Russian Engineers Training March 2011

Nanotechnology
Dr. Edward W. Davis
Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering

Dr. Virginia A. Davis

Department of Chemical Engineering

Dr. Virginia Davis in 1 slide…

• BSE, Chemical Engineering, Tulane University 1990
• Shell Chemicals (1990 – 2001):
– Polypropylene and Polyesters
– New Orleans, LA, Akron, OH, Brussels, Belgium, Houston, TX
– Manufacturing, Technical Service, R&D, Global Marketing Manager
– Applications
• Baby diapers, carpet fibers, soft drink bottles, pharmaceutical bottles, high
barrier packaging
• Theme: Structure-processing-property relationships
• MSE,
MSE Chemical Engineering
Engineering, Tulane University 1993 (part-time)
• Defended Ph.D. in July 2005
– Advisors: Matteo Pasquali and Richard E. Smalley
– Liquid Crystals and Pure Fibers of Single - Walled Carbon Nanotubes
• Potential applications: Space elevator, quantum wires, anti-ballastic clothing
• Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering joined
Auburn in 8/2005
– Macroscale assembly and processing of nanomaterials
– Carbon nanotube - polymer composites
– Inorganic Nanorod liquid crystals

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Dr. Edward Davis in 1 slide…

• BSE, Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University 1990
• MSE, Chemical Engineering, Tulane University 1993
• Ph.D., Chemical Engineering, University of Akron 1997
– Polymerizable Biocontinuous Microemulsions
• Shell Chemical Europe - Basic and exploratory research group
– polymeric materials
– Nanocomposite systems
– Advance polymer processing
• EVALCA
– Polymer processing
– Product Development
– R&D lab Manager
• Assistant Research Professor, Department of Polymer and Fiber
Engineering, joined Auburn 8/2007
– Halloysite nanoparticles for drug delivery
– Nano silver synthesis
– Advanced polymer processing

COURSE OUTLINE and STRUCTURE

• What is “Nanotechnology”
• What are “Nanoparticles”
• What are “Nanocomposites”
• Application to asphalt
• Labs and Demonstrations
– Example of nanoparticle synthesis
– Example of nanocomposite preparation
– Measurement of structure and propeties

INTRODUCTION
• Size scales
• Basic concepts
• Terminology
• Device vs. material
• Historical perspective and key
developments
• Trends and prospects
• Economic and social consequences

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NANOPARTICLES
• Introduction
• Nanoclays
• Other inorganics
– Metals
– Oxides
O id
– Semiconductors and others
• Organic and Biological
• Carbon Nanomaterials

NANOCOMPOSITES
• Introduction
• Dispersion
• Particle – Particle interactions
• Dispersion – Liquid phase processing
• Polymer Nanocomposites
• Dispersion – Characterization

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
• The art and science of building stuff that does stuff
at the nanometer scale
• The ultimate nanotechnology builds at the ultimate
level of finesse one atom at a time, and does it with
molecular perfection
• It holds the answer, to the extent there are answers,
to most of our most pressing material needs

--- Richard E. Smalley

1996 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry

From MIT Forum Jan 22, 2003

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ANOTHER DEFINITION
Nanotechnology is the study and use of materials with 1
dimension less than 100 nanometers (nm)

Bacteria
1 Sugar
Molecule
1 mm
10-3 m

1 micron
10-6 m

1 nanometer
10-9 m

www.nanoproject.org

SIZE SCALES

2 km
Longest suspension bridge

1 cm
Sugar cube

1 mm
Grains of Sand

6 m
Red blood cells

1 nm

C60
0.1 nm

Individual atoms

HOW SMALL IS NANO?

In the time it takes to read this sentence,

your fingernails will have grown 1 nm.

http://www.mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/curriculum/index.html

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HOW SMALL IS NANO?

Coverage with normal use: 250-400 sq. ft

How big an area could you paint if you could

make it only 1 nm thick?

About 1.5 square

miles!

The average
thickness of wall paint
is about 100,000 times
thicker than a nm.

Other things on the nanoscale

Viruses – 50 nm
Halloysite – 50 nm

DNA – 1-2 nm Montmorillonite – 1 nm SWCT – 1 nm

WHY IS NANO BIG?

• At the micron (1,000 nm) and larger scale, classical
physics determines properties.

• At the Angstrom (0.1 nm) scale, quantum mechanics

determines properties.

