Training Report

On
DOORDARSHAN KENDRA

Bachelors of Technology in
Electronics & Communication Engineering

Submitted by

Name: BARNALI SAHA (171001002100)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

TECHNO INDIA UNIVERSITY, WEST BENGAL

 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY: BARNALI SAHA

ID: 171001002100

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This presentation on training at Doordarshan Kendra, Kolkata, is submitted by BARNALI SAHA

(Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Techno India University West
Bengal) under guidance of Dr. Sudarshan Chakravorty in the seventh semester of BTECH Course
(Batch:2017-2021).
 INDEX

1. Introduction.
2. TV studio.
2.1 Procedure in recording.
2.2 Procedure in transmission.
2.3 Video Signal Generation.
2.4 CCVS.
2.5 Components of TV studio.
3. TV Camera.
3.1 Camera lens.
3.2 Transducer.
4. Lighting.
5. Microphone.
5.1 Types of microphone.
6. Video chain.
7. Audio chain.
8. Vision Mixer.
8.1 switchin .
9. MSR.
10. Earth Station.
10.1 componenet.
11. Transmitter.
12. Receiver.
13. ENG.
14. OB Van.
15. Future scope.
16. Conclusion.
 INTRODUCTION

Doordarshan is a public broadcast terrestrial Channel run by Prasar Bharati.

Doordatshan Kendra, Kolkata includes & operates the channel DD Bangla.

DD Bangla is an Indian free-to-air television channel owned by state-owned broadcaster

Doordarshan. It broadcasts from Kolkata, Shantiniketan and Jalpaiguri. It was launched on 9
August 1975; the network’s programming consists of infotainment series, news and current
affairs, social programs and films in Bengali language. It is available to 97.1% of the population of
West Bengal on terrestrial television.

Description:

Country: India

Broadcast area: India and parts of Asia, China and Gulf countries.

Headquarters: Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Programming: Picture format-1080i HDTV

(Downscaled to letterboxed 576i for the SDTV feed)

Ownership: Owner-Prasar Bharati (Govt. of India)

History:

Launched: 1975 (as Doordarshan Kendra Kolkata)

Replaced Doordarshan Kendra Kolkata

Links : Website- ddbangla.gov.in

Programs broadcast by the channel include Bibaho obhijan, Rongo tamaasha, Eto sur ar eto gaan
among others.
 CHAPTER 2 – TV STUDIO

Doordarshan has two studio halls. One is used as News Room and the other
One is used for shooting various programs. Artificial sets are created in the
Studio hall according to equirements of the program to be shooted.

2.1- PROCEDURE IN REORDING

Set is designed in studio as per conceptual thought of program

producer.
Floor plan is envisaged.
Lighting, Audio and placement of the cameras is arranged as per floor
plan.
Pre testing of cameras, microphones, VCRs etc. is done before
recording.
Recording begins and desired camera / mike are selected through VM/
Audio console as per command of producer. Program is recorded on
VCR.

2.2- PROCEDURE IN TRANSMISSION

The programs are transmitted as per the daily cue sheet.

Normal transmission hours are 1600-2000 Hrs.

Cue sheet is discussed daily by program and technical staff for details in it and for any last
moment changes if any.
After getting D-link caption from Delhi end program is played from
VCR /Server. The program is uplinked by Earth Station.
The program is also transmitted to transmitter at HPT Nahargarh via
MW link.
During our slot, both live as well as recorded programs are transmitted.
Around 2000 Hrs after getting linking caption from DD# 1, the signal
from DD#1 is selected and accordingly transmitted by HPT/ ES.
2.3-VIDEO SIGNAL GENERATION

Video is nothing but a sequence of pictures. The image we see is maintained in our eye
for 1/16sec. So if we see images at the rate more than 16 pictures/sec, our eyes cannot
recognize the difference and we see the continuous motion. In movies camera and movie
projector it is found that 24 fps is better for human eyes. TV system could also use this
rate but in PAL system 25fpm is selected. In TV cameras image is converted in
electrical signal using photosensitive material. Whole image is divided into many micro
particles known as pixels. These pixels are small enough so that our eyes cannot
recognize pixels and we see continuous image. Thus, at any particular instance there are
almost infinite numbers of pixels that need to be converted in electrical signal
simultaneously for transmitting picture details. How ever this is not possible practical
because it is no feasible to provide a separate path for each pixel. In practice this
problem is solved by method known as “Scanning” in which information is converted
one by one pixel, line by line and frame by frame.

