Fraction

One or more of the equal parts into which a whole is divided (or simply a ration of two
numbers).

Parts of Fraction
1. Numerator – the number of equal parts being taken into consideration and is written above the
denominator.
2. Denominator – the number of equal parts into which the whole is divided.
3. Fraction line – separates the numerator from the denominator, and stands for “out of” or
“divided by”.

Types of Fraction
1. Proper Fraction – a fraction whose numerator is less than its denominator and less than one.
2. Improper Fraction – a fraction whose numerator is greater or equal to the denominator.
3. Mixed Numbers – consist a whole number and a proper fraction used to describe a quantity
greater than 1.

GCF, GCD, LCM and Equivalent Fractions

Prime Number – any whole number greater than 1 that has exactly two divisors – itself and 1.
Composite Number – any whole number greater than 1 that is not a prime number.
Prime Factorization – the unique representation of the number as the product of its prime
factors.

Greatest Common Factor (GCF) – the largest number of a set of numbers by which each number in the
set is evenly divisible.

Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) – any number of two or more numbers that is a divisor of each
numbers.

Euclidean Algorithm – developed by Greek mathematician Euclid. It is a systematic method of finding

the GCD of any two numbers. The steps are repeated over until a remainder zero is obtained. The last
divisor will be the GCD of the two original numbers.

Least Common Multiple – the smallest nonzero multiple common to every number in the set.

Equivalent Fractions – fractions that have the same numerical value or fractions that represent the
same portion of a whole or the same point on the number line.

Fundamental Property of Fractions

A A×C A A÷C
If A, B, and C are numbers, then = and also = provided that B and C are not
B B ×C B B ÷C
zero (or the denominator and the multiplier is not equal to zero). In other words, if the numerator and
denominator of a fraction are multiplied or divided by the nonzero number, the result is an equivalent
fraction.

Simplest Form – changing the value of the fraction to its lowest term without changing its value.
Building Up Fractions – means changing it to its equivalent fraction by multiplying both the numerator
and denominator by a factor greater than 1. This is the opposite of reducing the fraction to its lowest
term or simplest form.
Addition of Like Fractions. Two or more fractions with a common denominator are added by
adding the numerator over the common denominator.

Subtraction of Like Fractions. Two or more fractions with a common denominator are subtracted by
subtracting the numerator over the common denominator.

Addition and Subtraction of Unlike Fractions

1. Find their least common denominator (LCD).
2. Build up each fraction to have the same denominator.
3. Add or subtract the resulting fractions, and reduce the answer, if possible.

Addition and Subtraction of Mixed Numbers

To add or subtract mixed numbers, first add or subtract the fraction. Then add or subtract the
whole numbers and combine the two results. If the fractional parts are unlike terms, we have to obtain
their common denominator.
If the sum of the fraction parts of mixed numbers is greater than 1, carry the excess from the
fraction part to the whole number part.
In case when the difference of the fractional part is negative, we need to borrow 1 in the
resulting value of the whole number part, then combine the fractional part.

Multiplication of Fractions Division of Fractions

1. Multiply the numerators to form a new
numerator.
2. Multiply the denominators to form a
new denominator.
3. Reduce the answer in simplest form.
1. Find the reciprocal of the divisor.
2. Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal
of the divisor.
3. Reduce the answer in simplest form.

Multiplication and Division of Mixed Numbers

1. Convert each mixed number to an improper fraction.
2. Follow the rules in multiplying and dividing fractions.
3. Reduce the answer in simplest form.

Complex Fraction – fraction in which the numerator or denominator is itself a fraction.

Comparison of Fractions
The mathematical symbols used to compare numbers are:
¿ which means “is equal to”
¿ which means “is less than”
¿ which means “is greater than”

Comparing Fractions with the Same Denominators

If two fractions have the same denominator, the greater fraction is the one with the greater
numerator and the lesser fraction is the one with the lesser numerator.

Comparing Fractions with Different Denominators

 When two fractions have different denominators, they can be compared by writing them as
equivalent fractions with a common denominator.
Alternative solution can be done by using cross multiplication.