• At the nanometer scale, fundamental

f properties
depend on exactly how big the particle is.

http://www.afrlhorizons.com/Briefs/Sept02/ML0206.html

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AT THE NANOSCALE:
SIZE MATTERS

Bulk Gold = Yellow

Same material different

Nanogold = Red “Nano” diameters

SHAPE & CHEMISTRY ALSO MATTER….

Courtesy of K. Ausman Rice University CBEN NSF RET

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
• The study of manipulating matter on an
atomic and molecular scale
• extensions of conventional device physics
• molecular self-assembly
• new materials
t i l with
ith di
dimensions
i on th
the
nanoscale
• ability to directly control matter on the
atomic scale

NANOTECHNOLOGY IS:
“If I were asked for an area of science and engineering that will most likely
produce the breakthroughs of tomorrow, I would point to nanoscale science and
engineering.” - Neal Lane, Former NSF Director and
Assistant to President Clinton for Science and Technology
Global Nano-enabled products:
2006:
$60 billion “Nanotechnology is predicted to rival the
d
development
l t off the
th automobile
t bil and
d
2007:
introduction of the personal computer.”1
$147 billion
2015 Projection:
$3.1 trillion or ~ 15% of
total global manufactured
goods2

1J. Karoub, “Merrill Lynch Report Bullish on Nanotech as an Investment,” (Small Times, 2001), Vol. 2002
2 Lux Research Study Highlights in Small Times http://www.electroiq.com/index/display/nanotech-article-display/335219/articles/small-
times/finance/2008/07/nanotech-to-impact-31-trillion-in-manufactured-goods-in-2015.html

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AREAS OF RESEARCH
• Bottom-up approach: Arrange small components into
complex assemblies
• Top-down approach: Create small devices from
monoliths
• Functional: Focus on the function
• Biomimetic: Application
pp of biological
g methods and
systems.
• Other: Molecular nanotechnology, nanorobotics,
productive nanosystems, programmable matter.

AREAS OF RESEARCH
• Development of completely new material or technique
– Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes
– Bottom-up Assembly - NANOMANUFACTURING - VIDEO
• New processing of an existing material
– Zinc Oxide for sunscreen
– Old Way: Big white stripe on your nose
– Nano Way: Clear sunscreen
• New Way of Looking at Established Fields Like Colloids
– Mixtures of two or more substances in which one phase is
suspended as a large number of very small particles in a second
phase.
– Size scale: 10-9 to 10-6 m
– Examples: aerosols, smoke, milk, mayonnaise, paint.

NANOTECHNOLOGY AFFECTS
• Automotive
• Aerospace
• Energy
• Art
• Computers & Electronics
• M di l Di
Medical Diagnostics
ti
• Medical Treatment
• Clothing
• Cosmetics & Personal Care
• Sports
• Entertainment

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NANOTECHNOLOGY IS:
Education Politics
Personal Care Chemistry
ENVIRONMENT SPORTS
MedicineAEROSPACE
History Biology
Entertainment
Music
i ENGINEERING
Business ELECTRONICS
Economics
ART Physics
Defense
ADVERTISING
AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD
The Next Renaissance?

NEW MATERIALS:
FROM DISCOVERY TO USEFUL APPLICATIONS

• Discovery / synthesis
– Anticipated properties and applications Structure
• Refinement of production methods
– Control of chemistry (structure)
– Scaleable routes
• Exploration of potential applications
– Materials characterization
Processing Properties
– Processing into final articles
– Actual properties versus hoped for properties
• Understanding of inter-relationships
• Commercial applications

NANOMATERIALS CAN PROVIDE

IMPROVED
• Optical Properties • Electrical/Thermal
– Photochemistry Properties
– Absorption/scattering/ – Conductivity
fluorescence, or lack
thereof • Nanoscale Control
– Porosity
• Mechanical Properties – Coatings
– Strength
St th – Self-Assembly
– Modulus – Directed Self-Assembly
Multifunctionality
– Sensors
– Electronic Devices
– Smart Materials
– Structural Materials
– Energy Applications

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TYPES OF NANOMATERIALS
• Biological
– Fd virus, DNA
– nanocellulose

• Graphitic-Carbon
• Naturally Occuring
– Nanoclays
N l

• Organic
– Nanostructured polymers

• Inorganic
• Hybrid
– Inorganic Nanorod – Virus Hybrid Films (Belcher Group MIT)

“NANOCYLINDERS”
• Significant progress has been made in the synthesis and
fundamental understanding of
– Inorganic nanorods and nanowires
Anisotropic
– Rod-like viruses L
L≠D
– Hybrid rod-like virus-inorganic materials
– Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) Aspect Ratio
– Multi-walled carbon nanotubes ((MWNTs)) =
L/D
– Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)
D
– Vapor Grown Carbon Fibers (VGCF)
• Understanding of how to process these materials into micro- to
macroscopic systems is still in its infancy
• Micro- to macroscopic assemblies of these materials have a
broad range of potential applications in medicine, aerospace,
homeland security, electronics, transportation and many more
fields.