2.4- COLOUR COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL

Active waveform comprises of 2 signals:

 Luminance(Y)-black and white

 Chrominance(C)- colour signal

2.5- COMPONENTS OF TV STUDIO

Camera
Lighting
Microphones
Vision mixer and Audio consoles
MSR
VCR /Servers
Acoustics
Post production and video effects supporting services like AC, UPS

Chapter 3- TV CAMERA
A TV Camera consists of three sections:

a) A Camera lens and optical block

b) A transducer or pick up device
c) Electronics

3.1- CAMERA LENS

The purpose of the camera lens is to focus the optical energy at the face plate of a pickup device
i.e. to form an optical image. The lens
has following sections:
1. Main focus section
2. Zoom section with manual or servo mode operation.
3. Servo drive assembly for Zoom and iris control.
4. Aperture section with manual or auto mode.
5. Back focus section with adjustment facilities for back and micro focus.

3.2- TRANSDUCER PICK UP DEVICE

R, G & B signals, as separated by the optical block are converted to electrical signal in
the transducer section of the camera. It is then processed in camera electronics to give CCVS
(color composite video signal) output.

Chapter 4- LIGHTING
Lighting for television is very exciting and needs creative talent. There is always a tremendous
scope for doing experiments to achieve the required effect. Light is a kind of electromagnetic
radiation with a visible spectrum from red to violet i.e. wavelength from 700 nm to 380 Nm
respectively.

Key light: - It gives shape and modeling by a casting shadow. It is treated as a “sun” in the sky
and should cast only one shadow.
Fill light: - Controls the lighting contrast by filling in shadows. It can also provide catch lights in
the eyes.
Back light:-Separates the body from the background, gives roundness to the subject and reveals
texture.
Background lights:- Separates person from the background and reveals background interest and
shape.

Lighting equipments:-

HMI lights compared to standard incandescent lights deliver five times the light output per watt.
They generate less heat, which is an important consideration when shooting inside in a confined
space. (HMI stands for Hydrargyrum Medium Arc-length Iodide).
The light on the left side of this picture is a HMI light; the one on the right a standard quartz light.
Cycs (large, seamless, neutral backgrounds) can be lit from the top and bottom with cyclights.The
one here sits on the studio floor and is directed up at the background.

Chapter 5- MICROPHONES
A microphone is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound in to an electrical
signal.

5.1- TYPES OF MICROPHONES

1. CONDENSER MICROPHONE

In a condenser microphone also called a capacitor microphone or electrostatic microphone, the

diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor, and the vibrations produce changes in the distance
between the plates.

2. ELECTRET CONDENSER MICROPHONE

An electret microphone is a relatively new type of capacitor microphone invented at Bell

laboratories in 1962 by Gerhard Sessler and Jim West. An electret is a ferroelectric material that
has been permanently electrically charged or polarized. The name comes from electrostatic and
magnet; a static charge is embedded in an electret by alignment of the static charges in the
material, much the way a magnet is made by aligning the magnetic domains in a piece of iron.

3. DYNAMIC MICROPHONE

Dynamic microphones work via electromagnetic induction. They are robust, relatively in
expensive and resistant to moisture. This coupled with their potentially high gain before
feedback makes them ideal for on-stage use. Moving-coil microphones use same
dynamic principle as in loudspeaker, only reversed.

4. RIBBON MICROPHONE

Ribbon microphones use a thin, usually corrugated metal ribbon suspended in a

magnetic field. The ribbon is electrically connected to the microphone's output, and its
vibration within the magnetic field generates the electrical signal. Ribbon microphones
are similar to moving coil microphones in the sense that both produce sound by means
of magnetic induction.

5. PIEZO ELECTRIC MICROPHONE

A crystal microphone or piezo microphone uses the phenomenon of piezoelectricity -
the ability of some materials to produce a voltage when subjected to pressure
- to convert vibrations into an electrical signal.

6. LASER MICROPHONE

Laser microphones are often portrayed in movies as spy gadgets. A laser beam is aimed at the
surface of a window or other plane surface that is affected by sound. The slight
vibrations of this surface displace the returned beam, causing it to trace the sound wave.
The vibrating laser spot is then converted back to sound. In a more robust and
expensive implementation, the returned light is split and fed to an interferometer, which
detects movement of the surface.

