HYDRAULICS

HYDRA 325

By : Engr. Princess Kimberly C. Sabiniano

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Introduce and define
1 Fluid Mechanics

Be familiar with different

2 units & dimensions used in
fluid measurement

Explain the different

3 properties of Fluids

Solve problems
4 related to fluid
properties MODULE 1
 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid Mechanics is the study which deals with the behaviour of
fluids.
FLUID DYNAMICS
Both liquids and gases are classified as fluids.
Ø Is the study of fluids at motion
Ø Two types (1) Aerodynamics
FLUID STATICS ( m o t i o n of a i r / g a s e s ) , ( 2 )
Hydrodynamics (motion of
Ø Is the study of fluids at rest. liquids)
v Determining pressure
Ø Also known as Hydrostatics differences at different levels at
Ø There is no shear stress v Mixing, Fluid transporatation &
atmosphere p a c ka g i n g - o pt i m i zat i o n o f
when fluid at rest-state v Development of pressure
equilibrium processes
measuring devices(Barometer, v Understanding the conversion
Ø Any force developed will Manometer & Gauges)
be only due to its of energy ( flowing fluid
v Calculation of force by water converts some part of energy
p re s s u re a n d p re s s u re over dams
variation is simply due to into heat because of friction)
v Force of liquids over v Bernoulli’s theorem, Laminar/
weight of liquid submerged ships or oceans
Ø Flow rate is zero Tu r b u l e n t f l o w ( Re y n o l d ’s
number), flow of fluid through
pipes)
 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
a.Definition of fluids
Fluids are substances that are capable of flowing and conform to the shape of containing vessels. When in
equilibrium, fluid cannot sustain tangential or shear forces. All fluids have the same degree of compressibility and
offer little resistance to chance of form.

b.Distinction between liquid and a gas

A liquid being composed of relatively closed-packed molecules with strong cohesive forces tends to retain its volume
and will form a free surface in a gravitational field it unconfined from above. Since gas molecules are widely spaced
with negligible cohesive forces a gas is free to expand until it encounter confining walls.

A gas has no definite volume and when left to itself without confinement, a gas forms on atmosphere which is
essentially hydrostatic gas cannot form a free surface and therefore occupies all portion of any container regardless
of its shape and size liquids are practically incompressible and may so be considered without introducing appreciable
error. On the other hand, gases are compressible and usually must so be treated.
 Dimension and units
A dimension is the measure by which a physical variable is expressed quantitative. A unit is a particular way of
attaching a number to a quantitative dimension. Thus, length is a dimension associated with such variables as
distance, and height, while centimeters are both numerical units for expressing length.

In fluid mechanics, there are only four primary dimension from which all other dimensions can be desired, mass,
length, time, and temperature.

Note: that Kelvin unit uses no degree symbol.

Primary Dimension English Units SI Units

Mass Slug Kilogram (kg) 1 Newton of a force = 1N = 1 kg-m/sec2
Length Foot (ft) Meter (m)
1 Pound of a force =1lb = slug-ft/sec2
Time Seconds (sec) Seconds (sec)
Temperature (ordinary) Fahrenheit (°F) Celcius (°C) 1 slug = 14.59kg

Temperature (absolutely) Rankine (°R) Kelvin (K)

When dealing with usually large or very small numbers a series of prefixes have been adopted for use with SI
units the most commonly used prefixed are:

Multiple Prefix Symbol

109 Giga G
106 Mega M
103 Kilo k
102 Hecto h
101 Deca da
10-1 Deci d
10-2 Centi c
10-3 Milli m
10-6 Micro � (mu)
10-9 Nano n
Properties of Fluids
In addition to the properties like mass, velocity, and pressure usually considered in physical problems, the
following are the basic properties of a fluid:

1.Pressure (p) – is the stress at a point in a statics fluid.

English Units SI Units

lb/in2 Pascal = Pa
lb/ft2 Kilo Pascal = kPa

2.Temperature (T) – is a measure of internal energy level of a fluid.

