Un tunnel (tunnel) est un passage souterrain, creusé à travers le sol/la terre/la roche

environnante et fermé sauf pour l’entrée et la sortie, généralement à chaque extrémité. Un

pipeline n’est pas un tunnel, bien que certains tunnels récents aient utilisé des techniques de
construction de tubes immergés plutôt que des méthodes traditionnelles de forage de tunnels.
A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central
portions of a rapid transit network are usually in the tunnel.
Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or
are sewers. Utility tunnels are used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or
telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of people
and equipment.
Secret tunnels are built for military purposes, or by civilians
for smuggling of weapons, contraband, or people. Special tunnels, such as wildlife crossings,
are built to allow wildlife to cross human-made barriers safely. Tunnels can be connected
together in tunnel networks
A bridge (pont) is a structure built to span a physical obstacle (such as a body of water,
valley, road, or rail, without blocking the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of
providing passage over the obstacle, which is usually something that is otherwise difficult or
impossible to cross. There are many different designs of bridges, each serving a particular
purpose and applicable to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on factors
such as: the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed
and anchored, and the material used to make it and the funds available to build it.
The earliest bridges were likely made with fallen trees and stepping stones.
The Neolithic people built boardwalk bridges across marshland. The Arkadiko Bridge (dating
from the 13th century BC, in the Peloponnese) is one of the oldest arch bridges still in
existence and use.
Retaining walls (murs de soutènement) are relatively rigid walls used for supporting soil
laterally so that it can be retained at different levels on the two sides. Retaining walls are
structures designed to restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to (typically a
steep, near-vertical or vertical slope). They are used to bound soils between two different
elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas where the
landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside
farming or roadway overpasses. A retaining wall that retains soil on the backside and water on
the frontside is called a seawall or a bulkhead.