7. FIBER OPTIC MICROPHONE

A fiber optic microphone converts acoustic waves into electrical signals by sensing
changes in light intensity, instead of sensing changes in capacitance or magnetic fields as
with conventional microphones.

CHAPTER 6 - VIDEO CHAIN

The video we see at our home is either pre-recorded in studio or live telecasted. Block
diagram shown in fig illustrates different chains of video recording, video playback,
news, and live broadcasting. In First chain we will understand studio program recording.
Camera output from the studio hall is sent to CCU where many parameters of video
signals are controlled. Output signal of CCU after making all corrections is sent to VM
in PCR-1 (production control room).Output of 3 to 4 cameras comes here and final
signal is selected here using VM according to a director’s choice.
The final signal from VM is sent to VTR. VTR uses both analog and digital tape
recording system. At the time transmitting this pre recorded program cassettes is played
in to respective in VTR room. Signal from VTR is sent to PCR-2. PCR-2 has one VM,
video monitoring system, and CG (Computer Graphics). From PCR-2, signal travels from MSR to
Transmitter or Earth-station for terrestrial and satellite transmission.
MSR is the main control room between studio and transmitter or receiver.

CHAPTER 7- AUDIO CHAIN

In studio program, audio from studio microphones is directly fed to the “AUDIO
CONSOLE” place in PCR-1. It is used to mix audio from different sources and
maintain its output. From AC, signal is directly recorded on tape with video signal in
VTR. While playing back audio is extracted from tape and fed to another audio console
placed in PCR-2 and then travels with the video signal.

CHAPTER 8- VISION MIXER

Vision mixer is the almost final equipment in program (video) production and its
output is used either for recording or transmission.
Vision mixing is the process of providing a composite signal from various input sources.
It has many input sources such as cameras, VCR/server, Graphics, IRDs. Out of these
i/p, any source can be taken on o/p. It is used to switch or cut between 2 video sources,
or to combine them in a variety of ways.

8.1 TRANSIT ION/SWITCHING

It involves:

Cut
Mix
Wipe
Fade
Keying
Special effects

CUT

The cut is an instantaneous switch from one picture to another. It avoids the frame roll &
flash evident, on picture at the moment of cutting.
MIX

It uses additive mixing. The transitions here are less pronounced. As the faders are
operated, the established picture fades away, while the new picture progressively.

Chapter 9- MASTER SWITCHING ROOM

Master switching room (MSR) is used for transmission media. It is the engineering coordination
center of activity for selecting & routing the signal from various sources to
transmitter and earth station. It is a room where all different sources from the outside
studio comes first here and enroots transmission to different destination like transmitter
& earth station. This room comprises of Routine switcher, Stab amplifier, Video/Audio
distribution amplifier etc.
It is the heart of the studio. Most of the switching electronics are kept here e.g. camera
base stations, switcher mainframe, SPG, Satellite receivers, MW link, DDA & most of
the patch panels. Signal is routed through MSR. Signal can be monitored at various
stages.

AUDIO CONSOLE

It has many input sources such as microphones, VCR/server, IRDs, tone generators.
Out of these i/p, any source can be taken on o/p Audio level of Sources can be
adjusted and audio effects can be added.