FOR MOST APPLICATIONS THE KEY IS FIGURING OUT

HOW TO BREAK APART THE NANO-BUILDING BLOCKS
AND REASSEMBLE THEM INTO WHAT YOU WANT

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NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE MEDIA

Stereotypical geek
• Then: Computer engineer
• Now: Nanotechnologist married to supermodel

GE ad
Nanotech is the (unspecified)
technology of the near future

HP ad

Superhuman strength, senses

 Then: Superman (Alien)
 Now: Nano-enhanced Human

Courtesy of K. Ausman Rice University CBEN NSF RET

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FICTION

• Arthur C Clarke’s Fountains of Paradise

• Michael Crichton’s Prey
• John Boy Walton plays the mad nanotechnologist in the
Outer Limits
• Wide range of video games
• Nanobots in several episodes of Jimmy Neutron Boy
Genius

AND Many more ….

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE NEWS

• Two esteemed scientists scientific debate over
“Nanobots” makes the New York Times.
You and people around you have scared our children. I don't
expect you to stop, but I hope others in the chemical
community will join with me in turning on the light, and
showing our children that, while our future in the real world
will be challenging
g g and there are real risks, there will be no
such monster as the self-replicating mechanical nanobot of
your dreams.
- Richard E Smalley in letter to Drexler
Optional readings on WebCT, under readings, nanobot debate

• Carbon nanotubes and space elevator research hits the

radio waves during “the High Tech Texan” broadcasts in
the wake of the Columbia disaster

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NANOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE

• Nanoscale Science and Engineering have been practiced (by

materials suppliers and others) for many years
– Nanostructure is fundamental to properties of materials
– “Micro-Electronics” is already in the nano-world
• Advances in NS&E will emerge in many fields, and at their
intersections:
– Materials Science, Polymer Science, Electronics, Biology, Medicine, …
– New
N ttools;
l new windows
i d iinto
t th
the nanoscale
l world;
ld new ways tto
engineer nanoscale structures.
• Relevant to several distinct technologies with different paradigms
– Generalizations about “Nanotechnology” can be confusing or misleading
• Many of the foreseeable applications will be extensions of what we
already do
• Early attention to Product Stewardship is essential

Concluding remarks in presentation by DuPont

Avakian 2006

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Avakian 2006

Avakian 2006

Avakian 2006

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INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE
• Nokia video

EXAMPLES OF
DEVELOPMENTAL &
COMMERCIAL
MACROSCALE ASSEMBLY
AND APPLICATIONS

MACROSCALE ENERGY &

ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS

POWER PLASTIC
WWW.KONARKA.COM

From Doriswamy Nanomaterials for Defense 2006

Quantum Wire
Better conductivity than
copper 1/6 the weight

Batteries & Fuel Cells

Swider, NRL Nanomat. 2006

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SPORTING GOODS

BMC
ProMachine
Bicycle

Babolet tennis racket

Easton
Stealth bat

Wilson double core ball

Biomedical, Personal Care, Consumer

Goods
 Joint Implants
 Controlled Release of Medications
 Tissue Scaffolds
 Food and Beverage Packaging
 Sunscreen
 Cosmetics

Z-cote

Actituf
Nano-Micro Iron
M&G Polymers

NanoBlend™ Nanoclay - Nylon Barrier Films (Avakian

OhioNanosummit 2006)

FIBERS AND TEXTILES

Antimicrobial Socks

Treated Fabrics

Space Elevator

100 m Pure SWNT fiber

http://www.nano-tex.com/products/spills_info.pdf

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Transportation Cars & Aerospace & Ships

• Fuel Cells
• Automotive From Toyota to
Date
• Coatings for Windows
• Composites for Airplanes, Tour
Rockets Nano
• Radiation Shielding mat.
2006
• Space Shuttle Tile Repair
• PolyOne anticorrosion
coating

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ROAD BEDS

• Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM)
– Applied to surface of road or road materials to improve
properties
– Hardness, durability, skid resistance, water resistance, etc.
• Bulk addition of nanoparticles
– Hardness, durability, pollution control, etc.
• Microelectronic
Mi l t i monitoring
it i system
t (MEMS)
– Road monitoring
• Chemical modification of bitumen
– Creating crosslinks between neighboring tetralin platelet
structures
• Using asphalt as source of material to produce
nanoparticles

