Exp:1- Design & simulate the operation of sample and hold circuit using Multisim/TINA Pro & verify

modulated signal waveform.

Code:

clear all
close all
clf
fb=1000 %baseband signal freqquency in hetz
tb=1/fb
fs=40000
ns=fs/fb %number of samples in one period of the base band signal
t=linspace(0,.002,ns)
sq=(1+square(t))/2
asb=5*sin(2*pi*fb*t).*sq
subplot(211)
stem(t,sq)
axis([0 .002 0 1])
xlabel('time in seconds')
ylabel('amplitude in volts')
title('square wave output')
subplot(212)
stem(t,asb)
axis([0 .002 -5 5])
xlabel('time in seconds')
ylabel('amplitude in volts')
title('simulation of samplig process')
clear all;
close all;
clc;
fb=1000; %baseband signal
freqquency in hetz
tb=1/fb;
fs=40000;
ns=fs/fb; %number of samples in
one period of the base band signal
t=linspace(0,.002,ns);
sq=(1+square(t))/2;
x=sin(2*pi*fb*t);
asb=5*x.*sq;
subplot(311);
plot(t,x);
subplot(312);
stem(t,sq);
axis([0 .002 0 1]);
xlabel('time in seconds');
ylabel('amplitude in volts');
title('square wave output');
subplot(313);
stem(t,asb);
axis([0 .002 -5 5]);
xlabel('time in seconds');
ylabel('amplitude in volts');
title('simulation of samplig process');
Exp:2-WAP to simulate Natural Sampling technique using MATLAB & verify the received sampled
waveform.

CODE:-
clc;
clear all;
t = 0:0.001:1;
fc = input('Enter the frequency of carrier signal (square) = ');
fm = input('Enter the frequency of message signal (sine) = ');
a = input('Enter the amplitude of message signal = ');
vc = square(2*pi*fc*t);
vm = a.*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
n = length(vc);
for i = 1:n
if (vc(i)<=0)
vc(i) = 0;
else
vc(i) = 1;
end
end
y = vc.*vm;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,vm);
xlabel('Time ----->');
ylabel('Amplitude ----->');
title('Message Signal');
axis([0 1 -a-2 a+2]);
grid on;
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,vc);
xlabel('Time ----->');
ylabel('Amplitude ----->');
title('Carrier Signal');
axis([0 1 0 2]);
grid on;
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('Time ----->');
ylabel('Amplitude ----->');
title('Natural Sampled Signal');
axis([0 1 -a-2 a+2]);
grid on;

Output:

Enter the frequency of carrier signal (square) = 20

Enter the frequency of message signal (sine) = 2
Enter the amplitude of message signal = 5
Exp:3- Design & simulate the operation of PWM for a frequency less than 1Khz using Multisim/TINA-
pro & verify modulated signal waveform.

Circuit diagram:

New output
Output:
Exp:4- WAP to simulate Pulse code modualation technique using MATLAB & verify modulated signal
waveform.

Code:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
% Signal Amplitude and Frequency
a=1;
f=2;
t=0:0.01:1;
x=a*sin(2*pi*f*t)+a;
% Plot message signal
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('Input Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Plot Sampled Signal
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(t,x);
title('Sampled Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Modulation Process
 partition=[0:0.1:2*a];
codebook=[0:0.1:((2*a)+0.1)];
[index,d]=quantiz(x,partition,codebook);
% Plot Quantized PCM Signal
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
stairs(t,d);
title('Quantized Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Plot 1-bit encoder output
pcm=dec2bin(d);
display(pcm);
% Demodulation Process
deco=bin2dec(pcm);
[b,a]=butter(3,0.1,'low');
recovered=filter(b,a,deco);
% Plot the Reconstructed Signal
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,recovered);
title('Reconstructed Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Output:
New PCM CODE

clc;
close all;
clear all;
n=input('Enter n value for n-bit PCM system : ');
n1=input('Enter number of samples in a period : ');
L=2^n;

% % Signal Generation
% x=0:1/100:4*pi;
% y=8*sin(x); % Amplitude Of signal is 8v
% subplot(2,2,1);
% plot(x,y);grid on;
% Sampling Operation
x=0:2*pi/n1:4*pi; % n1 nuber of samples have tobe selected
s=8*sin(x);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(s);
title('Analog Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(s);grid on; title('Sampled Sinal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

