Visvesvaraya Technological University: Jnana Sangama, Belagavi - 590 014

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590 014
PROJECT REPORT ON
“PLAN ANALYSIS DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF THE

RESIDENTIAL(G+2) BUILDING”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of Bachelor of degree
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
For the academic year 2019-2020
SUBMITTED BY
1) NITHESH KUMAR D 1GD17CV012

2) SHREYAS M S 1GD17CV022
3) SWAMY M J 1GD17CV024
Under the guidance of:

Mrs. P. RAJALEKSHMI, , BE., ME., MBA., (Ph.D).
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
GOPALAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BENGALURU-560 048
GOPALAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BONAFIED CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project phase 2 report entitled, “PLAN ANALYSIS DESIGN
AND ESTIMATION OF THE RESIDENTIAL(G+2) BUILDING” is a bonafide
work carried out by NITESH KUMAR D (1GD17CV012), SHREYAS M S
(1GD17CV022), SWAMY M J (1GD17CV024), in partial fulfilment for the award of
Bachelor Of Engineering In Civil Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belgaum during the academic year 2020-2021.It is certified that all the
corrections and suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in
the report deposited in the departmental library. The Project report has been approved as
it satisfies the academic requirements prescribed for the said degree.
Signature of the GUIDE Signature of HOD Signature of the Principal
Mrs. P RAJALEKSHMI Dr.P.M.SHANMUGAVADIVU Dr.N.SENGOTTAIYAN
External Viva
Name of the Examiners Signature with Date
1.
2.
DECLARATION
We, by NITESH KUMAR D (1GD17CV012), SHREYAS M S

(1GD17CV022), SWAMY M J (1GD17CV024), by students of
VIII semester B.E. in Civil Engineering, Gopalan College of Engineering and
Management, Bengaluru, hereby declare that the project work entitled “PLAN
ANALYSIS DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF THE RESIDENTIAL(G+2)
BUILDING” submitted to the Visvesvaraya Technological University during
the academic year 2020-2021, is a record of an original work done by us under
the guidance of Mrs. P RAJALEKSHMI assistant professor of Department
Civil Engineering, Gopalan College of Engineering and Management, Bengaluru.
This project work is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering. The
results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree.
Date:
Place: Bengaluru
1) NITHESH KUMAR D 1GD17CV012
2) SHREYAS M S 1GD16CV022
3) SWAMY M J 1GD16CV024
ABSTRACT
Any construction project to begin with starts with the Layout of the building or
structure followed by Design and Analysis of the structure which is succeeded by
estimation and planning for the said project. This project involves the layout,
design, analysis, planning and estimation of a G+2 residential building located in
Chansandra, Karnataka.
The layout of the proposed G+2 residential building is based on a plot of size
7.62m x 14.32m . All the drafting was done using AutoCAD. Also these drawings
made on AutoCAD also served as a base for transfer of the structure for analysis
and design into STAAD Pro.
The analysis and design of the entire structure has been completed using STAAD
pro. The results include the various forces acting on various members as well
various schedules for various members. Also using the software we got the
concrete take-off as well as the weight of the various reinforcement bars thus
easing the load of cost estimation. The foundation has been designed as an
isolated footing using soil condition as medium. The foundation design values
were calculated using STAAD Foundation.
The estimate for the project has been calculated using Centre Line Method in
Microsoft Excel.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our project report was the result of the encouragement of many people
who helped to shape it and provided feedback, direction and valuable support. It
is with hearty gratitude that we acknowledge their contribution to our project
We express our gratitude towards Director Dr. C. PRABHAKAR, General

Manager Mr. K. PRABHAKAR and Principal Dr. N. SENGOTTAIYAN,
Gopalan College of Engineering and Management, for providing us with the
infrastructure and resources that helped in making this project a success.
We are really thankful to HOD Dr.P.M SHANMUGAVADIVU of Civil

Engineering department, GCEM for his constant support extended towards us
during the course of this project. His help and advice instilled the drive in us to
complete the project on time.
We are really thankful to Mrs. P.RAJALEKSHMI assistant professor our

guide, department of Civil engineering, GCEM for her constant support extended
towards us during the course of this project. Her help and advice instilled the
drive in us to complete the project on time.
We are really thankful to Mr. ASIF , Mr. SHREYAS , Mr. CHANDAN , Mrs.
SREEVIDHYA assistant professors , department of Civil engineering, GCEM
for thier constant support extended towards us during the course of this project.
Her help and advice instilled the drive in us to complete the project on time.
Finally, we would like to extend our thanks to our friends and family who
supported us and provided us with suggestions to make the project better.
CONTENTS Pg.no
CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL..................................................................................................1-2
1.2 EARLY MODERN AND THE INDUSTRIAL AGE..................................2
1.3 MODERN ARCHITECTURE.....................................................................2-3
1.4 AIM AND SCOPE OF WORK……………………………………………3
1.5 STATEMENT OF PROJECT…………………………………………….. 3-4
1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................4-6
CHAPTER- 2 SOFTWARES
2.1 AUTO CADD...............................................................................................7-14
2.2 STAAD.........................................................................................................15-27
2.3 DESIGN LOADS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS…...........................27-35
CHAPTER 5 STAAD RESULT......................................................................36-40
CHAPTER-4 BEAMS AND COLUMNS
4.1 BEAM DESIGN...........................................................................................53
4.2 STADD PRO CONCRETE DESIGN...........................................................54-60
4.3 COLUMNS…...............................................................................................60-63
4.4 OUTPUT......................................................................................................63-65
CHAPTER 5 DESIGN OF SLAB AND STAIR CASE
5.1 SLAB DESIGN.............................................................................................66-69
5.2 DESIGN OF SLABS....................................................................................69-74
5.3 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE.........................................................................74-78
CHAPTER 6 ISOLATED FOOTING
6.1 INPUT VALUES ………………………………………………………...79-81
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION..........................................................................82
CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES..........................................................................83-84
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1.1: GROUND FLOOR PLAN........................................................................9
Fig 1.2: 1ST AND 2ND FLOOR PLAN....................................................................10
Fig 1.3: ELEVATION............................................................................................11
Fig 1.4: CROSS SECTION....................................................................................12
Fig 1.5: BEAM LAYOUT PLAN..........................................................................13
Fig 1.6: CENTER LINE.........................................................................................14
Fig 2.1: GENRATION OF NODE.........................................................................18
Fig 2.2: MODELLING OF THE STRUCTURE....................................................18
Fig 2.3: RESTRAINTS..........................................................................................19
Fig 2.4: ASSIGNING OF THE BEAM..................................................................19
Fig 2.5: ASSIGNING OF THE COLUMN............................................................20
Fig 2.6: ASSIGNING OF THE PLATE.................................................................20
Fig 2.7: 3D MODEL VIEW...................................................................................21
Fig 2.8: APPLICATION OF LOAD......................................................................21
Fig 2.9: RUN ANALYSIS.....................................................................................27
Fig 5.2: Diagram of slab deflection two way slab..................................................67
Fig 5.3: A Diagram of load distribution of one way..............................................67
Fig 5.4: A Diagram of load distribution of two way slab.......................................67
Fig 5.5: Distribution of Loads in Two Slabs..........................................................68
Fig 5.6: Monolithic Connection between Beam, Column and Slab.......................69
Fig 5.7: Reinforcement of Slab.............................................................................73
Fig 5.8: Cross Sectional Reinforcement of Slab....................................................74
Fig 5.9: Showing Plan of Stair Case Details..........................................................77
Fig 5.10: Showing the Sectional Details of Section A-A.......................................77
Fig 5.11: Showing the Sectional Details of Section B-B.......................................78
Fig 5.12: Showing the Sectional Details of Section C-C.......................................78
Fig 6.1: Elevation and Plan of an isolated footing………………………………79
Fig 6.2: Design for Flexure about Z Axis……………………………………....81
Fig 6.3: Design for Flexure about X Axis……………………………………....81
Fig 6.4: Design For Top Reinforcement Parallel to X Axis………………….....81
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-Basic wind speed at 10 m for height for some important cities/town….31-32
Table 2- Load factors as per IS 456-2000……………………………………….33
ABBREVATION
The following symbols has been used in our project and its meaning is clearly mentioned
respective to it:
A -Area
Ast - Area of steel
b - Breadth of beam or shorter dimension of rectangular column
D -Overall depth of beam or slab
DL -Dead load
D - overall depth of beam or slab
Mu max -moment of resistance factor
Fck -characters tic compressive strength
Fy -characteristic strength of of steel
LL -live load
Lx -length of shorter side of slab
Ly - length of longer side of slab
BM. -bending moment
Mu -factored bending moment
Md -design moment
Mx -mid span bending moment along short span
My - mid span bending moment along longer span
pt -percentage of steel
W -total design load
Tv -nominal shear stress
Pu -factored axial load
Mu,lim -limiting moment of resistance of a section without compression reinforcement
Ac - area of concrete
Asc -area of longitudinal reinforcement for column
Plan Analysis Design and Estimation of Residential(G+2) Building
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction of building such as
residential houses. In a simple building can be define as an enclose space by walls with roof,
food, cloth and the basic needs of human beings. In the early ancient times humans lived in
caves, over trees or under trees, to protect themselves from wild animals, rain, sun, etc. as the
times passed as humans being started living in huts made of timber branches. The shelters of
those old have been developed nowadays into beautiful houses. Rich people live in sophisticated
condition houses.
Buildings are the important indicator of social progress of the county. Every human has
desire to own comfortable homes on an average generally one spends his two-third life times in
the houses. The security civic sense of the responsibility. These are the few reasons which are
responsible that the person do utmost effort and spend hard earned saving in owning houses.
Nowadays the house building is major work of the social progress of the county. Daily new
techniques are being developed for the construction of houses economically, quickly and
fulfilling the requirements of the community engineers and architects do the design work,
planning and layout etc, of the buildings. Draughtsman are responsible for doing the drawing
works of building as for the direction of engineers and architects. The draughtsman must know
his job and should be able to follow the instruction of the engineer and should be able to draw
the required drawing of the building, site plans and layout plans etc., as for the requirements.
A building frame consists of number of bays and storey. A multi-storey, multi-paneled frame
is a complicated statically intermediate structure. A design of Residential building of G+2 storey
frame work is taken up. The building in plan (7.62m x 14.32m) consists of columns built
monolithically forming a network. The number of columns are 14
DEPT OF CIVIL ENGG, 1

