FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

SHAH ALAM LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE NAME
COURSE CODE
OPEN-ENDED LAB
SEMESTER

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : TRAVERSE BY TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENT

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 14th JUNE 2021
GROUP : EC2202A5A
GROUP MEMBERS 1. QAISARA AZIZAH BINTI AMRANUDIN (2020859416)
2. ROSNANIE BINTI KAMARULZAMAN (2020897552)
3. QISTINA WALIN BINTI MOHD AZRIN (2020859246)
LECTURER : TS. DR. ADNAN BIN DERAHMAN
LEVEL OF OPENESS : 2

CO-PO MARKS COMMENTS

INTRODUCTION CO4-PO4
BASIC CONCEPTS ......
METHODOLOGY ...... 1 2 3 4 5
RESULTS&ANALYSI
...... 1 2 3 4 5
S
DISCUSSION 1 2 3 4 5
CONCLUSION 1 2 3 4 5
ORGANIZATION 1 2 3 4 5

TOTAL MARKS

COURSE ENGINEERING SURVEY LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECG422

©FKA, UiTM, SHAH ALAM February 2013

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
SHAH ALAM LABORATORY MANUAL

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 2
CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 66
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 4 HOURS
TITLE TRAVERSE BY TOTAL STATION
INSTRUMENT

Introduction
A traverse could be a method in the field of surveying to set up control networks. It
is additionally utilized in geodesy. Traverse networks include setting survey stations
along a line or path of travel and after that utilizing the already surveyed points as a
base for observing the following point. The angles and the distances can be
measured by using total stations, steel tapes or Electronic Distance- Measurement
instruments (EDMs). However, in this report, it was measured by using total station
instrument. Traverses can be grouped into two types which are open traverse, as in
route surveys, or closed traverse, as in a closed geometric figure. In this report, a
closed traverse was used to surveyed. The lines joining the stations in a traverse are
known as the traverse lines. In short, traverse survey consists of
PREAMBLE the measurement of:
i. angles between successive lines (or bearings of each line)
ii. the length of each line.

For closed traverse, there are two known cases which are close route traverse and
close ring traverse. For the laboratory activities, a closed traverse, a traverse that
either begins from a station and returns to the same station completing a circuit, or
runs between two known stations. This type of traverse is more widely known as
polygon or loop. The methods used in measuring angles or directions of traverse
lines includes interior angle method, deflection angles method and local attraction
method.

Objectives
This partially open-ended laboratory activities is created to provide a platform for
students (as a group) to determine the objectives and scopes of the laboratory
assignment, identify the necessary apparatus and prepare step by step methodology
to carry out the task to address the given problem. The group will be required to
analyst all the technical data obtained and present them in a technical format.

Total station traversing is one of the methods to obtain horizontal control of

surveying. We did traverse in order to supply one system of control points on a
map or plan. When we need to plan a detail of construction, for example a site, the
control points of traverse can be used to determine the middle point of a road,
buildings etc. The following objectives can be achieved by doing total station
traversing which is horizontal control of surveying:
 To learn to set up the total station precisely toward pointed point in
working sector
 To discover the uses and obtain readings of total station correctly
 To be able to record the data into the table
 To be able to transfer bearing for true North to our working sector

©FKA, UiTM, SHAH ALAM February 2013

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
SHAH ALAM LABORATORY MANUAL

 To measure internal angle of the working sector

 To transfer the bearing on each pointed station in the working sector
 To calculate the differences of angle theoretically and observe angle
 To understand the misclosure classes while doing traversing using total
station
 To evaluate the misclosure and mean angle
 To be able to do the correction on each pointed station
 To compute coordinates of the traverse points
Learning Outcomes
After we have done this traversing, we have accumulated some experience
and all of us will be able to:

 Set up a total station and read horizontal angles

 Improve our understanding and application of all theories that have
been taught by lecturer
 Understand the theoretical and analytical aspects of geomatics
 Set up apparatus and carry out adjustment of a traverse instrument
efficiently
 Record the leveling data into the traversing form
 Measure the internal angle and distance from one station to another
station that have been established in our working sector.
 Calculate the misclosure within the permissible limit

