20XX-01-XXXX

Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Waste Plastic Oil Blends with

Diesel Fuel.
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Abstract thermally at different temperatures. The catalysts can be used to

In this study, plastic wastes were converted into oil by
pyrolysis process which will utilized as fuel in conventional diesel
engine and also the physical properties of the plastic oil are almost
matching the properties of diesel. Thus, the process of converting
plastics into useful fuel had an opportunity to utilize the wealth from
waste. Pyrolysis process will be carried out in the absence of oxygen
which will have the operating temperature of about 300°C – 400°C in
which process will carried out in the reactor.
The experimental investigation is carried out to assessment
and analysis of extracting the plastic oil by pyrolysis process and
blended with a proportion of diesel fuel and various test will be
conducted to improve the performance and emission characteristics.
Since, the properties of plastic oil is closely identical with diesel,
plastic oil is blended with diesel in the proportion of 10%, 20% and
30%.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Plastic oil, Pyrolysis, LPDE, Blend,
Temperature, Performance, Emission, Efficiency.
Introduction
The recent economic development has led to the utilization
of plastic more than the previous century. Each and every product
developed is made of plastics. The utilization of the plastics has
increased during the past few decades. The plastic wastes are
increasing at a drastic rate. The recycle of the plastic is necessary for
controlling the environmental pollution.
improve the overall pyrolysis process and the efficiency. Different
types of catalysts have been used for the plastic waste pyrolysis. This
process may cracking, aromatization and isomerization reactions
Extraction of Plastic Oil:
Reactor
The reactor is used for the external heating of the waste plastic
materials. It is made of stainless steel. The size of the steel box is
1x1x1 meter, containing steel tubes. It has an inlet at one end and
outlet at the other end. The heating can be provided by the electrical
coil heater for external. The raw material is placed inside the reactor
and the temperature is controlled to about 450°C.
Condenser
The condenser is used for the cooling of the vapour. The waste
plastics when heated produces the vapour. This vapour is cooled for
converting the vapour into the liquid. The condenser has numerous
tubes running inside the container, having an inlet and an outlet for
water. The water is fed into the condenser through the tube for
cooling the vapour. The gaseous vapour is condensed and the gaseous
hydrocarbon becomes liquid.

The plastic is used for packaging of food items, products

and components. The solid plastics are not properly disposed and
recycled due to which the pollution due to the plastics is increasing.
The pollution due to plastic is also affecting the human health. If the
plastic waste production is not controlled, it may lead to
environmental damages, which can have serious global impact on the
living beings.

The waste plastics can be recycled in a number of ways.

The plastics can be converted into a fuel for the combustion. There
are different methods available for the conversion of the plastic into
the combustible fuel. Pyrolysis is one of the methods to produce the
fuel from the plastics.
Pyrolysis:
The pyrolysis method produces the solid, liquid and
gaseous fuel from the waste plastics. This process normally takes
place in the absence of the oxygen. The plastics are degraded
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Figure 1. Pyrolysis Reactor setup
Plastic oil extraction (lpde)
The waste plastics is cleaned and broken into small pieces. The
plastics needed to be cleaned first to remove any foreign materials.
The plastic is then pulverized to small size, the size is decided based
on the requirements. The plastic is fed into the thermal cracking
reactor which is operated at high temperature, normally between
200°C to 400°C. The whole process is carried out in a vacuum
environment. In this experiment low density plastics are used.
The plastic is heated from minimum temperature to a point of melting Experimental setup:
of the plastics, the melted plastic is sent as slurry, this further
undergoes increase in temperature. When the temperature is
A single cylinder four stroke and vertical water-cooled constant
increased the plastic is converted into vapour. The vapour is sent to
speed, naturally aspirated DI diesel engine is used as the test rig for
the condenser section unit. The vapour is condensed and the gaseous
the investigation. It has an output of 5.2 kw and the engine runs of
hydrocarbon becomes liquid fuel.
1500 r.p.m. An eddy current dynamometer is used as a loading
device. The pure diesel and plastic oil-diesel blends P10, P20, P30
were tested. The specifications of experimental setup were shown
below the table as follows.