GCEM,
The design is made using software on structural analysis design (staad-pro). The building
subjected to both the vertical loads as well as horizontal loads. The vertical load consists of dead
load of structural components such as beams, columns, slabs etc. and live loads. The horizontal
load consists of the wind forces thus building is designed for dead load, live load and wind load
as per IS 875. The building is designed as two dimensional vertical frame and analyzed for the
maximum and minimum bending moments and shear forces by trial and error methods as per
IS 456-2000.
The help is taken by software available in institute and the computations of loads, moments
and shear forces and obtained from this software.
1.2 EARLY MODERN AND THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and
technology, architecture engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on
aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design.
The industrial revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption.
Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamental products, once within the
province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current
architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural
journals.
1.3 MODERN ARCHITECTURE
The Bauhaus Dessau architecture department from 1925 by Walter Gropius. The
dissatisfaction with such a general situation at the turn of the 20 th century gave rise to many new
lines of thought that served as precursors to modern architecture. Notable among these is
detachers’ dark bund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise
of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus
school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set
throughout history viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis the apex of art,
craft and technology.
When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde moment with moral,
philosophical, and aesthetic underpinning. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist
architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and
economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected
the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly
declining aristocratic order.
1.4 AIM AND SCOPE OF WORK
Human life is affected due to nature’s forces like floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes
etc. The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able to stand safely, to
function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural
elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants. It must
account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking and imposed loads .It must
also ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing tolerances of
the materials. It must allow the architecture to work, and the building services to fit within the
building such that it is functional (air conditioning, ventilation, lighting etc.).
The aim of this project work is to plan a (G+2) Residential building using AUTOCADD and
analyze for different load combinations using STAAD PRO software. And estimation of the
building using MS Excel. Based on the analysis, design of the structure is done mainly in
accordance with IS specifications.
1.5 STATEMENT OF PROJECT

Salient features
Utility of building : Residential Building

No of stories : G+2
No of staircases :3
No. of flats :3
Type of construction : R.C.C framed structure
Types of walls : Brick wall
Geometric details
Ground floor : 3m Floor to floor height
Height of plinth : 0.38m
Depth of foundation : 1.5m
Materials Used
Concrete grade : M20

All steel grades : Fe415
1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review is an important part of a dissertation or thesis. It should be thorough and

accurate. In writing the literature review, the purpose is to convey to the reader what knowledge and
ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. The literature
review must be defined by a guiding concept (eg. your research objective, the problem or issue you
are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the material available,
or a set of summaries. The following are the literature we have reviewed for our project.
Research explains that when the building becomes taller, the quantity of structural material
needed to withstand the oblique loads rises extremely. Tall buildings design involves conceptual
design, preliminary design and lateral loads. Criteria for design are strength and serviceability.
Protection of International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 2799 the
structure is examined against permissible limits, roof displacements, etc[1].
The software has been used to designed and analyze G+30 multistorey building adopting
STAAD.Pro in limit state methodology. STAAD.Pro contains an easy interface that permits the
users to produce the mount and the load values and dimensions are inputted. The members are
designed with reinforcement details for RCC frames. The analysis is completed for two
dimensional frames and then it is done for residential building in 2-D and 3-D frames under
various load combinations [2].
The structural analysis and design of G+2 residential building. The work was completed in
three stages. The first stage was three dimensional models and scrutiny of building and the second
stage was to design the structural elements and the final was to detail the structural elements. In
this project STAAD.Pro software is used for analyzing the building. The IS:875 (Part 1) and (Part
were referred for dead load and live load. Design of structural elements like beam, column, slab,
staircase, shear wall, retaining wall, pile foundation is done according to IS Codes [3].
The Computer Aided Design of Residential Building involves scrutiny of building using
STAAD.Pro and a physical design of the structure. Traditional way of study shows tedious
calculations and such tests is a time-consuming task. Analyses are made quickly by using
software’s. This project completely deals with scrutiny of the building using the software
STAAD.Pro. Finally, the results are compared with physical calculations. The elements are
created as per IS:456-2000 [4].
To evaluate and plan a Residential building [G + 2 (3- dimensional frame)] adopting STAAD
Pro. The technique used in STAAD.Pro is limit state technique. Initially they have created 2-D
frames and cross checked with physical calculations. The exact result should be proved. We tested
and created a G + 2 storey building [2-D Frame] instantly for all feasible load combinations. The
work has been finished with 2-Dimensional and 3- Dimensional frames beneath various load
combinations [5].
The point of the structural engineer is to model a guarded structure. Then the structure is
subjected to various types of loading. Mostly the loads put in on the building are considered as
static. Finite part analysis that exhibit the result of dynamic load like wind result, earthquake
result, etc. The work is conducted using STAAD.Pro software [6].
Efficient modelling is performed using STAAD.Pro and AutoCAD. Manual International

Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 2798 calculations for more than four floor
buildings are tedious and time consuming. STAAD.Pro provides us a quick, efficient and correct
platform for analyzing and coming up with structures [7].
The scope of the project is to provide a Residential building of G+ 2 floors. Auto CAD 2021
software is used for draft the building plan. The structure analysis and design are done using
STAAD.Pro. And estimation of the build is done by using MS Excel. The results are checked for
selected members using limit state method of design as per IS 456-2000 [8].
The research paper has mentioned that logical data is incredibly necessary and essential talent
required by each and every engineer. The project encompasses a shear wall round the elevator pit.
During this project the structure is meant and tested with the help of STAAD.Pro and the
scheming was done physically. Layout of beam, column, slab, shear wall, stair case, shear wall,
tank and an isolated footing are done. Finally, the detailing was done using AutoCAD. R.D [9].
To designing a Residential Building and analyzing it using STAAD Pro. In their designing
and analyzing, the manual calculations were compared to STAAD Pro results. The results of both
manual and software matched and were accurate [10].
The structural analysis may be a branch that involves resolution of working on construction,
so as to forecast the reply of real construction such as buildings, bridges, trusses etc. This project
makes an attempt to view the construction working of varied elements in the multi-storied
building. Analysis, scheming and evaluation of Residential building has been obsessed for G+2
Building. According to material properties the dead load is calculated, live loads is taken from
code IS875-part 2 and piles are schemed based on protected bearing capacity of soil. For the
design of columns and beams limit state method is used [11].
The objective of the project is to detect and scan a Residential building. Load calculations are
done manually and STAAD.Pro software is used for analyzing the structure. STAAD.Pro is the
recommended software. STAAD.Pro is user friendly software which allows the users to make the
mount and the load values to be given and dimensions. Then the work is continued for 2-D and 3-
D frames with different loading conditions [12].
In order to compete in the ever-growing competent market it is very important for a structural
engineer to save lots of time. For this an attempt is made to model and survey construction using
software. For analyzing the structure all possible loads are considered to see whether the structure
is safe against loading. There are many strategies for analysis of various frames like kani’s
methodology, cantilever methodology, portal methodology and Matrix methodology. The dead
load &live loads are applied. Then, the design for beams, columns, footing are done. STAAD.Pro
is a very powerful toll which can save time [13].
CHAPTER-2
SOFTWARES
1.1 AUTO CAD
AutoCAD is powerful software licensed by auto desk. The word auto came from Autodesk
Company and cad stands for computer aided design. AutoCAD is used for drawing different
layouts, details, plans, elevations, sections and different sections can be shown in auto cad.
It is very useful software for civil, mechanical and also electrical engineer. The importance
of this software makes every engineer a compulsion to learn this software’s. We used AutoCAD
for drawing the plan, elevation of a residential building. We also used AutoCAD to show the
reinforcement details and design details of a stair case. AutoCAD is a very easy software to learn
and much user friendly for anyone to handle and can be learn quickly Learning of certain
commands is required to draw in AutoCAD
1.1.1 PLAN
The auto cad plotting no.1 represents the plan of a G+2 building. The plan clearly shows that
it is a combination of five apartments. We can observe there is a combination between each and
every apartments. In each Floor the entire floor consists of a 2 bed room house which occupies
entire floor . It represents a rich locality with huge areas for each house.
It is a G+2 proposed building is based on a plot of size 7.62m x 14.32m The plan shows the
details of dimensions of each and every room and the type of room and orientation of the
different rooms like bed room, bathroom, kitchen, hall etc. All the 3 floors have similar room
arrangement.
The entire plan area is about 1175 sq.m. The plan gives details of arrangement of various
furniture like sofa, kitchen, TV set, cupboard, bed etc. The plan also gives the details of location
of stair cases in different blocks. We have 1 stair cases for each floor and designing of stair case
So these represent the plan of our building and detailed explanation of remaining parts like
elevations and designing is carried in the next sections. This project is mostly based on
software and it is essential to know the details about these software’s.
List of software’s used
1. Staad pro (v8i)
2. Staad foundations5(v8i)
3. Autocadd
4. MS Excel
STAAD PRO AUTO CADD
1.1.2 ELEVATION
AutoCAD represents the proposed elevation of building. It shows the elevation of a G+2
building representing the front view which gives the overview of a building block. Each floor
consists of height 3m which is taken as per GHMC rules for residential buildings. The building is
not designed for increasing the number of floors in future. So the number of floors is fixed for
future also for this building due to unavailability of the permissions of respective authorities.
Also special materials like fly ash and self-compacted concrete were also used in order to
reduce the dead load and increase life of the structure and also improve economy. But these
materials were not considered while designing in staad to reduce the complexity and necessary
corrections are made for considering the economy and safety of the structure. This is regarding
the plan and details of the site and next section deals with the design part of the building under
various loads for which the building is designed
1.1.3 AUTO CAD PLANS
Fig 1.1 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Fig 1.2 1ST AND 2ND FLOOR PLAN
Fig 1.3 ELEVATION
Fig 1.4 CROSS SECTION
Fig 1.5 BEAM LAYOUT PLAN
Fig 1.6 CENTER LINE
1.2 STAAD PRO
STAAD PRO is powerful design software licensed by Bentley. Staad stands for structural
analysis and design. Any object which is stable under a given loading can be considered as
structure. So first find the outline of the structure, whereas analysis is the estimation of what are
the type of loads that acts on the beam and calculation of shear force and bending moment comes
under analysis stage.
Design phase is designing the type of materials and its dimensions to resist the load. This
we do after the analysis.To calculate S.F.D and B.M.D of a complex loading beam it takes about
an hour. So when it comes into the building with several members it will take a week.
Staad pro is a very powerful tool which does this job in just an hour’s staad is a best
alternative for high rise buildings.Now a day’s most of the high rise buildings are designed by
staad which makes a compulsion for a civil engineer to know about this software.
1.2.1 ALTERNATIVES FOR STAAD
Struts, robot, sap, adds pro which gives details very clearly regarding reinforcement and
manual calculations. But these software’s are restricted to some designs only where as staad can
deal with several types of structure.
1.2.2 STAAD EDITOR

Staad has very great advantage to other software’s i.e., staad editor. Staad editor is the
programming. For the structure we created and loads we taken all details are presented in
programming format in staad editor. This program can be used to analyze another structures also
by just making some modifications, but this require some programming skills. So load cases
created for a structure can be used for another structure using staad editor.
Limitations of Staad pro
1. Huge output data
2. Even analysis of a small beam creates large output.
3. Unable to show plinth beams.