An open area within the Engineering Complex of UiTM, is required to be surveyed

by closed-traverse polygon shape method using total station instrument. Each
group need to extrapolate six (6) stations of boundary lines of minimum length of
30 m. The bearings needed to be recorded to the nearest 10 seconds and distances
PROBLEM STATEMENT to the nearest 1 mm. All data has to be recorded according to Survey Regulations
by Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM). The datum is adopted using
prismatic compass from station 1 to station 2. It is expected to complete the task in
four hours.

©FKA, UiTM, SHAH ALAM February 2013

 In this traversing work, four problems need to be tackled prior to setting out the
points on the ground.
1. Suitability of the instrument to be used for the task.
2. Instrument set-up on ground to obtain bearing and distances between
stations.
3. Data obtained from traversing is expected to be recorded accordingly.
Computation is required to confirm the linear accuracy ratio and the size
of the area.
4. Plot the plan of the traverse.

Location for this lab report as shown in Figure 2. The surveying site is in the
area between Vehicle Parking and UITM Shah Alam Selangor Faculty of
Civil
Engineering Building. This study area is a parking lot for students &
lecturers
and also a vehicle route for entry and exit which is the main road for civil
engineering students.

STUDY AREA

Figure 1 Civil Engineering Building UiTM Shah Alam, Selangor

Figure 2 Location of surveying site

 Each group will be given a task to be carried out. The group is required to carry out
surveying of the open area and conduct suitable and related laboratory tests to
obtain the polygon shape of a closed traverse and record the data accordingly to
WAYS & MEANS
address the four (4) related problems mentioned above. The 2 laboratory tests to be
designed will be conducted in succession in 4 hours. The area and CP are sketched
showing the location of the stations as shown in Figure 1.

Equipment:

 Total station
 Tripods
 Prism
 Wooden Peg (If necessary)
 Nail (If necessary)
 Hammer (If necessary)

Total Station Prism

Tripod

Procedures

Setting up the tripod

1. Tripod legs was extend to a proper length.
2. The tripod was set approximately over the marked survey point.

Setting up the Total Station

1. One tripod leg was fix into the ground.
2. The other two legs were to hold and move to roughly center the total station by
locating the ground
 mark by plumb-bob.
3. The circular bubble can be leveled by adjusting the length of the one tripod leg at
a time the other two
still keep.
4. The total station was rotate until its plate bubble is centered for all positions.
5. The screw tripod was loosened and slowly translate the total station around until
it is exactly centered the survey point.
6. Step (4) and (5) was repeated.

Measure horizontal angle

1. Loosen the vertical and horizontal clamps and use the peep sight on top of the
instrument to locate the general direction of the prism.
2. Tighten both clamps.
3. Turn the focusing ring on the telescope until the image of the prism sharpens in
the field of view.
4. Turn the vertical and horizontal fine motion screws to align the prism with the
reticle. The last adjustment of each fine motion screw should be in the clockwise
direction.
5. Step 1 to 4 is repeated on second prism.
6. Read and record the angle currently on display. This is the angle between the
first and second station

Measuring distances between stations:

1. Firstly, we set-up tripod at station A and install the instrument on the tripod.
Then, we hang the plumb-bob in the middle of the tripod, we make sure that the
plumb-bob is pointing towards the point of the cross mark on the peg A.
2. Then, we set-up a prism at station B. As same the tripod hang a plumb-bob on
the target. Make sure the plumb-bob point directly to the center of the peg B.
3. Loosen the vertical and horizontal clamps and use the peep sight on top of the
instrument to locate the general direction of the prism. Tighten both clamps.
4. Turn the focusing ring on the telescope until the image of the prism sharpens in
the field of view.
5. Turn the vertical and horizontal fine motion screws to align the prism with the
reticle. The last adjustment of each fine motion screw should be in the clockwise
direction.
6. Select the distance measurement mode.
7. We go on with the same procedure until all 6 distances are taken