English Units SI Units

°F °C
°R K
5
°R = °F + 460° °C = (°F - 32)
9
9
K = °C + 273° °F = (°C + 32)
5
3.Density (ρ) – The density of a fluid, is generally designated by the Greek symbol ρ(rho). The density of
a fluid is it’s mass per unit volume density is highly variable in gases and increases nearly proportional
to the pressure unit density in liquid is nearly constant the density of water at 4°C is 1000kg/m3 it
increases only by 1 percent (1%) if the pressure is increased by a factor of 220

In general, liquids are more dense than gases at atmospheric pressure. The heaviest common liquid is
mercury and the lightens gas is hydrogen. Compare the densities at 20°C and 1 atm

���� �� �����, �
ρ=
������, �
Mercury : ρ = 13,580 kg/m3
Hydrogen : ρ = 0.0838 kg/m3
They differ by factor of 162,000

English Units SI Units

Slug/ft3 Kg/m3
 For an ideal gas, its density can be found from the specific gas constant and ideal gas law:

� Fluid ρ in kg/m3
ρ=
�� Air (STP) 1.29
Air (21°�, atm) 1.20
Alcohol 790
Where: P = absolute pressure of gas in Pa
R = gas constant Joule/kg-K Ammonia 602
For air : R = 287 J/kg-K Gasoline 720
R = 1716 lb-ft/slug-°R
Glycerin 1,260
T = absolute temperature in Kelvin
Mercury 13,600
Water 1,000
 Variation of Liquid Density
• In practice, engineers need to decide whether or not to model a fluid as constant
density or variable density.

• Usually, a liquid such as water requires a large change in pressure in order to change
the density. Thus, for most applications, liquids can be considered incompressible and
can be assumed to have constant density.

• An exception to this occurs when different solutions, such as saline and fresh water, are
mixed. A mixture of salt in water changes the density of the water without changing its
volume.

• Therefore in some flows, such as in estuaries, density variations may occur within the
flow field even though the fluid is essentially incompressible. A fluid wherein density
varies spatially is described as nonhomogeneous.

• This text emphasizes the flow of homogeneous fluids, so the term incompressible, used
throughout the text, implies constant density.
4.Specific weight (γ or w) - The specific weight of a fluid is designated by the Greek symbol γ (gamma),
and is generally defined as the weight per unit volume. Just as a mass has a weight, W = mg, density
and specific weight are simply related by gravity.

������ �� �����, �
�=
������, �

� = � ∗ �
Where: g = local acceleration of gravity
ρ = density
English Units SI Units
lb/ft3 N/m3

Note: It is customary to use

g = 32.174 ft/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2 = 9.81 m/s2
ρ = 1000 kg/m3 = 1.94 slugs/ft3
Unit weight for water
γwater = 62.4 lb/ft3 =9810 N/m3
5.Specific Gravity (S.G. or s) – also called as relative density, and it is defined as the ratio of a fluid
density to a standard reference fluid. We use water for liquids and air for gases as standard reference
liquid.

For liquids we take water as a standard fluid with density ρ = 1000 kg/m3
For gases we take air or O2 as a standard fluid with density, ρ = 1.293 kg/m3 (0°C) , ρ = 1.225 kg/m3 (15°C)

� �� � ������ = � �� � ������
�. �. �� � ������ =
� �� ����� � �� �����

� �� � ��� = � �� � ���
�. �. �� � ��� =
� �� ��� � �� ���

Note:
Specific Gravity is dimensionless unit weight of air (�air)= 12 N/m3
Specific weight of common liquids at 20°C (1013m bar, abs) with g = 9.81 m/s2
 Liquid Specific Weight
Carbon Tetrachloride 15.6 kN/m3
Ethyl Alcohol 7.76 kN/m3
Gasoline 6.6 kN/m3
Glycerine 12.3 kN/m3
Kerosene 7.9 kN/m3
Motor Oil 8.5 kN/m3
Water 9.81 kN/m3

Applications of Specific Gavity

• It tells us that how much the given liquid is more or less denser than water
• If specific gravity of a liquid is greater than 1, it is more denser than water, it sinks in
water
• If specific gravity of a liquid is less than 1, it is less denser than water, if floats on water
• If you know specific gravity of any liquid, you can find out its density
 6. Vapor Pressure – is the pressure at which a liquid boils or vaporize at a given temperature and is in
equilibrium with its own vapor.