1.2.3 STAAD FOUNDATION
Staad foundation is a powerful tool used to calculate different types of foundations. It is

also licensed by Bentley software’s. All Bentley software’s cost about 10 lakhs and so all
engineers can’t use it due to heavy cost.
Analysis and design carried in Staad and post processing in Staad gives the load at
various supports. These supports are to be imported into these software to calculate the footing
details i.e., regarding the geometry and reinforcement details.
This software can deal different types of foundations
SHALLOW (D<B)
 Isolated (Spread) Footing
 Combined (Strip) Footing
 Mat (Raft) Foundation
DEEP (D>B)
 Pile cap
 Driller Pier
 Isolated footing is spread footing which is common type of footing.
 Combined Footing or Strap footing is generally laid when two columns are very near to each
other.
 Mat foundation is generally laid at places where soil has less soil bearing capacity.
 Pile foundation is laid at places with very loose soils and where deep excavations are required.
So depending on the soil at type we has to decide the type of foundation required. Also lot
of input data is required regarding safety factors, soil, materials used should be given in
respective units. After input data is give software design the details for each and every footing
and gives the details regarding
 Geometry of footing
 Reinforcement
 Column layout
 Graphs
 Manual calculations
These details will be given in detail for each and every column. Another advantage of
foundations is even after the design; properties of the members can be updated if required.
The following properties can be updated:
 Column Position
 Column Shape
 Column Size
 Load Cases
 Support List
It is very easy deal with this software and we don’t have any best alternative to this.
1.2.4 Steps Involved in Analysis
1. Generation of nodes
2. Modeling of the structure
3. Restraints
4. Assigning of the structure members
5. Application of load (Load combination)
6. Run analysis
1. GENERATION OF NODE
The nodes are generated based on the dimensions of the building. The building is divided into
an equal number of known grids. Then the grid spacing is given on the STAAD Pro window.
The software automatically generates a grid with a specified window
Fig 2.1 GENRATION OF NODE
2. MODELLING OF THE STRUCTURE

After the nodes are created they are jointed with line elements in fig. Based on the
dimension of the building the nodes are joined. Unwanted nodes could be deleted.
Fig 2.2 MODELLING OF THE STRUCTURE

3. RESTRAINTS
After the structure has been modeled the restraints has to given.
Fig 2.3 RESTRAINTS
4. ASSIGNING OF THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

The software has the facility to assign the structural elements. The line elements have to be
assigned as beam, column and plates and appropriate dimension are given.
Assigning of the beam

Beams are designed for flexure, shear, and torsion. If required the effect of the axial force may
be taken into consideration. For all these forces, all active beam loadings are pre-scanned to
identify the critical load cases at different sections of the beam.
Fig 2.4 ASSIGNING OF BEAM

Assigning of the column
Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments per IS 456:2000. All major criteria
for selecting longitudinal and transverse reinforcement as stipulated by IS:456 have been taken
care of in the column design of STAAD.
Fig 2.5 ASSIGNING OF COLUMN
Assigning of the plate

Plates are designed for floor loads. The plate thickness are provides 150mm
Fig 2.6 ASSIGNING OF PLATE

3D MODEL VIWE
5. Application of load (Load combination)
Fig 2.8 Application of load (Load combination)

1.2.5 LOAD CONDITIONS AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEM RESPONSE
The concepts presented in this section provide an overview of building loads and their effect on
the structural response of typical wood-framed homes. As shown in Table, building loads can be
divided into types based on the orientation of the structural action or forces that they induce:
vertical and horizontal loads. Classification of loads are described in the following sections.
1.1.1 BUILDING LOADS CATEGORIZED BY ORIENTATION
Types of loads on an hypothetical building are as follows.
 Vertical Loads
 Dead(gravity)
 Live (gravity)
 Snow(gravity)
 Wind(uplift on roof)
 Seismic and wind(over turning)
 Seismic( vertical ground motion)
1.1.2 HORIZONTAL (LATERAL) LOADS
Direction of loads is horizontal with respect to the building.
 Wind loads
 Seismic(horizontal ground motion)
 Flood(static and dynamic hydraulic forces
 Soil(active lateral pressure)

1.1.3 VERTICAL LOADS
Gravity loads act in the same direction as gravity (i.e., downward or vertically) and
include dead, live, and snow loads. They are generally static in nature and usually considered a
uniformly distributed or concentrated load. Thus, determining a gravity load on a beam or
column is a relatively simple exercise that uses the concept of tributary areas to assign loads to
structural elements, including the dead load (i.e., weight of the construction) and any applied
loads(i.e., live load). For example, the tributary gravity load on a floor joist would include the
uniform floor load (dead and live) applied to the area of floor supported by the individual joist.
The structural designer then selects a standard beam or column model to analyze bearing
connection forces (i.e., reactions) internal stresses (i.e., bending stresses, shear stresses, and axial
stresses) and stability of the structural member or system a for beam equations.
The selection of an appropriate analytic model is, however no trivial matter, especially if
the structural system departs significantly from traditional engineering assumptions are
particularly relevant to the structural systems that comprise many parts of a house, but to varying
degrees. Wind uplift forces are generated by negative pressures acting in an outward direction
from the surface of the roof in response to the aerodynamics of wind flowing over and around
the building.
As with gravity loads, the influence of wind up lift pressures on a structure or

assembly(i.e., roof) are analyzed by using the concept of tributary areas and uniformly
distributed loads. The major difference is that wind pressures act perpendicular to the building
surface (not in the direction of gravity) and that pressures vary according to the size of the
tributary area and its location on the building, particularly proximity to changes in geometry
(e.g., eaves, corners, and ridges).Even though the wind loads are dynamic and highly variable,
the design approach is based on a maximum static load (i.e., pressure) equivalent.
Vertical forces are also created by overturning reactions due to wind and seismic lateral
loads acting on the overall building and its lateral force resisting systems, Earthquakes also
produce vertical ground motions or accelerations which increase the effect of gravity loads.
However, Vertical earthquake loads are usually considered to be implicitly addressed in the
gravity load analysis of a light-frame building.
1.1.4 Lateral Loads
The primary loads that produce lateral forces on buildings are attributable to forces
associated with wind, seismic ground motion, floods, and soil. Wind and seismic lateral loads
apply to the entire building. Lateral forces from wind are generated by positive wind pressures
on the windward face of the building and by negative pressures on the leeward face of the
building, creating a combined push and-pull effect. Seismic lateral forces are generated by a
structure’s dynamic inertial response to cyclic ground movement.
The magnitude of the seismic shear load depends on the magnitude of the ground motion,
the buildings mass, and the dynamic structural response characteristics(i.e., dampening, ductility,
natural period of vibration ,etc).for houses and other similar low rise structures, a simplified
seismic load analysis employs equivalent static forces based on fundamental Newtonian
mechanics(F=ma) with somewhat subjective(i.e., experience-based) adjustments to account for
inelastic, ductile response characteristics of various building systems. Flood loads are generally
minimized by elevating the structure on a properly designed foundation or avoided by not
building in a flood plain.
Lateral loads from moving flood waters and static hydraulic pressure are substantial. Soil
lateral loads apply specifically to foundation wall design, mainly as an “out-of-plane” bending
load on the wall. Lateral loads also produce an overturning moment that must be offset by the
dead load and connections of the building. Therefore, overturning forces on connections.
Designed to restrain components from rotating or the building from overturning must be
considered.
Since wind is capable of the generating simultaneous roof uplift and lateral loads, the
uplift component of the wind load exacerbates the overturning tension forces due to the lateral
component of the wind load. Conversely the dead load may be sufficient to offset the overturning
and uplift forces as is the case in lower design wind conditions and in many seismic design
conditions.
1.1.5 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
As far back as 1948,it was determined that “conventions in general use for wood, steel
and concrete structures are not very helpful for designing houses because few are
applicable”(NBS,1948).More specifically, the NBS document encourages the use of more
advanced methods of structural analysis for homes. Unfortunately. The study in question and all
subsequent studies addressing the topic of system performance in housing have not led to the
development or application of any significant improvement in the codified design practice as
applied to housing systems.
This lack of application is partly due to conservative nature of the engineering process
and partly due to difficulty of translating the results of narrowly focused structural systems
studies to general design applications. Since this document is narrowly scoped to address
residential construction, relevant system.Based studies and design information for housing are
discussed, referenced, and applied as appropriate. If a structural member is part of system, as it
typically the case in light frame residential construction, its response is altered by the strength
and stiffness characteristics of the system as a whole.
In general, system performance includes two basic concepts known as load sharing and
composite action. Load sharing is found in repetitive member systems and reflects the ability of
the load on one member to be shared by another or, in the case of a uniform load, the ability of
some of the load on a weaker member to be carried by adjacent members. Composite action is
found in assemblies of components that, when connected to one another, from a “composite
member” with greater capacity and stiffness than the sum of the component parts.
However, the amount of composite action in a system depends on the manner in which
the various elements are connected. The aim is to achieve a higher effective section modulus
than the component members are taken separately. For example, when floor sheathing is nailed
and glued to floor joists, the floor system realizes a greater degree of composite action than a
floor with sheathing that is merely nailed; the adhesive between components helps prevents shear
slippage, particularly if a rigid adhesive is used. Slippage due to shear stresses transferred.
Between the component parts necessity consideration of partial composite action, which depends
on the stiffness of an assembly’s connections. Therefore, consideration of the floor
system of fully composite T-beams may lead to a unconservative solution.
Whereas the typical approach of only considering the floor joist member without
composite system effect will lead to a conservative design. This guide addresses the strength-
enhancing effect of sharing and partial composite action when information is available for
practical design guidance. Establishment of repetitive member increase factors (also called
system factors) for general design use is a difficult task because the amount of system effect can
vary substantially depending on system assembly and materials.
Therefore, system factors for general design use are necessarily conservative to cover
broad conditions. Those that more accurately depict system effects also require a more exact
description of and compliance with specific assembly details and material specifications. It
should be recognized however that system effects do not only affect the strength and stiffness of
light-frame assemblies(including walls, floors and roofs).They also alter the classical
understanding of how loads are transferred among the various assemblies of a complex wood-
framed home. For example, floor joists are sometimes doubled under non load-bearing partition
walls “because of the added dead load and resulting stresses” determined in accordance with
accepted engineering practice.
Such practice is based on a conservative assumption regarding a load path and the
structural response. That is, the partition wall does create an additional load, but the partition
wall is relatively rigid and actually acts as a deep beam, particularly when the top and bottom are
attached to the ceiling and floor framing, respectively. As the floor is loaded and deflects, the
interior wall helps resist the load. Of course, the magnitude of effect depends on the wall
configuration (i.e., amount of openings) and other factor. The above example of composite
action due to the interaction of separate structural systems or subassemblies points to the
improved structural response of the floor system such that it is able to carry more dead and live
than if the partition wall were absent .on whole-house assembly test has demonstrated this effect.
Hence a double joist should not be required under a typical non load-bearing partition; In
fact, a single joist may not even be required directly below the partition, assuming that the floor
sheeting is adequately specified to support the partition between the joists. While this condition
cannot yet be duplicated in a standard analytic form conductive to simple engineering analysis, A
designer should be aware of the concept when making design assumption regarding light frame
residential constructions.
At this point, the readership should consider that the response of a structural system, not
just its individual elements, determines the manner in which a structure distributes and resists
horizontal and vertical loads. For wood framed systems, the departure from calculations based
are classical engineering mechanics (i.e., single members with standard tributary areas and
assumed elastic behavior) and simplistic assumptions regarding load path can be substantial.
6. RUN ANALYSIS
When the last step, run analysis is executed it shows “analysis complete”, which indicates the
termination of the analysis process.Based on the analysis result, the building is designed in
accordance with the provision mentioned in the Indian Standard Codes
1.2 DESIGN LOADS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
1.2.1 GENERAL
Loads are a primary consideration in any building design because they define the nature
and magnitude of hazards are external forces that a building must resist to provide a reasonable
performance(i.e., safety and serviceability)throughout the structure’s useful life. The anticipated
loads are influenced by a building’s intended use (occupancy and function), configuration (size
and shape) and location (climate and site conditions).Ultimately, the type and magnitude of
design loads affect critical decisions such as material collection, construction details and
architectural configuration.
Thus, to optimize the value of the finished product, it is essential to apply design loads
realistically. While the buildings considered in this guide are primarily single-family detached
and attached dwellings, the principles and concepts related to building loads also apply to other
similar types of construction, such as low-rise apartment buildings. In general, the design loads
recommended in this guide are based on applicable provisions of the ASCE 7 standard-Minimum
Design ;loads for buildings and other structures .the ASCE 7 standard represents an acceptable
practice for building loads in the United states and is recognized in virtually all U.S. building
codes. For this reason, the reader is encouraged to become familiar with the provisions,
commentary, and technical references contained in the ASCE 7 standard. In general structural
design of housing has not been treated as a unique engineering discipline or subjected to a special
effort to develop better, more efficient design practices. Therefore, this part of the guide focuses
on those aspects of ASCE 7 and other technical resources that are particularly relevant to the
determination of design loads for residential structures.
The guide provides supplemental design assistance to address aspects of residential