% Quantization Process
vmax=8;
vmin=-vmax;
del=(vmax-vmin)/L;
part=vmin:del:vmax; % level are between vmin
and vmax with difference of del
code=vmin-(del/2):del:vmax+(del/2); % Contaion Quantized valuses
[ind,q]=quantiz(s,part,code); % Quantization process
% ind
contain index number and q contain quantized values
l1=length(ind);
l2=length(q);

for i=1:l1
if(ind(i)~=0) % To make index
as binary decimal so started from 0 to N
ind(i)=ind(i)-1;
end
i=i+1;
end
for i=1:l2
if(q(i)==vmin-(del/2)) % To make quantize value
inbetween the levels
q(i)=vmin+(del/2);
end
end
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(q);grid on; % Display the Quantize
values
title('Quantized Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

% Encoding Process
figure
code=de2bi(ind,'left-msb'); % Cnvert the decimal to binary
k=1;
for i=1:l1
for j=1:n
coded(k)=code(i,j); % convert code matrix to a coded
row vector
j=j+1;
k=k+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
subplot(2,1,1); grid on;
stairs(coded); % Display the encoded signal
axis([0 100 -2 3]); title('Encoded Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

% Demodulation Of PCM signal

qunt=reshape(coded,n,length(coded)/n);
index=bi2de(qunt','left-msb'); % Getback the index in
decimal form
q=del*index+vmin+(del/2); % getback Quantized values
subplot(2,1,2); grid on;
plot(q); % Plot
Demodulated signal
title('Demodulated Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

Exp:5- WAP to simulate DELTA MODULATION technique using MATLAB & verify modulated signal
waveform.
Code:
clc;
clear all;
close all; % Signal Amplitude and Frequency
a=1;
f=2;
t=0:0.01:1;
y=a*sin(2*pi*f*t)+a; % Plot message signal
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,y);
title('Message Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude'); % Plot Sampled Signal
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,y);
title('Sampled Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude'); % Modulation Process
del=0.05; % Step Size
s(1)=0;
for i=1:100
if(y(i+1)>y(i))
s(i+1)=s(i)+del;
p(i)=1;
else
s(i+1)=s(i)-del;
p(i)=0;
end
end % Plot Quantized DM Signal
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
stairs(t,s);
title('Quantized Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude'); % Plot 1-bit encoder output
t1=0.01:0.01:1;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(t1,p);
title('Delta Modulated Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude'); % Demodulation Process
r(1)=0;
for i=1:100
if(p(i)==1)
r(i+1)=r(i)+del;
else
r(i+1)=r(i)-del;
end
end % Plot the Reconstructed Signal
[b,a]=butter(1,0.2,'low');
z=filter(b,a,r);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,z);
title('Filtered Reconstructed Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Output:
Exp:6- WAP to simulate Amplitude shift keying modulation using MATLAB & verify modulated signal
waveform.
Code:
clc;
clear all;
close all; % Carrier frequency and amplitude
f=7;
a=1; %6 bits are used
n=[1 0 1 1 0 0];
l=length(n);
if n (1)==1
n(l+1)=1
else
n(l+1)=0
end
l1=length(n)
tn=0:l1-1; %plot message signal
subplot(4,1,1);
stairs(tn,n);
title('message signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude'); %plot carrier signal
t=0:0.01:6;
y1=a*sin(2*pi*f*t);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,y1);
title('carrier signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude'); % Modulation Process
for i=1:6
for j=(i-1)*100:i*100
if(n(i)==1)
s(j+1)=y1(j+1);
else
s(j+1)=0;
end
end
end %plot ASK signal
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,s);
title('ASK modulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude'); % Demodulation process
for i=1:6
for j=(i-1)*100:i*100
if(s(j+1)==y1(j+1))
x(j+1)=1;
else
x(j+1)=0;
end
end
end %plot demodulated signal
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,x);
title('ASK demodulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');

Output:
Exp:7- WAP to simulate Frequency shift keying modulation using MATLAB & verify modulated signal
waveform.
Code:
clc;
clear all;
close all; % Carrier frequency and amplitude
f1=8;
f2=2;
a=1; %6 bits are used
n=[1 0 1 1 0 0];
l=length(n);
if n (1)==1
n(l+1)=1
else
n(l+1)=0
end
l1=length(n)
tn=0:l1-1; %plot message signal
subplot(5,1,1);
stairs(tn,n);
title('message signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude'); %plot carrier signal
t=0:0.01:6;
y1=a*sin(2*pi*f1*t);
y2=a*sin(2*pi*f2*t);
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(t,y1);
title('carrier signal1');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,3);
plot(t,y2);
title('carrier signal2');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude'); % Modulation Process
for i=1:6
for j=(i-1)*100:i*100
if(n(i)==1)
s(j+1)=y1(j+1);
else
s(j+1)=y2(j+1);
end
end
end %plot FSK signal
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(t,s);
title('FSK modulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude'); % Demodulation process
for i=1:6
for j=(i-1)*100:i*100
if(s(j+1)==y1(j+1))
x(j+1)=1;
else
x(j+1)=0;
end
end
end %plot demodulated signal
subplot(5,1,5);
plot(t,x);
title('FSK demodulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');