This means that boiling occurs whenever the local pressure equals the vapor pressure. Vapor pressure
increases with temperature. Note that there are two ways to boil a liquid. One way is to raise the
temperature, assuming that the pressure is fixed. For water at 14.7 psi, this can be accomplished by
increasing the temperature of water at sea level to 212°F, thus reaching the temperature where the
vapor pressure is equal to the same value.
However, boiling can also occur in water at temperatures much below 212°F if the pressure in the
water is reduced to the vapor pressure of water corresponding to that lower temperature. For example,
the vapor pressure of water at 50°F (10°C) is 0.178 psi. Therefore, if the pressure in water at 50°F is
reduced to 0.178 psi, the water boils.

Fluid kPa, 20 °C

Typical Vapor Mercury 0.000173

Turpentine 0.0534
Pressures
Water 2.34
Ethyl Alcohol 5.86
Ether 58.9
Butane 218
Freon-12 584
Propane 855
Ammonia 888
7.Specific Volume (Vs) – is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid commonly applied to gases and
is usually expressed in m3/kg specific volume is true reciprocal of density.

�
Vs =
�

English Unit SI Unit

ft3/slug m3/kg
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

A reservoir of Glycerin has a mass of 1200 kg and a volume of 0.952 m3. Find its weight , unit weight ,
1 mass density and Specific Gravity.
� �� � ������ = � �� � ������
�. �. �� � ������ =
� �� ����� � �� �����
Given: � 11,772 �
�= = 0.952 �3
m = 1200 kg �
� �������� = 1,260.50��/�3
V = 0.952 m3 � = 12,365.55 N/m3 �. �. �������� =
� �2� 1000 ��/�3
Required:
� = � ∗ � � �������� 12,365.55 �/�3
W , � , � , and S.G. =
� �2� = 9,810 �/�3
� 12,365.55 �/�3
Solution: �= =
� 9.81 m/s2
W = mg S.G. glycerin= 1.26
� = 1,260.50 kg/m3
g = 9.81 m/s2
W = (1200 kg)(9.81m/s2) � 1,200��
�= =
V 0.952m3
W = 11,772 N
� = 1,260.50 kg/m3
 A certain liquid weights 20,000 N. If its volume is 2.085 m3 determine the unit weight , mass density ,
2 Specific Gravity and Specific volume.

Given: � = � ∗ � �
W = 20,000 N Vs =
� 9,592.33 �/�3 �
V = 2.085 m3 �= =
� 9.81 m/s2
1
� = 977.81 kg/m3 =
Required: 977.81 ��/�3
� , � , S.G. , and Vs
� ������ = 977.81��/�3 Vs = 1.02 x 10-3 m3/kg
Solution:
�. �. ������ =
� �2� 1000 ��/�3

� 20,000 �
�= = 2.085 �3 � ������ 9,592.33 �/�3
� =
� �2� = 9,810 �/�3
� = 9,592.33 N/m3
S.G. liquid= 0.978
 A certain gas weighing 16 N/m3 at certain temperature and pressure. Determine its density, specific
3 volume and its specific gravity.

Given:
� = 16 N/m3
� � ��� = 1.63 ��/�3
Vs = �. �. ��� =
� � ��� 1.225 ��/�3
Required:
1
= � ��� 16 �/�3
� , Vs , and S.G. 1.63 ��/�3 =
� ��� = 12 �/�3
Solution: Vs = 0.613 m3/kg
� = � ∗ � S.G. gas= 1.33
� 16 �/�3
�= =
� 9.81 m/s2

� = 1.63 kg/m3
 The specific weight of water at ordinary pressure and temperature is 62.4 lb/ft3. If the specific gravity
4 of mercury is 13.6 compute the mass density of mercury and that of water in English units.