construction where current practice is either silent or in need of improvement. Residential
buildings methods for determining design loads are complete yet tailored to typical residential
conditions. as with any design function, the designer must ultimately understand and approve the
loads for a given project as well as the overall design methodology, including all its inherent
strengths and weakness.
Since building codes tend to vary in their treatment of design loads the designer should,
as a matter of due diligence, identify variances from both local accepted practice and the
applicable code relative to design loads as presented in this guide, even though the variances may
be considered technically sound. Complete design of a home typically requires the evaluation of
several different types of materials. Some material specifications use the allowable stress design
(ASD) approach while others use load and resistance factor design (LRFD).
1.2.2 Dead Loads
Dead loads consist of the permanent construction material loads compressing the roof,
floor, wall, and foundation systems, including claddings, finishes and fixed equipment. Dead
load is the total load of all of the components of the components of the building that generally do
not change over time, such as the steel columns, concrete floors, bricks, roofing material etc.
In staad pro assignment of dead load is automatically done by giving the property of the
member. In load case we have option called self-weight which automatically calculates weights
using the properties of material i.e., density and after assignment of dead load the skeletal
structure looks red in color as shown in the figure.
1.2.3 LIVE LOADS
Live loads are produced by the use and occupancy of a building. Loads include those
from human occupants, furnishings, no fixed equipment, storage, and construction and
maintenance activities. As required to adequately define the loading condition, loads are
presented in terms of uniform area loads, concentrated loads, and uniform line loads. The
uniform and concentrated live loads should not be applied simultaneously n a structural
evaluation. Concentrated loads should be applied to a small area or surface consistent with the
application and should be located or directed to give the maximum load effect possible in end-
use conditions. For example. The stair load of 300 pounds should be applied to the center of the
stair tread between supports.
In staad we assign live load in terms of U.D.L .we has to create a load case for live load and
select all the beams to carry such load. After the assignment of the live load the structure appears
as shown below. For our structure live load is taken as 25 N/mm for design. Live loads are
calculated as per IS 875 part 2.
1.2.4 WIND LOADS

In the list of loads we can see wind load is present both in vertical and horizontal loads.
This is because wind load causes uplift of the roof by creating a negative (suction) pressure
on the top of the roof
Wind produces non static loads on a structure at highly variable magnitudes. The
variation in pressures at different locations on a building is complex to the point that pressures
may become too analytically intensive for precise consideration in design. Therefore, wind load
specifications attempt to amplify the design problem by considering basic static pressure zones
on a building representative of peak loads that are likely to be experienced. The peak pressures in
one zone for a given wind direction may not, However, occur simultaneously in other zones .For
some pressure zones, The peak pressure depends on an arrow range of wind direction .Therefore,
the wind directionality effect must also be factored into determining risk consistent wind loads
on buildings.
In fact, most modern wind load specifications take account of wind load directionality and
other effects in determining nominal design loads in some simplified form(sbcci,1999;
ASCe,1999).this section further simplifies wind load design specifications to provide an easy yet
effective approach for designing typical residential buildings. Because they vary substantially
over the surface of a building. Wind load star considered at two different scales. on large scale,
the load produced on the overall building are on major structural systems that sustain wind loads
from more than one surface of building, are considered the main wind force resisting systems
(MWFRS).the MWFRS of a home includes the shear walls, Diaphragms that create the lateral
force resisting systems (LFRS).As well as the structural systems such as trusses that experience
loads from two surfaces are regimes of the building.
The wind loads applied to the MWFRS account for the large effects of time varying wind
pressures on the surface are surfaces of the building. On a Smaller scale, pressures are somewhat
greater on localized surface area of the building, particularly near abrupt changes in building
geometry (i.e., eaves, ridges, and corners). These higher wind pressures occur on smaller areas,
particularly affecting the loads borne by components and cladding (e.g., sheathing, windows,
doors, purling, studs).
The components and cladding (C&C) transfer localized time-varying loads to the
MWFRS, at which point the loads average out both spatially and temporally since, at a given
time, some components may beat near peak loads while others are at substantially less than peak.
The next section presents a simplified method for determining both MWFRS and C&C wind
loads. Since the loads in the section 3.6.2 are determined for specific applications, the calculation
of MWFRS and C&C wind loads is implication the values provided.
Design example 3.2 in section 3.10 demonstrate the calculation of wind loads by
applying the simplified method of the following section 3.6.2to several design conditions
associated with wind loads and the load combinations. Century, modernism morphed into the
international style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York’s
world trade center. Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative
richness of Ornamented styles. Yet as the of the movement lost influence in the late 1970s,
postmodernism developed as a reaction against the austerity of Modernism. Robert ventures’
contention that a “decorated shed” (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside
and embellished on the outside) was better than a “Duck” (a building in which the whole form and its
function are tied together) gives an idea of this approach. Assignment of wind speed is quite different
compared to remaining loads. We have to define a load case prior to assignment.
After designing wind load can be assigned in two ways
1. Collecting the standard values of load intensities for a particular heights and assigning of
the loads for respective height.
2. Calculation of wind load as per IS 875 part3.
We designed our structure using second method which involves the calculation of wind load
using wind speed. After the assignment of wind load the structure looks as shown in figure
2.3.4.1 BASIC WIND SPEED

Gives basic wind speed of India, as applicable to 1m height above means ground level for
different zones of the country. Basic wind speed is based on peak just velocity averaged over a
short time interval of about 3 seconds and corresponds to mean heights above ground level in an
open terrain. The wind speed for some important cities/towns is given table below.
The basic wind speed (Vb) for any site shall be obtained the following effects to get design
wind velocity at any height (Vz) for the chosen structure.
a) Risk level
b) Terrain roughness, height and size of the structure and
c) Local topography
It can be mathematically expressed as follows:
Vs =Vb× K1× K2× K3
Where, Vz = design wind speed at any height Z in m/s
K1= probability factor (risk coefficient)
K2=terrain height and structure size factor
K3=topography factor
Table 2.1 Basic wind speed at 10 m for height for some important cities/town:
CITIES SPEED BASIC WIND(m/s) CITIES SPEED BASIC WIND(m/s)
Cuttack 50 Pune 39
Agra 47 Jhansi 47
Durbhanga 55 Raipur 39
Ahmadabad 39 Jodhpur 47
Darjeeling 47 Rajkot 39
Ajmer 47 Kanpur 47
Dehra dun 47 Ranchi 39
Alomar 47 Kohima 44
Delhi 47 Roorkee 39
Amritsar 47 Kurnool 39
Alanson 47 Rourkela 39
Gangtok 47 Lakshadweep 39
Aurangabad 39 Shimla 39
Calicut 47 Patna 47
Chandigarh 47 Pondicherry 50
Coimbatore 39 Port Blair 44
Calcutta 50 Patiala 47
Guwahati 50 Srinagar 39
Bacharach 47 Ludhiana 47
Gaya 39 Surat 44
Bangalore 33 Madras 50
Gorakhpur 47 Tiruchchirappalli 47
Varanasi 47 Madurai 39
Hyderabad 44 Trivandrum 39
Bareilly 47 Mandi 39
Impale 47 Udaipur 47
Bhatinda 47 Mangalore 39
Jabalpur 47 Vadodara 44
Bhalali 39 Moradabad 47
Jaipur 47 Varanasi 33
Bhopal 39 Mysore 50
Jamshedpur 47 Vijayawada 50
Bhubaneswar 50 Nagpur 44
Bhuj 50 Vishakhapatnam 50
Bikaner 47 Naimital 47
Bikaner 47 Naimital 47
Bokaro 47 Nellore 50
Bombay 44 Panjim 39
All the load cases are tested by taking load factors and analyzing the building in different
load combination as per IS456 and analyzed the building for all the load combinations and
results are taken and maximum load combination is selected for the design.
.
Table 2.2 LOAD FACTORS AS PER IS456-2000:
Live load(KN) Dead load(KN) Wind load(KN)
1.5 1.5 0
1.2 1.2 1.2
0.9 0.9 0.9
When the building is designed for both wind and seismic loads maximum of both is taken.
Because wind and seismic do not come at same time as per code. Structure is analyzed by taking
all the above combination.
CHAPTER 3
STAAD PRO ANALYSIS AND RESULT
STAAD SPACE EDITOR