The groups are required to prepare the technical report of the laboratory results
highlighting the procedures of testing adopted, data acquisition process, analysis
carried out and the relevancy of the traverse to address the problem given.
Each group are given 30 minutes to present the findings in field during the
RESULTS evaluation after the start of the project.
In the presentation each group must present solutions and analysis to the
problems that may arise in the polygon shape closed traverse on the data
recorded and analysis during the laboratory tests.
 SHEET 1: LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENT

Station Observed Bearing Average Stn Corrected Stn Vertical Distance Ranging Final
Circle Circle Observed From Bearing To Angle (m) Rod Distance
Left right Bearing Distance (m)
(m)
F 108.74º 288.74º F 288 ° 44 ' 24 ' ' A N/A 52.3 52.3
A 31.5
B 335.07º 155.07º 335 ° 4 ' 12 ' ' A 335 ° 4 ' 12 ' ' B N/A 31.5 31.5

A 155.07º 335.07º A 155 ° 4 ' 12 ' ' B N/A 31.5 31.5

B 31.0
C 227.43º 47.43º 227 ° 25' 48 ' ' B 227 ° 25' 48 ' ' C N/A 31.0 31.0

B 47.43º 227.43º B 47 ° 25 ' 48 ' ' C N/A 31.0 31.0

C 39.0
D 166.86º 346.86º 166 ° 51 ' 36 ' ' C 166 ° 51 ' 36 ' ' D N/A 39.0 39.0

C 346.86º 166.86º C 346 ° 51 ' 36 ' ' D N/A 39.0 39.0

D 34.0
E 113.49º 293.49º 113 ° 29' 24 ' ' D 113 ° 29' 24 ' ' E N/A 34.0 34.0

D 293.49º 113.49º D 293 ° 29 ' 24 ' ' E N/A 34.0 34.0

E 53.2
F 59.16º 239.16º 59 ° 9' 36 ' ' E 59 ° 9' 36 ' ' F N/A 53.2 53.2

E 239.16º 59.16º E 239 ° 9' 36 ' ' F N/A 53.2 53.2

F 52.3
A 288.74º 108.74º 288 ° 44 ' 24 ' ' F 288 ° 44 ' 24 ' ' A N/A 52.3 52.3
 STATION INTERNAL ANGLE

B 72 ° 21 ' 36 ' '

C 119 ° 25' 48 ' '

D 126 ° 37 ' 48 ' '

E 125 ° 40 ' 12' '

F 49 ° 34 ' 48 ' '

A 226 ° 40 ' 12' '

TOTAL 720 ° 20 ' 24 ' '

Calculation for misclosure

No of station, n = 6

Theoretical sum of internal angle = (2n-4) × 90°

= (2(6)-4) × 90°

= 72 0 ° 00 ' 00 ' '

Measured sum of angle

TOTAL=720 ° 20 ' 24 ' '

Angular Misclosure = 720 ° 00 ' 00 ' ' - 720 ° 20 ' 24 ' '
= −0 ° 20' 24 ' '

Acceptable Misclosure for 2nd class traversing

= 20 ' ' × √ 6

= 0 ° 48' 39 ' '

Since −0 ° 20' 24 ' ' is less than 0 ° 2' 3 0 ' ' , than the misclosure obtained is acceptable.
Correction of internal angle:

−0 ° 20 ' 24 ' '

Correction per station = = −0 ° 03 ' 24 ' '
6

CORRECTED
STATION INTERNAL ANGLE CORRECTION INTERNAL ANGLE

B 72 ° 21 ' 36 ' ' −0 ° 03 ' 24 ' ' 72 ° 18 ' 12' '

C 119 ° 25' 48 ' ' −0 ° 03 ' 24 ' ' 119 ° 22' 24 ' '

D 126 ° 37 ' 48 ' ' −0 ° 03 ' 24 ' ' 126 ° 34 ' 24 ' '