Output:
Exp:8- WAP to simulate Phase shift keying modulation using MATLAB & verify modulated signal
waveform.
Code:
clc;
clear all;
close all; % Carrier frequency and amplitude
f=5;
a=1; %6 bits are used
n=[1 0 1 1 0 0];
l=length(n);
if n (1)==1
n(l+1)=1
else
n(l+1)=0
end
l1=length(n)
t2=0:l1-1; %plot message signal
subplot(5,1,1);
stairs(t2,n);
title('message signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude'); %plot carrier signal
t=0:0.01:6;
y1=a*sin(2*pi*f*t);
y2=a*sin(2*pi*f*t);
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(t,y1);
title('carrier signal1');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,3);
plot(t,y2);
title('carrier signal2');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude'); % Modulation Process
for i=1:6
for j=(i-1)*100:i*100
if(n(i)==1)
s(j+1)=y1(j+1);
else
s(j+1)=y2(j+1);
end
end
end %plot PSK signal

subplot(5,1,4);
plot(t,s);
title('PSK modulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude'); % Demodulation process
for i=1:6
for j=(i-1)*100:i*100
if(s(j+1)==y1(j+1))
x(j+1)=1;
else
x(j+1)=0;
end
end
end %plot demodulated signal
subplot(5,1,5);
plot(t,x);
title('PSK demodulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
Output:
Exp:9- WAP to study the operation of Companding process usnig MATLAB using u-Law & verify
received signal waveform.
Code:
clear all
close all
clc
M=input('enter the signal') %enter the signal with time like sin(2*pi*[0:0.01:1]
Mmax=max(M)
Mn=M/Mmax
u=input('enter the u value') %default value is 255
Vn=log(1+u*Mn)/(log(1+u))
figure(1)
plot(Mn)
figure(2)
plot(Vn)
figure(3)
plot(Mn,Vn)
Output:
Exp:10- WAP to simulate the Probability of Bit Error rate of ASK, FSK & PSK Digital modulation
techniques.
Code:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
% for the values of SNR in dB for 0 to 10
snr_dB=0:10;
snr=10.^(snr_dB/10);
% probability of error expressions for ASK, FSK and PSK
peask=(1/2)*erfc(sqrt(snr/4));
pefsk=(1/2)*erfc(sqrt(snr/2));
pepsk=(1/2)*erfc(sqrt(snr));

% plotting all the BER curves in semilog graph paper

semilogy(snr_dB,peask,snr_dB,pefsk,snr_dB,pepsk);
legend('ASK','FSK','PSK');
xlabel('SNR in dB');
ylabel('SNR in dB');
title('BER Analysis');

Output:
Exp:11- To study the different line coding techniques.
Exp:12- WAP to study and simulate Power Spectral Density of GMSK Modulation technique.

Code:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
pi = 3.141592;
sqrpi = pi^2;

GMSK = [];
GBPSK = [];
GQPSK = [];
xaxis = [];

for i=1:1000
f = i/100;
% f is frequency normalized to to 1/(bit duration)
xaxis = [xaxis, f ];
ymsk = 16/sqrpi * (cos(6.2832 * f))^2/ (1- 16 * f^2)^2;
GMSK = [GMSK, 10 * log10(ymsk)];

ybpsk = 2 * (sin(pi*f)/(pi*f))^2;
GBPSK = [GBPSK, 10 * log10(ybpsk)];
yqpsk = 2 * (sin(2*pi* f)/(2*pi*f))^2;
GQPSK = [GQPSK, 10 * log10(yqpsk)];

end

plot(xaxis,GMSK, 'y-',xaxis,GBPSK, 'c.',xaxis,GQPSK, 'c-.');

axis([0 10 -60 10]);

ylabel('Spectral Power Level in dB');
xlabel('Frequency Offset / Bit Rate')
output:

Pwm code

clc;
clear all;
t=0:0.001:1;
fc = 20;
fm = 2;
a =5;
vc =a.*sawtooth(2*pi*fc*t);
vm = .75*a.*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
n = length(vc);
for i=1:n
if(vm(i)>=vc(i))
pwm(i)=1;
else
pwm(i)=0;
end
end
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,vm);
xlabel('Time------->');
ylabel('AMplitude------>');
title('Message Signal');
axis([0 1 -4 4]);
grid on;
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,vc);
xlabel('Time------->');
ylabel('Amplitude------>');
title('Carrier Signal');
axis([0 1 -5 5]);
grid on;
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,pwm);
xlabel('TIme------>');
ylabel('Amplitude------>');
title('pwm signal output');
axis([0 1 0 2]);
grid on;