1. STAAD SPACE
INPUT FILE: E:\Project Phase 2\New folder\Batch 3 staad.STD
2. START JOB INFORMATION
3. ENGINEER DATE 14-JUN-21
4. END JOB INFORMATION
5. INPUT WIDTH 79
6. UNIT METER KN
7. JOINT COORDINATES
8. 1 0 0 0; 2 0 0 -1.93; 3 0 0 -5.12998; 4 0 0 -10.44; 5 0 3 0; 6 0 3 -1.93
9. 7 0 3 -5.12998; 8 0 3 -10.44; 9 3.73 0 0; 10 3.73 0 -1.93; 11 3.73 0 -5.12998
10. 12 3.73 0 -10.44; 13 3.73 3 0; 14 3.73 3 -1.93; 15 3.73 3 -5.12998
11. 16 3.73 3 -10.44; 18 6.26999 0 -1.93; 19 6.26999 0 -5.12998
12. 20 6.26999 0 -10.44; 22 6.26999 3 -1.93; 23 6.26999 3 -5.12998
13. 24 6.26999 3 -10.44; 25 0 1.8 0; 26 0 1.8 1.2; 27 0 1.8 2.4; 28 1 1.8 0
14. 29 1 1.8 1.2; 30 1 1.8 2.4; 31 3.73 0 1.2; 32 3.73 3 1.2; 33 3.73 0 2.4
15. 34 3.73 3 2.4; 35 6.26999 0 2.40001; 36 6.26999 3 2.40001; 37 0 3 -11.44
16. 38 3.73 3 -11.44; 39 6.26999 3 -11.44; 40 7.26999 3 -11.44; 41 7.26999 3 -1.93
17. 42 7.26999 3 -5.12998; 43 7.26999 3 -10.44; 44 7.26999 3 2.40001
18. 45 0 6.00001 0; 46 0 6.00001 -1.93; 47 0 6.00001 -5.12998; 48 0 6.00001 -10.44
19. 49 3.73 6.00001 0; 50 3.73 6.00001 -1.93; 51 3.73 6.00001 -5.12998
20. 52 3.73 6.00001 -10.44; 53 6.26999 6.00001 -1.93; 54 6.26999 6.00001 -5.12998
21. 55 6.26999 6.00001 -10.44; 56 0 4.80001 0; 57 0 4.80001 2.4
22. 58 3.73 6.00001 2.4; 59 6.26999 6.00001 2.40001; 60 0 6.00001 -11.44
23. 61 3.73 6.00001 -11.44; 62 6.26999 6.00001 -11.44; 63 7.26999 6.00001 -1.93
24. 64 7.26999 6.00001 -5.12998; 65 7.26999 6.00001 -10.44
25. 66 7.26999 6.00001 2.40001; 67 0 9.00001 0; 68 0 9.00001 -1.93
26. 69 0 9.00001 -5.12998; 70 0 9.00001 -10.44; 71 3.73 9.00001 0
27. 72 3.73 9.00001 -1.93; 73 3.73 9.00001 -5.12998; 74 3.73 9.00001 -10.44
28. 75 6.26999 9.00001 -1.93; 76 6.26999 9.00001 -5.12998
29. 77 6.26999 9.00001 -10.44; 78 0 7.80002 0; 79 0 7.80002 2.4
30. 80 3.73 9.00001 2.4; 81 6.26999 9.00001 2.40001; 82 0 9.00001 -11.44
31. 83 3.73 9.00001 -11.44; 84 6.26999 9.00001 -11.44; 85 7.26999 9.00001 -1.93
32. 86 7.26999 9.00001 -5.12998; 87 7.26999 9.00001 -10.44
33. 88 7.26999 9.00001 2.40001; 89 1 4.80001 0; 90 1 4.80001 1.2; 91 1 4.80001 2.4
34. 92 3.73 6.00001 1.2; 93 7.26999 6.00001 -11.44; 94 1 7.80002 0
35. 95 1 7.80002 1.2; 96 1 7.80002 2.4; 97 3.73 9.00001 1.2
36. 98 7.26999 9.00001 -11.44
37. MEMBER INCIDENCES
38. 1 5 6; 2 6 7; 3 7 8; 4 1 25; 5 2 6; 6 3 7; 7 4 8; 8 13 14; 10 15 16; 11 9 13
39. 12 10 14; 13 11 15; 14 12 16; 16 22 23; 17 23 24; 19 18 22; 20 19 23; 21 20 24
40. 22 5 13; 23 6 14; 24 7 15; 25 8 16; 27 14 22; 28 15 23; 29 16 24; 30 25 5
41. 34 25 27; 35 13 34; 36 34 33; 37 34 36; 38 36 22; 39 36 35; 40 8 37; 41 16 38
42. 42 24 39; 43 24 43; 44 23 42; 45 22 41; 46 36 44; 58 45 46; 59 46 47; 60 47 48
43. 61 5 56; 62 6 46; 63 7 47; 64 8 48; 65 49 50; 66 51 52; 67 13 49; 68 14 50
44. 69 15 51; 70 16 52; 71 53 54; 72 54 55; 73 22 53; 74 23 54; 75 24 55; 76 45 49
45. 77 46 50; 78 47 51; 79 48 52; 80 50 53; 81 51 54; 82 52 55; 83 56 45; 84 56 57
46. 85 49 92; 86 58 34; 87 58 59; 88 59 53; 89 59 36; 90 48 60; 91 52 61; 92 55 62
47. 93 55 65; 94 54 64; 95 53 63; 96 59 66; 97 67 68; 98 68 69; 99 69 70
48. 100 45 78; 101 46 68; 102 47 69; 103 48 70; 104 71 72; 105 73 74; 106 49 71
49. 107 50 72; 108 51 73; 109 52 74; 110 75 76; 111 76 77; 112 53 75; 113 54 76
50. 114 55 77; 115 67 71; 116 68 72; 117 69 73; 118 70 74; 119 72 75; 120 73 76
51. 121 74 77; 122 78 67; 123 78 79; 124 71 97; 125 80 58; 126 80 81; 127 81 75
52. 128 81 59; 129 70 82; 130 74 83; 131 77 84; 132 77 87; 133 76 86; 134 75 85
53. 135 81 88; 136 92 58; 151 97 80
54. ELEMENT INCIDENCES SHELL
55. 31 25 28 30 27; 32 28 13 32 29; 33 29 31 33 30; 47 37 38 16 8; 48 38 39 24 16
56. 49 39 40 43 24; 50 24 43 42 23; 51 42 41 22 23; 52 41 44 36 22; 53 8 16 15 7
57. 54 16 24 23 15; 55 7 23 22 6; 56 6 14 13 5; 57 14 22 36 34; 137 56 89 91 57
58. 138 89 49 92 90; 139 90 32 34 91; 140 60 61 52 48; 141 61 62 55 52
59. 142 62 93 65 55; 143 55 65 64 54; 144 64 63 53 54; 145 63 66 59 53
60. 146 48 52 51 47; 147 52 55 54 51; 148 47 54 53 46; 149 46 50 49 45
61. 150 50 53 59 58; 152 78 94 96 79; 153 94 71 97 95; 154 95 92 58 96
62. 155 82 83 74 70; 156 83 84 77 74; 157 84 98 87 77; 158 77 87 86 76
63. 159 86 85 75 76; 160 85 88 81 75; 161 70 74 73 69; 162 74 77 76 73
64. 163 69 76 75 68; 164 68 72 71 67; 165 72 75 81 80
65. UNIT FEET KN
66. ELEMENT PROPERTY
67. 31 TO 33 47 TO 57 137 TO 150 152 TO 165 THICKNESS 0.5
68. DEFINE MATERIAL START
69. ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
70. E 2.01771E+006
71. POISSON 0.17
72. DENSITY 0.668728
73. ALPHA 5E-006
74. DAMP 0.05
75. TYPE CONCRETE
76. STRENGTH FCU 2562.18
77. END DEFINE MATERIAL
78. MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
79. 1 TO 3 8 10 16 17 22 TO 25 27 TO 29 34 35 37 38 40 TO 46 58 TO 60 65 66 71
80. 72 76 TO 82 84 85 87 88 90 TO 99 104 105 110 111 115 TO 121 123 124 126 127
81. 129 TO 136 151 PRIS YD 1.25 ZD 0.75
82. 4 TO 7 11 TO 14 19 TO 21 30 36 39 61 TO 64 67 TO 70 73 TO 75 83 86 89 100
83. 101 TO 103 106 TO 109 112 TO 114 122 125 128 PRIS YD 0.75 ZD 1.5
84. CONSTANTS
85. MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
86. SUPPORTS
87. 1 TO 4 9 TO 12 18 TO 20 31 33 35 FIXED
88. DEFINE 1893 LOAD
**WARNING- JOINT NO. 26 NOT CONNECTED. OK, IF PART OF MASTER/SLAVE.
**WARNING- THIS STRUCTURE IS DISJOINTED. IGNORE IF
MASTER/SLAVE OR IF UNCONNECTED JOINTS.
89. ZONE 0.24 RF 5 I 1 SS 2 ST 1 DM 0.05
90. SELFWEIGHT 1
91. MEMBER WEIGHT
92. 1 TO 3 8 10 16 17 22 TO 25 27 TO 29 34 35 37 38 40 TO 46 58 TO 60 65 66 71
93. 72 76 TO 82 84 85 87 88 90 TO 99 104 105 110 111 115 TO 121 123 124 126 127
94. 129 TO 136 151 UNI 2.775
95. DEFINE WIND LOAD
*** NOTE: If any floor diaphragm is present in the model Wind Load definition
should be defined after Floor Diaphragm definition. Otherwise wind
load generation may be unsuccessful during analysis.
96. TYPE 1 WIND 1

97. INT 5 4 3 2 HEIG 30 20 10 5
98. EXP 1 JOINT 1 TO 16 18 TO 20 22 TO 98
99. LOAD 1 LOADTYPE SEISMIC TITLE EQ X
100. 1893 LOAD X 1
101. LOAD 2 LOADTYPE SEISMIC TITLE EQ Z
102. 1893 LOAD Z 1
103. LOAD 3 LOADTYPE WIND TITLE WX
104. WIND LOAD X 1 TYPE 1
105. WIND LOAD X -1 TYPE 1
106. LOAD 4 LOADTYPE WIND TITLE WZ
107. WIND LOAD -Z 1 TYPE 1
108. WIND LOAD -Z -1 TYPE 1
109. LOAD 5 LOADTYPE DEAD TITLE DL
110. SELFWEIGHT Y -1
111. LOAD 6 LOADTYPE LIVE REDUCIBLE TITLE LL
112. FLOOR LOAD
113. YRANGE 0 0 FLOAD -2.5 GY
**NOTE** about Floor/OneWay Loads/Weights.
Please note that depending on the shape of the floor you may
have to break up the FLOOR/ONEWAY LOAD into multiple commands.
For details please refer to Technical Reference Manual
Section 5.32.4.2 Note d and/or "5.32.4.3 Note f.
114. LOAD 7 LOADTYPE ROOF LIVE REDUCIBLE TITLE FL
115. FLOOR LOAD
116. YRANGE 0 0 FLOAD -1 GY
117. YRANGE 0 0 FLOAD -1 GY
118. LOAD COMB 8 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 1
119. 5 1.5 6 1.5
121. 5 1.2 6 1.2 3 1.2
123. 5 1.2 6 1.2 4 1.2
125. 5 1.2 6 1.2 3 -1.2
127. 5 1.2 6 1.2 4 -1.2
129. 5 1.2 6 1.2 1 1.2
131. 5 1.2 6 1.2 2 1.2
133. 5 1.2 6 1.2 1 -1.2

135. 5 1.2 6 1.2 2 -1.2
137. 5 1.5 3 1.5
139. 5 1.5 4 1.5
141. 5 1.5 3 -1.5
143. 5 1.5 4 -1.5
145. 5 1.5 1 1.5
147. 5 1.5 2 1.5
149. 5 1.5 1 -1.5
151. 5 1.5 2 -1.5
153. 5 0.9 1 1.5
155. 5 0.9 2 1.5
157. 5 0.9 1 -1.5
159. 5 0.9 2 -1.5
160. PERFORM ANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS 96 NUMBER OF MEMBERS 119

NUMBER OF PLATES 42 NUMBER OF SOLIDS 0
NUMBER OF SURFACES 0 NUMBER OF SUPPORTS 14
SOLVER USED IS THE OUT-OF-CORE BASIC SOLVER
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH= 59/ 24/ 132 DOF

TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 7, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 492
TOTAL LOAD COMBINATION CASES = 21 SO FAR.
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = 65 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE = 13.1/ 398815.8 MB
**WARNING: IF THIS UBC/IBC ANALYSIS HAS TENSION/COMPRESSION

OR REPEAT LOAD OR RE-ANALYSIS OR SELECT OPTIMIZE, THEN EACH
UBC/IBC CASE SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BY PERFORM ANALYSIS CHANGE.
LOADS APPLIED OR DISTRIBUTED HERE FROM ELEMENTS WILL BE IGNORED.

