Spontaneous Potential—Wireline

Rweq Determination from ESSP

SP-1
(former SP-1)

Rweq
(ohm-m)
0.001

SP

Rmfeq /Rweq 0.005

0.3 0.3

0.4 0.4
0.5 Rmfeq 0.01
0.6 0.6 (ohm-m)
0.01
0.8 0.8
1 1 0.02 0.02

0.04
0.06
2 2
0.1
0.05
3 0.2
Rmf /Rw 4 4
0.4
5 0.6 0.1
6 6
1
8 8
10 10 2 0.2

4
25 00°C

6
0°
C

20
2

20
10
150

50

Formation 0.5
100

0°F
50°

°C

temperature
°C

30
40
C

20
0°
3

F
0°C

0
100

200

0°F

40 40
40
°F
°F

50 1.0
60
+50 0 –50 –100 –150 –200
Static spontaneous potential, ESSP (mV) 100

2.0

© Schlumberger

47
 Spontaneous Potential—Wireline

Rweq versus Rw and Formation Temperature

SP-2
(customary, former SP-2)

0.001
500°F
400°F

0.002 300°F

200°F
SP
150°F
0.005
100°F
75°F
0.01
Saturation

0.02

Rweq or Rmfeq
(ohm-m) 0.05

0.1

0.2

500°F
400°
F
0.5 300°
F
200°
F
150
°F
Na
Cl

1.0 100
°
at

75° F
75

F
°F

2.0
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5
Rw or Rmf (ohm-m)
© Schlumberger

Purpose The dashed lines can also be used for gypsum-base mud filtrates.
This chart is used to convert equivalent water resistivity (Rweq ) from
Chart SP-1 to actual water resistivity (Rw). It can also be used to con- Example
vert the mud filtrate resistivity (Rmf) to the equivalent mud filtrate Given: From Chart SP-1, Rweq = 0.025 ohm-m at 250°F in
resistivity (Rmfeq ) in saline mud. The metric version of this chart is predominantly NaCl water.
Chart SP-3 on page 49. Find: Rw at 250°F.
Answer: Enter the chart at the Rweq value on the y-axis and move
Description
horizontally right to intersect the solid 250°F line. From
The solid lines are used for predominantly NaCl waters. The dashed
the intersection point, move down to find the Rw value
lines are approximations for “average” fresh formation waters (for
on the x-axis. Rw = 0.03 ohm-m at 250°F.
which the effects of salts other than NaCl become significant).
48
 Spontaneous Potential—Wireline

Rweq versus Rw and Formation Temperature

SP-3
(metric, former SP-2m)

0.001
250°C
200°C

0.002 150°C

100°C
75°C SP
0.005
50°C

25°C
0.01
Saturation

0.02

Rweq or Rmfeq
(ohm-m) 0.05

0.1

0.2

250°C
200°
C
0.5 150°
C
100°
C
75°C
Na

50°
C
Cl

1.0
at

25°
25

C
°C

2.0
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5
Rw or Rmf (ohm-m)
© Schlumberger

Purpose (for which the effects of salts other than NaCl become significant).
This chart is the metric version of Chart SP-2 for converting equiva- The dashed lines can also be used for gypsum-base mud filtrates.
lent water resistivity (Rweq) from Chart SP-1 to actual water resistiv-
ity (Rw). It can also be used to convert the mud filtrate resistivity (Rmf) Example
to the equivalent mud filtrate resistivity (Rmfeq) in saline mud. Given: From Chart SP-1, Rweq = 0.025 ohm-m at 121°C in
predominantly NaCl water.
Description Find: Rw at 121°C.
The solid lines are used for predominantly NaCl waters. The dashed
Answer: Rw = 0.03 ohm-m at 121°C.
lines are approximations for “average” fresh formation waters

49
 Spontaneous Potential—Wireline

Bed Thickness Correction—Open Hole

Purpose The appropriate chart is selected on the basis of resistivity, inva-

Chart SP-4 is used to correct the SP reading from the well log for
the effect of bed thickness. Generally, water sands greater than
20 ft in thickness require no or only a small correction.
Description
Chart SP-4 incorporates correction factors for a number of condi-
tions that can affect the value of the SP in water sands.
SP
sion, hole diameter, and bed thickness. First, select the row of charts
with the most appropriate value of the ratio of the resistivity of shale
(Rs) to the resistivity of mud (Rm). On that row, select a chart for no
invasion or for invasion for which the ratio of the diameter of invasion
to the diameter of the wellbore (di /dh) is 5. Enter the x-axis with
the value of the ratio of bed thickness to wellbore diameter (h/dh).
Move upward to intersect the appropriate curve of the ratio of the
true formation resistivity to the resistivity of the mud (Rt /Rm) for
no invasion or the ratio of the resistivity of the flushed zone to the
resistivity of the mud (Rxo /Rm) for invaded zones, interpolating
between the curves as necessary. Read the ratio of the SP read from
the log to the corrected SP (ESP /ESPcor) on the y-axis for the point of
intersection. Calculate ESPcor = ESP /(ESP /ESPcor). The value of ESPcor
can be used in Chart SP-1 for ESSP.