NANO* AND ASPHALT* RESEARCH

Records Web of Science Search
40
35
30
25
20
15

10
5
0

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TOP TEN NANOTECH PRODUCTS OF 2003

The Forbes/Wolfe Nanotech Report
• High-Performance Ski Wax, Cerax Nanowax, by German-based Nanogate (sold
through Holmenkol). Ultrathin coating lasts longer and hardens as temperatures drop.
• Ski Jacket from Franz Ziener GmbH & Co.'s. Nano-Tex makes them windproof,
waterproof, breathable and stain resistant.
• Wrinkle-resistant, stain-repellent clothing including Nano-Care comfort-waist corduroy
pants from Eddie Bauer and Kathmandu’s Tobin shirt.
• Nanotechnology-enhanced cosmetics and skin care such as Plenitude Revitalift
antiwrinkle cream by L'Oréal Paris.
• Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) digital cameras like Kodak’s EasyShare LS633
zoom digital camera
camera.
• Books and DVDs featuring storylines about nanotech the nanosphere.
• Smith's Techlite line of sunglasses using nanofilm on the lenses to make them
antireflective, scratch resistant, and repel dirt and skin oil.
• NuCelle SunSense SPF 30 sunscreen wit Z-COTE, a nano-dispersed zinc oxide.
• Tennis racquets from Babolat that include carbon nanotubes in the frames.
• Wilson Double Core tennis balls using InMat's Air D-Fense nanocomposite to double
the life of the balls.

http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=607.

Forbes- Wolfe Top 10 Nano Products 2005

1. Tiny Chips Are Suddenly Hip - Apple Computer's iPod Nano
Memory chips from Samsung and Toshiba. Samsung, uses
semiconductor manufacturing methods with precision below 100
nanometers
2. Fat Busting With Nanotech - Shemen Industries Canola Active
NutraLease's nanoscale structures form a liquid carrier
that improves absorption of phytochemicals and reduces
LDL cholesterol levels by up to 14%.
3. Tootsie Roll's Nanotech Nemesis - O'Lala Foods Choco'la
Chewing Gum
Nanocrystals give gum a creamier texture and chocolate
flavor
4. A Nanotech Facial - Zelens Fullerene C-60 Face Cream ($250)
C 60 Antioxidant properties
5. A Nano-ville Slugger- Easton Sports Stealth CNT Bat ($279.99 at
Amazon.com)
Carbon nanotube resin composite gives more “flex, responsiveness
and kick”
http://nwfolk.com/2006/01/top-10-nanotech-products-2005.html www.forbes.com

Forbes Top 10 Nano 2005 (Continued)

6. Casual Apparel With Nano-Style – Nanotex
nano-enhanced clothing with fibers that have tiny whiskers aligned by
proprietary spines to repel liquids, reduce static and resist stains--
without affecting fee
7. Stink-Proof Nano Soxs - ARC Outdoors, ArcticShield Socks
19 nm silver particles in fiber provide antimicrobial properties
8. Behr NanoGuard Paint
NanoGuard additives help create a harder, more durable film resistant to
water, mildew, stains and grease.
9. Pilkington Activ Glass: Pilkington's new Activ glass
coated with tens of nm photoactive film effectively cleans itself, as natural
radiation from sunlight chemically reacts with organic dirt deposits on the
surface
6. Cleaner Air Through Science - NanoTwin Technologies, NanoBreeze Air
Purifier
UV light charges nanoscale TiO2 making it an oxidizer capable of destroying germs
and pollutants
http://nwfolk.com/2006/01/top-10-nanotech-products-2005.html
www.forbes.com

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WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY
National Nanotechnology Initiative
Nanotechnology is the understanding and
control of matter at dimensions between
approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where
unique phenomena enable novel
applications. Encompassing nanoscale
science, engineering, and technology,
nanotechnology involves imaging,
measuring, modeling, and manipulating
matter at this length scale.

NANO ROBOTS

NANOBOTS
• NANOBOTS - VIDEO

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CONCLUDING REMARKS

“What we are seeing is the beginning of a

revolution, caused by our ability to work on the
same scale as nature. Nanotechnology will
affect every aspect of our lives, from the
medicines we useuse, to the power of our
computers, the energy supplies we require, the
food we eat, the cars we drive, the buildings we
live in, and the clothes we wear…”

--- Tim Harper, Founder and Chief Executive Director of the

European NanoBusiness Association

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