THIS MAY BE DUE TO ALL MEMBERS AT THIS JOINT BEING RELEASED OR
EFFECTIVELY RELEASED IN THIS DIRECTION.
*********************************************************
* *
* TIME PERIOD FOR X 1893 LOADING = 0.38971 SEC *
* SA/G PER 1893= 2.500, LOAD FACTOR= 1.000 *
* VB PER 1893= 0.0600 X 3642.22= 218.53 KN *
* *
*********************************************************
*********************************************************
* *
* TIME PERIOD FOR Z 1893 LOADING = 0.38971 SEC *
* SA/G PER 1893= 2.500, LOAD FACTOR= 1.000 *
* VB PER 1893= 0.0600 X 3642.22= 218.53 KN *
* *
*********************************************************
161. START CONCRETE DESIGN

162. CODE INDIAN
163. UNIT METER KN
164. FC 20000 ALL
165. FYMAIN 415000 ALL
166. FYSEC 415000 ALL
167. MAXMAIN 16 ALL
168. MINMAIN 12 ALL
169. DESIGN BEAM 1 TO 3 8 10 16 17 22 TO 25 27 TO 29 34 35 37 38 40 TO 46
170. 58 TO 60 65 66 71 72 76 TO 82 84 85 87 88 90 TO 99 104 105 110 111
171. 115 TO 121 123 124 126 127 129 TO 136 151
CHAPTER-4
BEAMS AND COLUMNS

Beams transfer load from slabs to columns .beams are designed for bending In general we
have two types of beam: single and double. Similar to columns geometry and perimeters of the
beams are assigned. Design beam command is assigned and analysis is carried out, now
reinforcement details are taken.
4.1 BEAM DESIGN
Reinforced concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive and shear stress
induced in it by loads on the beam.
There are three types of reinforced concrete beams:
1) Single reinforced beams
2) Double reinforced concrete
3) Flanged beams
4.1.1 SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS
In singly reinforced simply supported beams steel bars are placed near the bottom of the
beam where they are more effective in resisting in the tensile bending stress. I cantilever beams
reinforcing bars placed near the top of the beam, for the same reason as in the case of simply
supported beam.
4.1.2 DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
It is reinforced under compression tension regions. The necessity of steel of compression

region arises due to two reasons. When depth of beam is restricted. The strength availability
singly reinforced beam is in adequate. At a support of continuous beam where bending moment
changes sign such as situation may also arise in design of a beam circular in plan.
4.2 STAAD PRO CONCRETE DESIGN
Fig 4.1 Diagram of the reinforcement details of beam
Fig 4.2 Diagram of the deflection details of beam

BEAM NO. 149 DESIGN RESULTS
M25 Fe500 (Main) Fe500 (Sec.)
LENGTH: 8390.0 mm SIZE: 230.0 mm X 375.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)
SECTION 0.0 mm 2097.5 mm 4195.0 mm 6292.5 mm 8390.0 mm
TOP 134.50 0.00 0.00 134.50 134.50

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq.
mm) BOTTOM 0.00 134.5 134.50
0.00 0.00
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA
SECTION 0.0 mm 2097.5 mm 4195.0 mm 6292.5 mm 8390.0
mm TOP 3-12í 2-12í 2 -12í 3-12í 3
-12í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)
BOTTOM 2-12 3-12í 3 -12í 2-12í 2 -12í
SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 120 mm c/c @ 120 mm c/c @ 120 mm c/c @ 120 mm c/c @ 120 mm c/
SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE
SUPPORT
SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 719.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT
VY =8.89 MX = 0.03 LD=4

Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 120 mm c/c
SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 644.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT
VY =10.76 MX = 0.03 LD=4

Fig 4.3 Shear bending diagram
4.2.1 Check for the design of a beam (no. 149)
Given data:
Cross section of beam : b x d = 230mm × 375 mm
Vertical shear force = vu =10.96 KN
τc = 0.29 N/mm2 (from table 19 of IS 456 200)
Minimum Shear Reinforcement:
When τv is less than τc , given in ( Table 19 IS 456 2000),minimum shear reinforcement shall be
provided Minimum shear reinforcement: Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be
provided such that:
Asv/bSv ≥ 0.4/ 0.87fy------------------(As per clause 26.5.1.6 of IS 456-2000)
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear,
Sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the member,

GCEM,
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged beam,
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm2 which shall not be taken greater
than 500 N/mm2
Sv=2×(π/4)×82×0.87×500/(0.4×230)=394.5 mm.
Provided 2 legged 8mm @140 mm strirrups .
Hence matched with STAAD output.
BEAM NO. 386 DESIGN RESULTS
LENGTH: 1300.0 mm SIZE: 230.0 mm X 508.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)
TOP 1138.39 701.89 317.68 186.51 0.00
BOTTOM 136.58 0.00 0.00 185.73 396.62
SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

TOP 6-16í 4-16í 2-16í 2-16í 2-16í
BOTTOM 2-16í 2-16í 2-16í 2-16í 2-16í
SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í
REINF. @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 130 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm
c/c
SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE
SUPPORT
SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 769.7 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT
VY = 184.33 MX =5.46 LD=4

4.2.2 Check for the design of a beam (no. 386)
Given data:
Cross section of beam : b×d = 230×508 mm
Vertical shear force = vu =184.53 KN

-----------
τc = 0.29 N/mm2 (from table 19 of IS 456 200)
Minimum Shear Reinforcement
When τv is less than τc , given in Table 19, minimum shear reinforcement shall -be provided.
Design of Shear Reinforcement
When τv exceeds τc, given in Table 19, shear reinforcement shall be provided in any of
the following forms:
a) Vertical stirrups
b) Bent-up bars along with stirrups
c) Inclined stirrups,
τv = vu/(bd)----------------------(As per clause 40.1 of IS 456-2000)
=184.53×1000/(230×508)
=1.577 N/mm2
τv ≥ τc design reinforcement
Vus = Vu-τc×bd-----------------(As per clause 40.4 of IS 456-2000)
= 184.53 ×1000 -0.29×230×508
= 150446.4 N
Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to Vu - τc×bd. The strength of
shear reinforcement Vus, shall be calculated as below:
For vertical stirrups
Vus=0.87fyAsvd/Sv-----------------------------------(As per clause 40.4 of IS 456-2000)

Where,
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent-up bars within a distance Sv.
Sv = spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars along the length of the member,
τv = nominal shear stress,
τc = design shear strength of the concrete,
b = breadth of the member which for flanged beams, shall be taken as the breadth of the web
bw,
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up reinforcement which shall notbe taken
greater than 500 N/mm2,
α = angle between the inclined stirrup or bent- up bar and the axis of the member, not less
than 450,
d = effective depth.
150446.4 = 0.87×500×2×π×102×508/Sv
Sv = 191.5 mm
Sv should not be more than the following:
1. 0.75×d = 0.75×400 = 300 mm
2. 300 mm
3. Minimum shear reinforcement spacing = Svmin
Minimum shear reinforcement

Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided such that:
Asv/bSv ≥ 0.4/ 0.87fy------------------------------------(As per clause 26.5.16 of IS 456-2000)
Where,
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear,
Sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the member,
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged beam,
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm, which shall not be

taken greater than 415 N/mm2
Sv=2×(π/4)×82×0.87×415/(0.4×230)
=394.5 mm.
Provided 2 legged 8mm @150 mm stirrups. Hence matched with staad output.
4.3 COLUMNS
A column or strut is a compression member, which is used primary to support axial

compressive loads and with a height of at least three it is least lateral dimension.
A reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected to axially loaded when line of the
resultant thrust of loads supported by column is coincident with the line of C.G 0f the column I
the longitudinal direction. Depending upon the architectural requirements and loads to be
supported, R.C columns may be cast in various shapes i.e. square ,rectangle, and hexagonal,
octagonal, circular Columns of L shaped or T shaped are also sometimes used in multistoried
buildings. The longitudinal bars in columns help to bear the load in the combination with the
concrete. The longitudinal bars are held in position by transverse reinforcement, or lateral
binders.
The binders prevent displacement of longitudinal bars during concreting operation and also
check the tendency of their buckling towards under loads.
4.3.1 Positioning of columns
Some of the guiding principles which help the positioning of the columns are as follows:-
Columns should be preferably located at or near the corners of the building and at the
intersection of the wall, but for the columns on the property line as the following requirements
some area beyond the column, the column can be shifted inside along a cross wall to provide the
required area for the footing with in the property line alternatively a combined or a strap footing
may be provided. The spacing between the column is governed by the lamination on spans of
supported beams, as the spanning of the column decides the span of the beam. As the span of the
of the beam increases, the depth of the beam, and hence the self weight of the beam and the total.
4.3.2 Effective length
The effective length of the column is defined as the length between the points of contra
flexure of the buckled column. The code has given certain values of the effective length for
normal usage assuming idealized and conditions shown in appendix D of IS - 456(table 24).
A column may be classified based as follows based on the type of loading:
 Axially loaded column