Figure 2. Extraction of Plastic Oil Figure 3. Engine Experimental Setup

The temperature has drastic effects on the thermal degradation Table 2. Engine Specifications
process. The fuel so obtained is further heated and is collected, this
way the fuel is refined from the crude plastics. In the thermal Manufacturer, Model and Kirloskar, TV1, 5.2 KW
cracking process the hydrocarbon chains are broken due to the effect Power
of the temperature and the catalyst. The carbon- carbon bond is Engine type 4-stroke, vertical, single
broken in a slow process and with the increase of the temperature, the cylinder, direct injection, CI
long chains are broken step by step. In this process the light gas are engine
also produced.
Rated speed (rpm) 1500(constant speed)
Properties of Plastic Oil: Bore x Stroke 87.50 x 110 mm
Properties of plastic oil: Calorimeter Exhaust gas calorimeter
The Plastic oil is obtained will be tested for its physical properties Cooling Water cooled engine
and identified as the results show that the properties of plastic oil is
which was very close to the property of diesel fuel. Fuel properties Starting Hand cranking
like density, viscosity, flash point, fire point, calorific value of plastic Compression ratio 17.5:1
oil is shown in the below table as follows.
Dynamometer Eddy Current Dynamometer
Table 1. Properties of plastic oil
Smoke meter AVL smoke meter

S.NO PROPERTIES RESULTS Emission Five Gas Analyzer

1. Density 878 kg/cc Results and Discussions:

2. Kinematic viscosity 6.33 cST
@40C The experiment for different blends of Plastic oil was
3. Acid value 0.698.23KOH/mg carried out and the performance and emission characteristics with
4. Calorific value 39459 KJ/Kg respect to load are discussed below.
5. Flash point 64º C
6. Fire point 72º C Load Vs Brake Power
Blending:
From the graph, it shows that the brake power with the standard
The different blends of plastic oil and diesel were prepared, diesel was observed with various loads. The plastic blends 10%, 20%
analyzed and is compared with diesel fuel. The blends are 10% with and 30% has no much variation. + or - 0.02 KW difference observed
plastic oil and 90%diesel (P10), 20% plastic oil and 80% diesel when compared to diesel fuel.
fuel(P20), 30% plastic oil and 70% diesel fuel(P30). The blending of
biodiesel with the diesel is a best way to reduce the viscosity and
biodiesel-diesel blends can be easily used in diesel engines.
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 From the graph, it shows that the mechanical η with the standard
diesel was observed with various loads. The plastic blends 10%, 20%
and 30 has up to 2.17% lesser efficiency when compared to diesel
fuel.

CO2 Emission
Carbons stored in fossil oil gets transformed into carbon dioxide
during combustion process. From the graph, it shows that the
emission level of the carbon dioxide with the standard diesel was
observed with various loads. The plastic blends 10% & 20% has 0.58
& 0.25% higher emission and 30% has 0.37% lesser emissions when
compared to diesel fuel.

Figure 4. Load Vs Brake Power

Load Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency

Figure 7. Carbon dioxide Emission

CO Emission

Figure 5. Load Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency

From the graph, it shows that the brake thermal η with the standard
diesel was observed with various loads. The plastic blends 10%, 20%
and 30 has up to 2.71% lesser efficiency when compared to diesel
fuel.
Load Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency

Figure 7.CO Emission

From the graph, it shows that the emission level of the Carbon
Monoxide gas with the standard diesel was observed with various
loads. The plastic blends 10% & 20% has 0.088%, 0.008% higher
emission and 30% has 0.072% lesser CO emissions when compared
to diesel fuel.

Figure 6. Load Vs Mechanical Efficiency

Page 3 of 4
Hydrocarbon Emission
Figure 8. Hydrocarbon Emission
From the graph, it shows that the emission level of the hydro carbon
with the standard diesel was observed with various loads. The plastic
blends 10% has 2PPM higher emission and 20% & 30% has 3 &
9PPM lesser emissions when compared to diesel fuel.
NOX Emission
From the graph, it shows that the emission level of the nitrous oxide
with the standard diesel was observed with various loads. The plastic
blends 10% & 20% has 76 & 89PPM higher emission and 30% has
43PPM lesser emissions when compared to diesel fuel.
Figure 9. NOx Emission
Conclusions
The waste plastics can be converted into combustible fuel
using various conversions methods. Pyrolysis is one of method
mostly used for the conversion of the waste plastic into combustible
fuel. The properties of the fuel so obtained are similar to that of the
diesel fuel. The performance and emission characteristics of the fuel
is carried out. From the calculations and the emission analysis test of
the engine the emission level of the CO2, CO, HC, NOX from the
engine. The plastic blends 10% & 20% has 0.58 & 0.25% higher
Page 4 of 4
emission CO2 and 30% has 0.37% lesser CO2 emissions when
compared to diesel fuel. The plastic blends 10% & 20% has 0.088%,
0.008% higher CO emission and 30% has 0.072% lesser CO
emissions when compared to diesel fuel. The plastic blends 10% has
2 ppm higher HC emission and 20% & 30% has 3 & 9 ppm lesser HC
emissions when compared to diesel fuel. The plastic blends 10% &
20% has 76 & 89 ppm higher NOX emission and 30% has 43 ppm
lesser NOX emissions when compared to diesel fuel.
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Contact Information
Mr. Mathiselvan. G
mathiselvan@bitsathy.ac.in
Mr.Raja.T
raja.thiya@gmail.com