Given:
���� = ��. � lb/ft3 � ������
S.G.Hg = 13.6 �. �. ������ =
� �2�
Required: � ��
�. �. �� =
� �2�
�Hg and �H2O

Solution: �Hg = �. �. �� x �H2O

���� ��.� ��/��3

��2� = = = (13.6)(1.94 slug/ft3)
� 32.2 ft/s2

� H2O = 1.94 slug/ft3 � Hg = 26.38 slug/ft3

 5 The specific gravity of glycerin is 1.26 compute its density and its specific weight.

Given: �glycerin = �glycerin ∗ g

S.G.glycerin = 1.26 = 1260 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s2

���������= 12,360.6 N/m3

Required:
English Units
�glycerin and ��������� � ������ � ��������
�. �. ������ = �. �. �������� = =
Solution: � �2� � �2�

SI Units �glycerin = �. �. �������� x �H2O = (1.26)(62.4 lb/ft3)

� ������ � ��������
�. �. ������ =
� �2�
�. �. �������� =
� �2�
� glycerin = 78.624 lb/ft3
�glycerin = �glycerin ∗ g
�glycerin = �. �. �������� x �H2O = (1.26)(1000 kg/m3)
�glycerin 78.624 ��/��3
� glycerin = 1260 kg/m3 �glycerin = =
� 32.2 ft/s2

� glycerin = 2.44 slug/ft3

 A liquid has a specific gravity of 0.60 determine the density, specific weight
6 and specific volume in English unit.

Given: �l = �l ∗ g
S.G.liquid = 0.60 = 1.164 slug/ft3 x 32.2 ft/s2

Required: ��= 37.481 lb/ft3

�l , �l , and Vs �
Vs =
�
Solution:
1
�. �. ������ =
� ������ =
� �2� 1.164 ����/��3

�l = �. �. � x �H2O = (0.60)(1.94 slug/ft3) Vs = 0.859 ft3/slug

� l = 1.164 slug/ft3
 If a certain gasoline weights 7000 N/m3, what are the values of its density, specific
7 volume and specific gravity relative to water at 15°C is equal to 999.1 kg/m3.

Given:
�gasoline = 7000 N/m3 �
�H2O = 999.1 kg/m3 Vs =
�
Required: 1
=
�gasoline , Vs and S.G.gasoline 713.56 ��/�3
Solution:
Vs = 1.401 x 10-3 m3/kg
� = � ∗ �
� �������� = 713.56 ��/�3
�. �. �������� =
�gasoline 7,000 �/�3 � �2� 999.1 ��/�3
��������� = =
� 9.81 m/s2

� = 713.56 kg/m3 S.G. gasoline= 0.714

 Determine the density, specific weight and specific gravity of a gas its specific
8 volume is 0.795 m3/kg.

Given: �g = �g ∗ g
Vs = 0.795 m3/kg
= 1.258 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s2
Required:

�gas , �gas , and S.G.gas

��= 12.34 N/m3
Solution:
� ��� 12.34 �/�3
Vs =
�
�. �. ��� =
� � ��� = 12 �/�3
1
�= S.G. gas= 1.03
0.795 m3/kg

� = 1.258 kg/m3
9 What is the specific weight in N/m3 of a gas if its specific volume is 0.72m3/kg?

Given:
Vs = 0.72 m3/kg
�g = �g ∗ g
Required:
�gasoline = 1.39 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s2
Solution:

Vs =
� �� = 13.625 N/m3
�
1
�=
0.72 m3/kg

� = 1.39 kg/m3
 8. Viscosity (μ – MU) – is the property of a fluid which by virtue of conclusion and interaction between
fluid molecules offers resistance to shear deformation. Fluids with high viscosities such as syrup
deforms relatively more slowly than low viscosity of fluids such as water.

English Unit SI Unit

�� − � � − � = 10 p
��� ��

A smaller unit of viscosity called poise (p) after parseville, who was one of the first investigations of
viscosity the poise is 1gm/cm-s.
��
1 �−� = 10 poises

The relationship between the shear stress and the velocity field was studied by Isaac Newton and he
proposed that the shear stresses are directly proportional to the velocity gradient.
�
� = ��
��
It is also called the coefficient of viscosity, the absolute viscosity, the dynamic viscosity or simply the viscosity of the fluid.
 9. Kinematic Viscosity (ν, or NU)- is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density.

�
� =
�

The kinematic Viscosity is usually measured in cm2/s, also called the Stokes (st) after G.G.
stokes. The centistoke 1 cst = 0.01st is often a more convenient unit.