 A column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending
 A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending.
4.3.3 Axially loaded columns
All compression members are to be designed for a minimum eccentricity of load into
principal directions. In practice, a truly axially loaded column is rare,if not nonexistent.
Therefore, every column should be designed for a minimum eccentricity.
Clause 22.4 of IS code
Emin=(L/500)+(D/300),
subjected to a minimum of 200 mm. Where L is the unsupported length of the column (see
24.1.3 of the code for definition unsupported length) and D is the lateral dimension of the column in
the direction under the consideration.
4.3.4 Axial load and uniaxial bending
A member subjected to axial force and bending shall be designed on the basis of
 The maximum compressive strength in concrete in axial compression is taken as0.002
 The maximum compressive strength at the highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete
subjected to highly compression and when there is no tension on the section shall be
0.0035-0.75 times the strain at least compressed extreme fiber.
Design charts for combined axial compression and bending are in the form of intersection
diagram in which curves for Pu/fckbD verses Mu/fckbD2are plotted for different values of
p/fckwhere p is reinforcement percentage.
4.3.5 Axial load and biaxial bending
The resistance of a member subjected to axial force and biaxial bending shall be obtained on
the basis of assumptions given in 38.1 and 38.2 with neutral axis so chosen as to satisfy the
equilibrium of load and moment about two weeks.
Alternatively such members may be designed by the following equation:
(Mux/ Muy)αn +(Muy/ Muy1)αn < =1.0
Mux&Muy=moment about x and Y axis due to design loads
Mux1&Muy1=maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of Pu bending about x and
y axis respectively αn is related to
Pu/puz=0.45×fck×Ac+0.75×fy×Asc
For values of pu/Puz=0.2 to 0.8, the values of αn vary linearly from 1.0 to 2.0 for values less than
0.2, αn is values greater than 0.8 , αn is 2.0
The main duty of column is to transfer the load to the soil safely. Columns are designed
for compression and moment. The cross section of the column generally increase from one floor
to another floor due to the addition of both live and dead load from the top floors. Also the
amount if load depends on number of beams the columns is connected to. As beam transfer half
of the load to each column it is connected.
4.3.6 Column Design
A column may be defined as an element used primary to support axial compressive loads
and with a height of a least three times its lateral dimension. The strength of column depends
upon the strength of materials, shape and size of cross section, length and degree of proportional
and dedicational restrains at its ends.
A column may be classify based on deferent criteria such
as 1.) Shape of the section
2.) Slenderness ratio (A=L+D)
3.) Type of loading, land
4.) Pattern of lateral reinforcement.
The ratio of effective column length to least lateral dimension is released to as slenderness
ratio. In our structure we have 3 types of columns.
 Column with beams on two sides
 Columns with beams on three sides
 Columns with beams on four sides
So we require three types of column sections. So create three types of column sections
and assign to the respective columns depending on the connection. But in these structure we
adopted same cross section throughout the structure with a rectangular cross section .In
foundations we generally do not have circular columns if circular column is given it makes a
circle by creating many lines to increase accuracy.
The column design is done by selecting the column and from geometry page assigns the
dimensions of the columns. Now analyze the column for loads to see the reactions and total loads
on the column by seeing the loads design column by giving appropriate parameters like
1. Minimum reinforcement, max, bar sizes, maximum and minimum spacing.
2. Select the appropriate design code and input design column command to all the column.
3. Now run analysis and select any column to collect the reinforcement details
The following figure shows the reinforcement details of a beam in staad. The figure
represents details regarding
1. Transverse reinforcement
2. Longitudinal reinforcement
4.4 OUTPUT
Due to very huge and detailed explanation of staad output for each and every column we
have shown a column design results below showing the amount of load,moments,amount of
steel required, section adopted etc.
The main problem with staad is it takes all columns also as beams initially before design
and continue the same.so here output of column 1 which actually 122st beam as most of beams
are used in drawing the plan.
4.4.1 Output of Column
COLUMN NO. 122 DESIGN RESULTS
LENGTH: 3050.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 230.0 mm × 600.0 mm COVER:
40.0mm
GUIDING LOAD CASE: 4 END JOINT: 32 SHORT COLUMN REQD. STEEL

AREA : 1324.80 Sq.mm.
REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 136675.22 Sq.mm.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT: Provide 12 - 12 dia. (0.98%, 1357.17 Sq.mm.)
(Equally distributed)
TIE REINFORCEMENT: Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190 mm c/c
SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS MET)

Puz : 2034.40 Muz1 :109.17 Muy1 : 36.33
INTERACTION RATIO: 0.89(as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)
SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED (KNS-MET) WORST
LOAD CASE:4
END JOINT: 32 Puz : 2046.17 Muz : 112.79 Muy : 37.11 IR: 0.85
4.4.2 Check for Column design
Short axially Loaded columns:
Given data
fck =25 N/mm2
fy =500N/mm2
Puz =2034.40 N
b=230, d=600
Design of reinforcement Area-------------(As per clause 39.6 of IS 456 2000)
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
2034.40 = 0.45 × 25 × (230 × 600 – Asc) + 0.75 * 500×Asc

On solving the above equation we get
Asc=1324.40Sq.mm.((Matched with Output)
Design of Main (Longitudinal) reinforcement----------(As per clause 26.5.3.1 of IS 456-2000 )
1. The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less 0.8% , not more
than 6% of the gross cross sectional area of the column.
2. The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter.
3. Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed 300 mm.
Provided main reinforcement : 12 - 12 dia (0.98%, 1357.17 Sq.mm.)
Check for Transverse reinforcement ------------ (As per clause 26.5.3.2 of IS 456-2000)
a) PITCH: shall not be more than the least of the following
1) Least lateral dimension of the compression member (350mm).
2) 16 × diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar = 16× 12 = 192
mm 3) 3) 300 mm
b) DIAMETER
i. Shall not be less than one fourth of the diameter of main reinforcement.
ii. Not less than 6 mm.
Provided tie reinforcement: Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190 mm

CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF SLAB AND STAIR CASE
5.1 SLAB DESIGN

Slab is plate elements forming floor and roofs of buildings carrying distributed loads
primarily by flexure.
5.1.1 ONE WAY SLAB

One way slab are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth it can be
simply supported beam or continuous beam.
5.1.2 TWO WAY SLAB

When slabs are supported to four sides two ways spanning action occurs. Such as slab are
simply supported on any or continuous or all sides the deflections and bending moments are
considerably reduces as compared to those in one way slab.
5.1.3 CHECKS
There is no need to check serviceability conditions, because design satisfying the span for
depth ratio.
a.) Simply supported slab b.) Continuous beam
Fig 5.1 Diagram Showing Deflection of One Way Slab

Fig 5.2 Diagram of slab deflection two way slab
Fig 5.3 A Diagram of load distribution of one way
Fig 5.4 A Diagram of load distribution of two way slab

Slabs are designed for deflection. Slabs are designed based on yield theory.
This diagram shows the distribution of loads in two slabs.
Fig 5.5 Distribution of Loads in Two Slabs.
Order to design a slab we has to create a plate by selecting a plate cursor. Now select the
members to form slab and use form slab button. Now give the thickness of plate as 0.12 m. Now
similar to the above designs give the parameters based on code and assign design slab command
and select the plates and assign commands to it. After analysis is carried out go to advanced slab
design page and collect the reinforcement details of the slab. Slabs are also designed as per
IS456-2000
The following figure shows the monolithic connection between beams, column and slab
Fig 5.6 Monolithic Connection between Beam, Column and Slab
5.2 DESIGN OF SLABS

Step 1 Details Of Slab
Size: 4.2m×4.7m
Ly/Lx= 4.7/4.2
=1.7<2 = Two way slab
End conditions for slab: Adjacent long and short sides are continuous and other edges
discontinuous. Assuming the thickness of slab as 150 mm.
Step 2: Calculation of loads
Live load: For residential building live load is usually taken as 2.5 kN/sq.m (in accordance
with 875 part II)
Dead load
Self weight of slab = 1×1×0.15×25
= 3.75 KN/m2
Weight of flooring (75mm thick) = 1×1×0.075×20 = 1.5 KN/m2
Accidental loads = 1.0 KN/m2
Total dead load = 6.25 KN/m2 Live load

Live load is taken = 2.5 KN/m2
Total load = 2.5 +6.25 KN/m2
Factored load = 1.5x8.75 KN/m2
Design load = 13.125 KN/m2
Calculation of moments----------------------(As per Table 12 of IS 456-2000)
Bending moment coefficients for slab:

Dead load and super imposed load
Near the middle End of span = +1/12
At support next to End support = -1/10
Positive bending moment at mid span
Mu = Wl2/12
= 13.125×(4.7)2/12
= 24.16 KN-m
Negative bending moment at support
= -13.125×(4.7)2/10
= 28.9 KN-m
Design bending moment =28.9 KN-m
Step 3: Calculation of effective depth
Adopting M25 concrete and Fe 500 steel----------------As per IS 456-2000(Annexure G)

Mulimit =0.36 × (Xumax/d) × (1-0.42Xumax/d)bd2fck
= 0.36×0.46 × (1-0.42x0.48) × bd2×25
Xumax/d = 0.46---------------------------As per IS 456-2000 (Annexure G)

Mulimit =3.34b
Assuming B = 1000mm
Mu = Mulimit
d = √28.9×106/(3.34×1000)
=93.01mm
Adopting 8mm dia bars as reinforcement
Effective cover = 15+10/2
=19mm Over all depth = D
=93.01+20
=120.01
Therefore providing overall depth D = 150mm

Effective depth (d) = 150-20
=130mm
Step 4: Calculation of steel Main Reinforcement

Form IS 456-2000(Annexure G) Mu=0.87×fy×Ast×d(1-fy×Ast/bdfck)
28.9×106 =0.87×500×130×Ast (1- 415×Ast/(1000×130×25)
Ast =511.05mm2
Providing minimum steel of = 0.12%×b×D
= 1.2x10-3×1000×130
= 156mm2
Spacing of 10mm dia bars

= (ast×1000)/Ast
= ( π×102×1000)/(4×511.05)
=153.68 mm c/c
The spacing of reinforcement should be not more than least of following (As per IS 456 2000,
clause (26.3.3b))
4.4.3 3xeffective depth =3×130=390 2. 300mm
Provide 10 mm Ф bars @ 150 mm.
Step 5: Distribution reinforcement As per IS 456-2000(clause:26.5.2.1)
Providing 0.12% of gross area as distribution reinforcement Area of steel
= (0.12×120×1000)/100
=156mm2
Adopting 8mm Ф bars as distribution reinforcement Spacing
= (ast×1000)/Ast
= (π/4×82×1000)/156
=322.2 mm c/c
Provide 8mm Ф bars @ 200 mm c/c
Step 6: Edge reinforcement
Ast =0.12% gross area

=0.0012×1000×130
=156 mm2
Provide 8 m diameter bars
Spacing =
ast/Ast×1000
=200mm
Step 7: Tortional reinforcement
When all the edges of the slab are discontinuous the area of torsion Reinforcement
= ¾Ast
= ¾×156
=117mm2
Provide 8 m diameter bars
Spacing = ast/Ast×1000
=300mm
Step 9: Check for development length------------As per IS 456-2000(clause 26.2.1)
The development length Ld is given by
Ld = Фσst/4Tbd
= (10×0.87×500)/(4×1.4)
= 470.11 mm (req Ld (available)
= M1/V+L0
M1 = 0.87×fy×Ast×d(1-fy×Ast/bdfck)
= 0.87×500×511.05×130(1-511.05×500/(1000×130×25)
= 26.62x106N-mm
Shear force at the section due to design loads
V = Wl/2
= 13.125×4.7/2
= 30.84
M1/V+L0 = 26.62/30.84 +Lo
= 0.863m + L0
=863mm +L0
Ld(available)>Ld(req’d) safe.
Fig 5.7 Reinforcement of Slab

