L/O/G/O

LINKING WORDS OF
CAUSE AND EFFECT

GRADE XI
 Learning Objective

After learning this lesson, students are expected

to be able to:

1. identify the use and form of linking words

of cause and effect.
2. apply linking words of cause and effect in
daily life.
 INTRODUCTION

A linking word is a word

which shows a connection between clauses
or sentences.

Linking words help you to connect ideas

and sentences when you speak or write
English.
 USE

We use linking words of cause and effect to link two

clauses or sentences to show their cause and effect
relationship.

To show cause: (because, since, as, for, because of,

due to, owing to, thanks to) are used to introduce the
reason of a sentence.

To show effect: (as a result, so, therefore,

consequently) are used to show the purpose of a
sentence.
 FORM

When we want to focus on the cause (we use: because,

since, as, for, due to, owing to, thanks to, because of)
The position is:
Clause 1 + because/since/as/for + Clause 2
Clause 1 + due to/owing to/thanks to/because of +
Gerund/Noun/Noun phrase/Pronoun.

Example:
1. He doesn’t go to school because he is sick
2. We have to take another route since the road is under
construction.
3. Jane called her friend as she missed her.
4. Albert goes to school by bus for his bicycle is broken.

5. The chaos in our society is mostly due to fake news.

6. The soccer match was cancelled because of the heavy storm.
7. She can buy a house owing to saving for years.
8. Thanks to his work hard, he is successful in business.

Note:
Due to is adjective (it modifies noun)
Because of is adverb (it modifies verb)
Because of = owing to (bisa digunakan untuk kalimat yang bermakna
positif atau negative)
Thanks to (selalu digunakan untuk kalimat yang bermakna positif)
When we want to focus on the effect (we use: as a result, so, therefore,
consequently).
The position is:
Clause 1 + so/therefore/as a result/consequently + Clause 2

Example:
1. We had no kiwis, so I decided to eat some cherries instead.
2. He wanted to buy a new house. Therefore, he started saving up his
money. atau
3. He wanted to buy a new house; therefore, he started saving up his
money.
4. Maya studies hard. As a result, she gets the first rank. atau
5. Maya studies hard; as a result, she gets the first rank.
6. My laptop is broken. Consequently, I can’t do my assignment. atau
 EXERCISE

Fill the blanks with suitable conjunctions: so,

because, since, due to, because of, thanks to.
1. The students need to study hard because they want to
pass the examination.
2. The flight was cancelled because of the volcano
eruption.
3. The cancelation of the exam is due to the absence of
teacher.
4. Thanks to her hard train, she becomes a champion.
5. Tom stayed at home yesterday since he got diarrhea.
6. He hasn’t finished his work, so he must work overtime.
L/O/G/O

Thank You!