new methods to
designers to look for more solutions in the design process at the initial stage.

What is CAD?
• Computer Aided Drafting
• Autodesk is the most popular drawing program
➢ AutoCAD
➢ Architecture
➢ Mechanical
➢ Civil

• Capabilities:
➢ 2D line drawings
➢ 3D constructions
➢ Part Assemblies

• 2D Commands
➢ Line
➢ Rectangle
➢ Circle
➢ Polyline
➢ Trim
➢ Extend
➢ Offset
➢ Move
➢ Mirror
➢ Scale
➢ Rotate

• 3D Commands
➢ Extrude
➢ Union
➢ Subtract
➢ 3D Rotate

• Helpful Commands
➢ Units
➢ Properties
➢ Measure
➢ Dimension

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INTRODUCTION TO SOLIDWORKS
SolidWorks is published by Dassault Systems company.
Design intent is how the create of the part wants it to respond to changes and updates. For
example, you would want the hole at the top of a beverage can to stay at the top surface,
regardless of the height or size of the can. SolidWorks allows the user to specify that the hole
is a feature on the top surface, and will then honor their design intent no matter what height
they later assign to the can.

The SOLIDWORKS application is mechanical design automation software that takes

advantage of the familiar Microsoft Windows graphical user interface.
This easy-to-learn tool makes it possible for mechanical designers to quickly sketch ideas,
experiment with features and dimensions, and produce models and detailed drawings.

SOLIDWORKS, drawings are the 2D documents that you create from 3D part or assembly
models. The tools that are considered drawing tools in 2D CAD software are sketching
tools in the SOLIDWORKS software.

Assemblies:
You can build complex assemblies consisting of many components, which can be parts or
other assemblies, called subassemblies. For most operations, the behavior of components is
the same for both types. Adding a component to an assembly creates a link between the
assembly and the component. When SOLIDWORKS opens the assembly, it finds the
component file to show it in the assembly. Changes in the component are automatically
reflected in the assembly.

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Mate:

Mates create geometric relationships between assembly components. As you add mates, you
define the allowable directions of linear or rotational motion of the components. You can
move a component within its degrees of freedom, visualizing the assembly's behavior.

Sheet Metal:
Sheet metal parts are generally used as enclosures for components or to provide support to
other components.
You can design a sheet metal part on its own without any references to the parts it will
enclose, you can design the part in the context of an assembly that contains the enclosed
components, or you can design the part within another part document in a multibody
environment.

MODELLING PICTURES

BEARING ASSEMBLY

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HAMMER PIN

HAMMER

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MAIN SHAFT

END DISC PLATES

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DISC PLATE

Rotor Shaft Assembly of Hammer Mill Crusher

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CONCLUSIONS:
➢ Bevcon Wayors Company is developing this as a new product we submitted this
report for their reference.
➢ By this company can save cost and time for manufacturing and cost of bearing can
also be saved.

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 REFERENCES:
• Strength of materials by – Pakirappa / M.zakria baig
• Design of machine elements- Pakirappa/ V.N.Kumar
• Machine design – R.S.Khurmi
• Machine design – Pandya & Shah

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