Chapter 10- EARTH STATION

The digital earth station operates in the frequency range of 5.85 GHz to 6.425 GHz
for transmission and 3.625 to 4.24 GHz for reception of signals. The whole system
operates with DVB/MPEG2 Standards. The base band processor subsystem and base
band monitoring subsystem operates in fully digital domain. An OFC carries digital base band
signal from studio to earth station site to minimize the noise and interference. It is controlled by a
PC called NMS PC. The compression segment has an MPEG encoder, digital multiplexer and
digital modulator. The monitoring and receiving segment comprises of two digital receivers for
receiving and decoding program.
The output of modulator (70 MHz) is sent to an up converter. The up converted signals are
sent to an HPA. Then this signal is given to a PDA (parabolic dish antenna) for up
linking to satellite. The uplinked signal is received again by the same PDA for monitoring
purposes. The signal between earth station and satellite are given along line of sight
which means there must be a clear path from earth to satellite. The uplink signal is fed
from the earth station by a large PDA. The satellite is equipped with its own dish
antenna which receives the uplink signals and feeds them to a receiver. The signal is then
amplified and changed to a different frequency which is downlink frequency. This is
done to prevent interference between uplink and downlink signals. The down linked
signal is then again sent to the transmitter which again retransmits it. Each satellite has a
transponder and a single antenna receives all signals and another one transmits all signals
back. A satellite transmits signals towards earth in pattern called the satellite footprint of
the satellite. The footprint is strongest at centre and the footprint is used to see if the
earth station will be suitable for the reception of the desired signal. Converts The parts
of the DES are Antenna subsystem including LNA Antenna control unit, beacon
tracking unit, beacon tracking receiver and up converter system high power
amplifier and power system. The system operates in 2 +1mode and is compliant with
DVBMPEG 2standards. The base band processor subsystem and base band
monitoring system operates in digital domain. An OFC contains the digital base band
signal for studio to earth station to minimize noise interference The network management
system or NMS monitors and controls baseband equipments compression equipments
and test instruments like video audio generation and video audio analyzer. They are
provided to ensure quality of transmission and help trouble shoot.The base band
segment comprises of baseband subsystems at studio site and base band subsystem at
earth station site. This baseband segment processes two video Programmes. The base
band segment is monitored and controlled using a PC placed near the base band earth
station equipments called base band NMS PC. The compression segments comprises
of Mpeg encoders in 2 +1 configuration for providing redundancy. It also comprises of
digital multiplexers and digital modulators in 1 +1 configuration. The compression
segment is monitored and controlled by compression NMS PC. The receive and
monitoring segment consists of two digital receivers for receiving and decoding of the
video programs and one ASI to SDI decoder for decoding of the transport stream for
monitoring video programs at the multiplexers output. RF NMS PC is placed near the
receive monitoring segment and video audio generator placed in the base band segment.
For monitoring of video programs professional video monitor, LCD video monitor and
audio level monitor are provided in the base band segment. An operator console has
one 14” professional video monitor a video audio monitor unit for quantitative monitor
of video programs and a personal computer for centralized merit and contention of earth
station sub system.

10.1 COMPONENTS

PDA(parabolic dish antenna)

IRD(Integrator receiver decoder)
Multiplexer
Encoder
FEED
LNA(Low noise amplifier)/LNBC(low noise block converter)
Waveguide
HPA(TWTA, SSTA, Klystron)
Up Converter
DIGITAL EARTH STATION

Earth station is the main part which communicates with satellite in which up linking and
downlinking of the signal into/ from the satellite takes place for TV transmission. Earth
station is a purely digitization version. The signal is uplinked from the earth station and
received by many downlink centers in TV broadcasting. It is a very important part of
satellite communication system for broadcasting of signals. A ground-based receiving or
transmitting/ receiving station in a satellite communications system. The counterpart to
the earth station is the satellite in orbit, which is the "space station." Earth stations use
dish-shaped antennas, the diameters of which can be under two feet for satellite TV to
as large as fifty feet for satellite operators. Antennas for space exploration have
diameters reaching a hundred feet.

MULTIPLEX, MODULATE AND UP CONVERT

An earth station is generally made up of a multiplexor, a modem, up and down

converters, a high power amplifier (HPA) and a low noise amplifier (LNA). Almost all
transmission to satellites is digital, and the digital data streams are combined in a
multiplexor and fed to a modem that modulates a carrier frequency in the 50 to 180
MHz range. An up converter bumps the carrier into the gigahertz range, which goes to
the HPA and dish. Down convert,
Demodulate and De multiplex
For receiving, the LNA boosts the signals to the down converter, which lowers the
frequency and sends it to the modem. The modem demodulates the carrier, and the
digital output goes to the demultiplexing device and then to its destinations.

EARTH STATION CLASSIFICATION

Analog Earth Station

Digital Earth Station
ASNG
DSNG
C-band or Ku-band
Problems of Analog
One program per channel/transponder
Comparatively noisy
Ghosts in Terrestrial Transmission
Lower quality with respect to VCD, DVD digital medium‡
Fixed reception

WHY DIGITAL?

 More programs per channel/Transponder i.e. spectrum efficient.

 Noise-Free Reception.
 Ghost elimination.
 CD quality sound & better than DVD quality picture.
 Reduced transmission power.
 Flexibility in service planning.

PROCESS INVOLVED IN TRANSMISSION OF SIGNAL

 Up-Conversion
 High power amplification
 Transmission

RECEPTION UP-CONVERTERS

The up-conversion is required to raise the frequency of the signal in desired band:
C- band, Extended C-band or Ku-band before transmission. The input to up converter
is 70 MHz (output of modulator) and output of Up-converter is fed to HPA. The up conversion
may be done in stages or in one stage directly. The 70 MHz signal is first converted into L ±band
and then L band signal raised to desired frequency band.

