Salmonellae

Salmonellae are Gram-negative rod shaped bacteria with a facultative metabolism, that is growth occurs in the presence and
absence of oxygen .They are generally motile and grow on standard laboratory media, such as Luria-Bertani medium or nutrient
agar, they do not ferment lactose, although in some environments acquisition of the lac operon has been described .The type
species of the genus Salmonella is Salmonella enterica and the type strain is Lt2T. Salmonella enterica was considered to be the
only species in the genus until 1989 when Salmonella bongori was first suggested , to be confirmed by genome sequencing in
2011 . Salmonella enterica is divided into six subspecies listed as follows: Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica (subspecies I),
salamae (subspecies II), arizonae (IIIa), diarizonae (IIIb), houtenae (IV), and indica (VI). Within the subspecies more than 2,400
different serovars, as classified by the Kauffmann and White scheme, have been identified . Of these, approximately 99%
serovars that cause disease in warmblooded animals fall within Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica. For ease of reference in
this article, such serovars will be referred to as, for example, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Montevideo, Salmonella
Typhimurium, and so on. Members of the other five subspecies (II–VI) are, in the main, associated with cold-blooded animals or
are found in the natural environment. Strains of Salmonella arizonae and Salmonella diarizonae have been identified in sheep in
several countries, but infections in humans are relatively rare

Salmonella organisms are found in both the environment and in a wide range of animals. The primary hosts of nontyphoidal
Salmonella causing disease in humans include food-producing animals – poultry, cattle, and swine – and the organisms are
typically transmitted to humans either via contaminated food of animal origin, food or water contaminated by animal feces, or
sometimes through contact with animals and their environments. Some Salmonella serovars are commonly found in cold-
blooded animals. For example, reptiles and terrapins, and in such cases infection is often by contact with these animals or by
contamination of water supplies(John A. Crump, et al ., 2017)

Salmonella causes many diseases such as typhoid and food poisoning. This type of poisoning requires the entry of bacteria with
food (especially poultry meat) to cause poisoning, i.e., food infection, and the bacteria decompose inside the intestines to
release the endotoxin. Salmonella is a Gram-negative bacillus, with an orbital ocean. Fodder and drinking water in poultry fields
are important sources of pollution and then human

All raw foods, such as meat, poultry, eggs, eggs, mayonnaise, dairy products (soft cheese, ice cream, dried milk, etc.), seafood,
vegetables and fruits, may carry salmonella bacteria. And the cause of the infection by not dealing with them in a healthy and
safe, from processing and preparation to the stage of cooking, which must be with the temperature has reached the center of
food to reduce the appropriate to eliminate all the stages the living bacteria, in addition to be careful to avoid there is a
provision for between foods with raw food That or poultry is cooked to prevent the transmission of these bacteria and the
occurrence of what is known as pollution-aqueous(Reem Zuhair Shinashal, 2019)

Antibiotic drugs are critical in the treatment of infectious diseases and have considerably improved quality of life, in addition to
reducing the mortality associated with bacterial infections. The selectivity of antibiotic drugs against invading bacteria ensures
minimal harm to the patients and at the same time guarantees maximum eradication of the target bacteria . NTS infections do
not usually require treatment with antibiotic drugs, however complications such as meningitis and septicaemia do occur and
require treatment with antibiotic drugs, including ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and ampicillin . Infections caused by S. Typhi and S.
Paratyphi may involve serious complications and require treatment with antibiotics such as cefixime, chloramphenicol,
amoxicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), azithromycin, aztreonam, cefotaxime or ceftriaxone to prevent death .
Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid drug and may be used when a complication such as delirium, obtundation, stupor, coma or
shock occurs(Abraham Majak Gut, et al., 2018)

Symptoms of Salmonella infection:- There are many different symptoms that can predict the risk of exposure and infection
Salmonella, but the most common is the onset of signs of severe diarrhoea, accompanied by high temperatures, in addition to
the constant sense of thirst, as a result of the loss of the body to large amounts of water due to high temperature and sweating

(Reem Zuhair Shinashal, 2019)

* Salmonellae spp.( Md. Atikur Rahman, et al., 2019)

Test Result

Catalase +
Citrate +
Indole _
Oxidase _
Urease _
VP (Voges Proskauer) _
MR (Methyle red)
+

Reference:-
1-{John A C , John W, (2017) Salmonella, ResearchGate GmbH, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00394-5 }
2-{ Reem Zuhair Shinashal ,(2019) A review on Salmonella bacteria in human and animal, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
RESEARCH IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, ISSN: 0975-7538 DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1876 }

3-{ Abraham M G, Todor V, Thomas Y, Osaana N D (2018) Salmonella infection – prevention and treatment by antibiotics and
probiotic yeasts: a review, Gut et al., Microbiology 164:1327–1344 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000709}

4-{ Md. Atikur R, Azizul H , Tasnim A, Shahriar M, Shaharuq N S, Md. Rajib H, Nirmal CH B, Md. Badiruzzaman, Tofajjal H , Md.
Sherajul H, Md. Ekhlas U, Rokeya A (2019) Isolation, Identification and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Salmonella spp from
Locally Isolated Egg Samples, American Journal of Pure and Applied Biosciences, UniversePG, ISSN: 2663-6913 1(1), DOI:
10.34104/ajpab.019.019111}