E 125 ° 40 ' 12' ' −0 ° 03 ' 24 ' ' 125 ° 36 ' 48 ' '

F 49 ° 34 ' 48 ' ' −0 ° 03 ' 24 ' ' 49 ° 31' 24 ' '

A 226 ° 40 ' 12' ' −0 ° 03 ' 24 ' ' 226 ° 36' 48 ' '
CALCULATION OF BEARING

Bearing AB 335 ° 4 ' 12 ' '

Bearing BA (335 ° 4' 12' ' −180 ° ) 1 55 ° 4 ' 12 ' '

Angle B 72 ° 18 ' 12' '

Bearing BC (1 55 ° 4 ' 12' ' −72° 18 ' 12' ') 8 2 ° 46 ' 0 ' '

Bearing CB (8 2 ° 46' 0' ' +180 °) 2 6 2° 46 ' 0 ' '

Angle C 119 ° 22' 24 ' '

Bearing CD (2 6 2° 46 ' 0' ' −119 ° 22' 24 ' ' ) 1 4 3 ° 23 ' 36 ' '

Bearing DC (1 4 3 ° 23' 36 '' +180 °) 32 3° 23 ' 36 ' '

Angle D 126 ° 34 ' 24 ' '

Bearing DE ¿) 1 9 6 ° 49' 12 ' '

Bearing ED (1 9 6 ° 49' 12' ' +180 ° ) 3 7 6 ° 49 ' 12' '

Angle E 125 ° 36 ' 48 ' '

Bearing EF (3 7 6 ° 49' 12' ' −125 ° 36 ' 48' ' ¿ 2 51 ° 12' 24 ' '

Bearing FE (2 5 1° 12' 24' ' −180 °) 7 1 ° 12 ' 24 ' '

Angle F 49 ° 31' 24 ' '

Bearing FA (7 1 ° 12' 24 ' ' −49 ° 31 ' 24 ' ' ) 21 ° 41' 0 ' '

Bearing AF (2 1° 41' 0' ' +180 °) 201 ° 41' 0 ' '

Angle A 226 ° 36' 48 ' '

Bearing AB ¿) 33 5 ° 4 ' 12' '

PARTIAL COORDINATES

Line Bearing Length Departure (sin) Latitude (cos)

AB 335 ° 4 ' 12 ' ' 31.5 -13.28 28.56
BC 82 ° 46 ' 0 ' ' 31.0 30.75 3.90
CD 143 ° 23 ' 36 ' ' 39.0 23.26 -31.31
DE 196 ° 49 ' 12' ' 34.0 -9.84 -32.55
EF 251 ° 12 ' 24 ' ' 53.2 -50.36 -17.14
FA 21 ° 41' 0 ' ' 52.3 19.32 48.60
TOTAL ∑ 241.0 ∑ −0.15 ∑ 0.06
Calculate Linear Disclosure:

¿¿

¿ 0.16 /241.0

¿ 1:1506

Line Distance Easting Northing Correction Corrected Coordinates

d E N E N E N 1000 1000
A 31.5 -13.28 28.56 0.020 -0.008 -13.26 28.55 986.74 1028.55
B 31.0 30.75 3.90 0.019 -0.008 30.77 3.89 1017.51 1032.44
C 39.0 23.26 -31.31 0.024 -0.010 23.28 -31.32 1040.79 1001.12
D 34.0 -9.84 -32.55 0.021 -0.008 -9.81 -32.56 1030.98 968.56
E 53.2 -50.36 -17.14 0.033 -0.013 -50.33 -17.15 980.65 951.41
F 52.3 19.32 48.60 0.033 -0.013 19.35 48.59 1000 1000

∑ 241.0 ∑ −0.15 ∑ 0.06 0.00 0.00

 DISCUSSION &
RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

1. Traverse (surveying). (2021, April 29). In Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverse_(surveying)

2. Y.P, K. (2016, July 12). Assignment 2 - Traverse. Slideshare.

https://www.slideshare.net/KaiYun96/assignment-2-traversing