English Unit SI Unit

��� ��
= 10 4 st
� �

SUMMARY
• Kinematic viscosity is the resistance of fluid to flow when there is no external force other
than gravitational force
• Dynamic viscosity(Viscosity) is the resistance of the fluid to flow when there is some
external force acting on it.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

The density of oil at 20°C 850 kg/m3. Find its specific gravity (relative density) and kinematic viscosity if
10 the dynamic viscosity is 5 x 10-3 kg/m-s

Given: �
� =
�oil = 850 kg/m3 �
� = 5 x 10-3 kg/m-s
Required: 5 � 10−3 ��/�−�
=
850 ��/�3
S.G.oil and �
Solution: �= 5.88 x 10 -6 m2/s
� ��� = 850 ��/�3
�. �. ��� =
� �2� 1000 ��/�3

S.G. oil= 0.85

 If the velocity distribution of a viscous liquid (μ = 0.9N-s/m2) over a fixed boundary is given by � = 0.68y-y2 in
11 which � is the velocity in m/s at the distance y meters above the surface. Determine the shear stress at the
surface and at the � = �. ���

Given: �� �
= (0.68� − �2) = 0.68 − 2�
�� ��
μ = 0.9N-s/m2
� = 0.68y-y2
��
�(�) = � = 0.9(0.68 − 2�)
Required: ��

� (�� ������� � = 0) ��� (�� � = 0.34�) �� ������� � = 0

Solution: �(� = 0) = 0.9(0.68 − 2(0))
� �� �= 0.612 N/m2 or 0.612 Pa
� = �� � = �
�� ��
�(� = 0.34) = 0.9(0.68 − 2(0.34))

�= 0 N/m2 or 0 Pa
10.Surface Tension (σ) and capillarity (h) –liquids posses the properties of cohesion and adhesion, both of which are
forms of molecular attraction. Cohesion enables a liquid to resist tensile stress, while adhesion enables it to adhere
to another body the capability of liquid to have an attraction between molecules and forms an imaginary film
capable of resisting tension at interface between two immiscible liquids or at the interface between a liquid and gas
is called surface tension.
Capillarity is due to both cohesion and adhesion if the liquid molecules have greater effect of adhesion the liquid will
wet a solid surface with which it is in contact and rise at the point of contact. If cohesion predominates, the liquid
surface will be depressed at the point of contact for example capillarity makes water rise in glass tube, while
mercury is depressed below the true level.
 4� ���� 4� ���� Where: � = surface tension unit of force per unit length
ℎ = =
�� �� � = wetting angle
� �� � = specific weight of liquid
� = diameter of tube
� = capillarity rise

Note: If the tube is clean, � = 0° for water (H2O) and � = 140° for mercury (Hg)
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Estimate the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube of diameter 3mm. Use surface tension = 0.728 N/m
12 and � = 9810 N/m3 .

Given: Solution:
� = 0.728 N/m For clean water, the wetting angle is � = 0°
�H2O = 9810 N/m3 4� ����
ℎ =
� = 3mm ��

Required: 4(0.728 �/�) ��� 0°

=
� = capillarity rise (9810 �/�3 ) (0.003)

�= 0.09895 m or 98.95 mm
 Estimate the capillary depression for mercury in a glass capillary tube 2mm in diameter.
13 Use σ = 0.5414N/m and θ = 140°.

Given: Solution:
� = 2mm 4� ���� � ��
� = 0.514 N/m ℎ = �. �. �� = ; � �� = �. �. �� x � �2�
�� � �2�
S.G.Hg = 13.6 � �� = 13.6 x 9810N/m3
σ = 0.5414N/m
θ = 140° = 133,416 N/m3

Required: 4(0.514 �/�) ��� 140°

=
(133,416 �/�3 ) (0.002)
� = capillarity rise
�= -6.217 x 10-3 m or -6.217 mm
 Determine the surface tension in a tube with a radius of 0.2 m and wetting of 0°. The capillary rise is 5mm in
14 water.

Given: Solution:
� = 0.2m 4� ����
� = 0.4m ℎ =
��
θ = 0°
ℎ = 5mm ℎ��
� =
4����

Required: (0.005�)(9810 �/�3)(0.400�)

� =
4��� 0°
σ = surface tension
�= 4.905 N/m
Thank you!