HIGH POWER AMPLIFICATION

The high power amplifier is used for the final power amplification of the digital RF signal
in C-band/Ku band that is fed to the antenna.

The important parameters of HPAs are:

1. Frequency range
2. Output power at flange
3. Bandwidth
4. Gain variation (1.0db (max.) for 40 MHz (narrow band)
5. 2.50db for full bandwidth.
The different types of HPAs are

1. KHPA - Klystron High Power Amplifier

2. TWTA -Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier
3. SSPA- Solid state Power Amplifier

CHAPTER 11 – TRANSMITTER

The most widely used narrow beam antennas are reflector antennas. The shape is
generally a paraboloid of revolution.
For full earth coverage from a geostationary satellite, a horn antenna is used. Horns are
also used as feeds for reflector antennas.
A small earth terminal, the feed horn is located at the focus or may be offset to one side
of the focus.
Large earth station antennas have a sub reflector at the focus. In the Cassegrain design,
the sub reflector is convex with an hyperboloid surface, while in the Gregorian design it
is concave with an ellipsoidal surface.
These antennas are used to transmit signal from earth station to satellite.

CHAPTER 12-RECEIVER

The most widely used narrow beam antennas are reflector antennas. The shape is
generally a paraboloid of revolution.

1. For full earth coverage from a geostationary satellite, a horn antenna is used. Horns are
also used as feeds for reflector antennas.

2. They are basically used to receive signals from the satellite which were transmitted by
transmitter.

3. All the waves which fall on receiver are being focused on the feeder which is placed at
the center of receiver antenna.

4. This feeder collects all the waves and sends to master switching room through cable sand wires.
After that again down conversion and decoding of signals takes place and in this manner
we receive our information.

CHAPTER 13- ELECTRONIC NEWS

GATHERING

ENG gather news from different outside locations.

Its components:
1. Camera
2. Tripods
3. Mikes
4. Lights
5. Camera battery
6. Camera charger
7. Camera adapter
8. Headphone
9. Camera cassette

The job of journalists is fulfilled only when their news reaches the viewers, this is why
they long for great challenge ± “ability to be present anywhere, anything´. This means
faster news from anywhere anytime to everywhere. Further there is a need to send news
footages in the shortest possible time and practically from any location. Technologically,
Doordarshan has always been far ahead of its competitors. When it came to remote
newsgathering, Doordarshan has set precedence by using innovative and cost effective
methods.

CHAPTER 14 - OB VAN
Outside Broadcasting (OB) is the electronic field production (EFP) of television or radio
programmes (typically to cover television news and sports television events) from mobile remote
broadcast television studio.

OB VAN:

A typical OB Van is usually divided into 4 parts.

The first and largest part is the production area or sitting area for all directors and producers.
The second part of the van is for the audio engineer.
The third part of the van is video tape.
The fourth part is transmission where the signal is monitored by an engineer for quality control
purposes and is transmitted or sent to other trucks.
If there is a live program to be telecasted, following options can be selected:

 Microwave link

 DSNG (Digital Satellite News Gathering).

MICROWAVE LINK:

Audio and video signals are feed to microwave transmitter.

Input video is processed and up converted to 12.25GHz. And 12.30 GHz.

DSNG:

Audio/video input is processed by an encoder.

The audio and video along with other data are multiplied.
Multiplied data forward error corrected using a standard technique.
The modulated signal is up converted to power amplifiers.

CHAPTER 15: FUTURE SCOPE

Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service
broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. Doordarshan is
the first ISO certified channel in India. The largest viewer of India, watching
Doordarshan. It has good future scope in communication world. Because largest
network covered by the doordarshan only.
As now a days there is a huge competition and everything is getting digitized there is a
wide scope for electronics and communication engineers to show their skills and keep
the technology up to date.
In Doordarshan, all the electronic devices used are to be operated by skilled engineers.
It provides with good pay scales.
The selection for the posts is through UPSC examinations.

CONCLUSION
Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service
broadcasting.
It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In my Industrial training at
Doordarshan Kendra, Kolkata, I have gained useful knowledge which will surely be
of great help in future.
This training gave me an opportunity to learn the practical aspects of the knowledge of
my field of interest, Electronics and communication.

REFERENCES
 Text material from Doordarshan Kendra, Kolkata.

 http://www.ddbangla.gov.in/

 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DD_Bangla

 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doordarshan