50
Spontaneous Potential-Wireline
Potential—Wireline

Bed Thickness Correction—Open Hole

SP-4
(former SP-3)

No Invasion Invasion, di /dh = 5

Rxo = 0.2Rt Rxo = Rt Rxo = 5Rt
Rs 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
=1 1
Rm 5 2 0.5
10 0.5 21
0.8 0.8 0.1 0.8 1 0.8 5
20
0.2 2 SP
5 10
0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6
10 20
ESP /ESPcor 1
50 2 20
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
50
5
100 50
10
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 100
200 20
100
50 200
200
Rt /Rm Rxo /Rm 100 Rxo /Rm Rxo /Rm

40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5

h/dh h/dh h/dh h/dh
Rs 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
=5 2 0.5
1
Rm 5
0.2 1 2
10 2 5
0.8 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8
5 10
20 1

2 10
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 20

20
ESP /ESPcor 50
5
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 50
10 50
100
20 100
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
200 100 200
50
200 500
500 100 Rxo /Rm Rxo /Rm
Rt /Rm Rxo /Rm 200 500

40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5

h/dh h/dh h/dh h/dh
Rs 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
= 20 5 2 1 5
2
Rm 2
10
10 1 5
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 20
20 2
10

5 20
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 50
50
ESP /ESPcor 10
50 100
0.4 0.4 20 0.4 0.4
100

100 200
200 50
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
100 200 500
500 200
Rt /Rm Rxo /Rm Rxo /Rm 500 Rxo /Rm 1,000
1,000 500 1,000
40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5
h/dh h/dh h/dh h/dh

© Schlumberger

51
 Spontaneous Potential—Wireline

Bed Thickness Correction—Open Hole (Empirical)

SP-5
(customary, former SP-4)

8-in. Hole; 33⁄8 -in. Tool, Centered

100 1.0
di (in.)
20
90

30
SP

30
Ri

30
Rm

30

35
80

35
30

40
5
70

40
1.5

60
ESSP Correction
(%) factor

50 20 2.0

40 50 2.5

3.0
30 100 3.5
4.0

20 5.0
200

70 50 40 30 20 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
Bed thickness, h (ft)

© Schlumberger

Purpose
This chart is used to provide an empirical correction to the SP for
the effects of invasion and bed thickness. The correction was obtained
by averaging a series of thin-bed corrections in Reference 4. The
resulting value of static spontaneous potential (ESSP) can be used
in Chart SP-1.
To obtain the correction factor, enter the chart on the x-axis with
the value of h. Move upward to the appropriate di curve for the range
of Ri /Rm. The correction factor on the y-axis corresponding to the
intersection point is multiplied by the SP from the log to obtain the
corrected SP.

Description
This chart considers bed thickness (h) as a variable, and the ratio of
the resistivity of the invaded zone to the resistivity of the mud (Ri /Rm)
and the diameter of invasion (di ) as parameters of fixed value. The
borehole diameter is fixed at 8 in. and the tool size at 33⁄8 in.

52
 Spontaneous Potential—Wireline

Bed Thickness Correction—Open Hole (Empirical)

SP-6
(metric, former SP-4m)

200-mm Hole; 86-mm Tool, Centered

100 1.0
di (m)
0.5
90
SP

0.7
Ri

0.7
0.7
Rm

5
80

0.8
0.7
5
0.7

0.8
5
5

8
1.0
70
1.5

60 1.0
ESSP Correction
(%) factor

50 20 2.0

40 2.5
50

3.0
30 3.5
100
4.0

20 5.0
200

20 15 10 5 3 2 1
Bed thickness, h (m)

© Schlumberger

Purpose
This chart is the metric version of Chart SP-5 for providing an empir-
ical correction to the SP for the effects of invasion and bed thick-
ness. The correction was obtained by averaging a series of thin-bed
corrections in Reference 4. The resulting value of ESSP can be used
in Chart SP-1.
Description
This chart considers bed thickness (h) as a variable, and R i /Rm and
di as parameters of fixed value. The borehole diameter is fixed at
203 mm and the tool size at 86 mm.

53