Fig 5.8 Cross Sectional Reinforcement of Slab
5.3 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE

Assuming OPEN WALL stair case Height of floor = 3.5 m
Stair case hall = 1.05×3.15m
Live load = 2.5 KN/m2
FCK = 25 N /
mm2
FY =500 N / mm2
STEP: 1 General arrangement of stair
Rise = 150 mm
Tread = 300 mm
Width of Each Fight = 1.0 M
Height of Each Flight = 3.5/3 =1
No of Rise =1.2/0.15 = 8
No. of Treads in Each Flight = 8-1 =7
Space occupied by Treads = 7×300=2100mm
STEP: 2 Loadings
Hence landing slab is assumed to span in the same direction of stairs,
Let bearing of landing slab = 150mm

Effective span = 2.1+1.05 +0.15/2 =3.225m
Let thickness of waist slab is equal to 200mm weight of slab = 0.2 × 1.7 × 1 × 25
W = 8.75 KN /m2
Dead weight on horizontal areaW1 =W1(√ ( × + × ))/T
=5(√ (0.15×0.15)+(0.25×0.25))/0.25
= 5.83
Dead load of steps W = (R÷2) × 25
= (0.15÷2) ×25
=1.875 KN /m2
Total dead load per meter run = 0.9+1.875=11.65 KN /m
Weight of floor finish = 0.1 KN /m
Live load =25 KN /m
Total load (W) = 11.65+0.1+2.5=14.25 KN /m
Factored load (Wu) = 1.5×14.25=21.38 KN /m
Mu = Wul2 / 8
=(21.38×3.225×3.225)/8
=27.79 KN -m
Design of waist slab
Mu= 0.36× (Xumax/d)×(1-0.42×Xumax/d)bd2fck
27.75×106 = 0.36×0.46× (1-0.42×0.48) ×bd2×25

d = 130mm
D1 = d+d1
=130+25
=155mm
Reinforcement
Form IS 456-2000(Annexure G)
Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1-fy×Ast/bd fck)
27.75×106 = 0.87×500×130×Ast (1-500×Ast/ (1000×130×25)
Ast = 535.5mm2
Use 10mm dia bars Spacing of 10mm dia bars

= (ast×1000)/Ast
= (π ×102×1000)/ (4×535.5)
=125 mm c/c
Provide 10 mm Ф bars @ 125 mm. No of bars per meter width =7 bars
Step 5 Distribution reinforcement
As per IS 456-2000(clause:26.5.2.1)
Providing 0.12% of gross area as distribution
reinforcement Area of steel = (0.12×155×1000)/100
=186mm2
Adopting 8mm Ф bars as distribution reinforcement Spacing
= (ast×1000)/Ast
= (π /4×82×1000)/186
= 270 mm c/c

Fig 5.9 Showing Plan of Stair Case Details
Fig 5.10 Showing the Sectional Details of Section A-A

Fig 5.11 Showing the Sectional Details of Section B-B
Fig 5.12 Showing the Sectional Details of Section C-C

CHAPTER 6
ISOLATED FOOTING
Fig 6.1 Elevation and Plan of an isolated footing
6.1 Input Values
Footing Geometry
Design Type : Calculate Dimension
Footing Thickness (Ft): 12.000 in
Footing Length - X (Fl): 40.000 in
Footing Width - Z (Fw): 40.000 in
Eccentricity along X (Oxd): 0.000 in
Eccentricity along Z (Ozd): 0.000 in
Column Dimensions
Column Shape: Circular Column
Dia: 1.476ft
Pedestal
Include Pedestal? No
Pedestal Shape: N/A
Pedestal Height (Ph): N/A
Pedestal Length - X (Pl): N/A
Pedestal Width - Z (Pw): N/A
Design Parameters
Concrete and Rebar Properties
Unit Weight of Concrete: 150.000 lb/ft3
Strength of Concrete: 4.000 ksi
Yield Strength of Steel: 60.000 ksi
Minimum Bar Size: #3
Maximum Bar Size: #10
Minimum Bar Spacing: 2.000 in
Maximum Bar Spacing: 18.000 in
Pedestal Clear Cover (P, CL) : 3.000 in
Footing Clear Cover (F, CL) : 3.000 in
Soil Properties
Soil Type : Undrained
Unit Weight : 112.000 lb/ft3
Soil Bearing Capacity : 4.000 kip/ft2
Soil Surcharge: 0.000 kip/in2
Depth of Soil above Footing: 0.000 in
Undrained Shear Strength: 0.000 kip/in2
Final Footing Size
Length (L2) = 9.500 ft Governing Load Case: # 18

Width (W2) = 9.500 ft Governing Load Case: # 18
Depth (D2) = 1.333 ft Governing Load Case: # 18
Area (A2) = 90.250 ft2
Design for Flexure about Z Axis (For Reinforcement Parallel to X Axis)

Based on spacing reinforcement increment, provided reinforcement is #6 @ 2.000 in o.c.
Fig 6.2 Design for Flexure about Z Axis
Design for Flexure about X axis (For Reinforcement Parallel to Z Axis)

Based on spacing reinforcement increment, provided reinforcement is #4 @ 2.000 in o.c.
Fig 6.3 Design for Flexure about X Axis
Design for Top Reinforcement Parallel to X Axis

Based on spacing reinforcement increment. provided reinforcement is #5 @ 15 in o.c.
Fig 6.4 Design for Top Reinforcement Parallel to X Axis

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
The use of Computer Aided tools in structural analysis and design has been proven to be
effective from the results output. It was observed that the time for performing the design work is
significantly reduced. This project explains the importance of comparison between different
software and manual calculations for each structural element. Therefore, it can be concluded that
the structure has fulfilled the Ultimate Limit State and the Serviceability Limit State
requirements.
Planning of this building has been done based on the space requirements suggested by the
prevailing rules stipulated in Karnataka Municipalities Model Building Bye-Laws 2017. The
analysis and design of complete G+6 building has been done with the help of STAAD Pro.V8i
and the drawings have been made with the help of AutoCAD. The design is completely based on
relevant Indian Standard Codes.
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
[1] K. Rama Raju, M.I. Shereef, Nagesh R Iyer and S. Gopalakrishnan;2013. “Analysis and
Design of RC Tall Building Subjected to Wind and Earthquake Loads”, The Eighth Asia-
Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering. 10(14): pp103-111.
[2] Borugadda Raju and Mr. R. Rattaiah; 2015. “Analysis and Design of High-Rise Building
(G+30) Using STAAD.PRO”, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced
Engineering. 2(12): pp.50-54.
[3] Sreeshna K.S; 2016. “Analysis and Design of an Apartment building”, International Journal
of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology. 3(3): pp.456-479.
[4] Amar Hugar, Sharanabasappa M Pujari, Beerappa G Pujari, Anaveerappa N Biradar and
Gajendra;2016. “Analysis and Design of a Commercial cum Residential Building by Using
STAAD Pro”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 3(6):
pp.2797-2801.
[5] Bandipati Anup and Dr. Dumpa Venkateswarlu; 2016. “Comparison Between Manual
Analysis and STAAD PRO. Analysis of Multi Storey Building”, International Journal of
Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering. 2(15): pp.216 – 224.
[6] Aman, Manjunath Nalwadgi, Vishal T and Gajendra; 2016. “Analysis and design of
multistorey building by using STAAD Pro”, International Research Journal of Engineering
and Technology. 3(6): pp.1-7.
[7] Madhurivassavai, V. Bhargavi and E.V. Raghava Rao; 2016. “Analysis and Design of
Multistoried Building with G+8 Floors by Using Staadpro”, International Journal of
Advanced Technology and Innovative Research. 8(2): pp.139-144.
[8] Anoop.A et al. 2016. “Planning Analysis and Design of Multi Storied Building by
STAAD.PRO.V8i”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 7(4): pp.1-4.
[9] Nasreen. M. Khan; 2016. “Analysis and Design of Apartment Building”, International
Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering and Technology. 3(3): pp.2797-2801.
[10] Pabba Mounika, Maroju Navya and Syed Viqar Malik; 2016. “Design of Residential
Building and Analysis with STAAD Pro”, International Journal for Scientific Research &
Development. 3(11): pp.33-39.
[11] R.D. Deshpande, Manoj. N. Pai, N. Pawan and Aashish.P. Pednekar; 2017. “Analysis,
Design and Estimation of (B+G+2) Residential Building”, International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology. 4(6): pp.2074-2087.
[12] SK Saleem and B. Ravi Kumar; 2017. “Analysis and Design of Multi Storeyed Building by
Using STAADPRO”, Anveshana’s International Journal of Research in Engineering and
Applied Sciences. 2(1): pp. 121-126.
[13] Deevi Krishna Chaitanya and L. Santhosh Kumar; 2017. “Analysis and Design of a (G+6)
Multi Storey Residential Building Using STAAD.PRO”, International Journal of Research
in Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2(1): pp.108-112.
[14] Babitha rani.H and Nagendra Babu; 2018. “Analysis and Design of G + 4 Building Using
STAAD Pro”, International journal of innovative research in technology. 4(10): pp.7-14.
[15] A.D.Bhosale, Archit Pradip Hatkhambkar, Rupesh Vinayak Katkar, Shubham Balasaheb
Babar and Sunny Pramod Gorivale; 2018. “Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Building by
using STAAD-Pro V8i”, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research
Technology. 3(4): pp148-150.
Code Books References
1. IS456-2000 code book for design of beams and columns and slabs.
2. IS 875-2000 part1-5 code book for different load calculations.
3. SP-16 For design of column

GCEM,

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590 014

“PLAN ANALYSIS DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF THE

1) NITHESH KUMAR D 1GD17CV012

Under the guidance of:

GOPALAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

Signature of the GUIDE Signature of HOD Signature of the Principal

Mrs. P RAJALEKSHMI Dr.P.M.SHANMUGAVADIVU Dr.N.SENGOTTAIYAN

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

We, by NITESH KUMAR D (1GD17CV012), SHREYAS M S

We express our gratitude towards Director Dr. C. PRABHAKAR, General

We are really thankful to HOD Dr.P.M SHANMUGAVADIVU of Civil

We are really thankful to Mrs. P.RAJALEKSHMI assistant professor our

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGG, 1

1.2 EARLY MODERN AND THE INDUSTRIAL AGE

1.3 MODERN ARCHITECTURE

1.4 AIM AND SCOPE OF WORK

1.5 STATEMENT OF PROJECT

Utility of building : Residential Building

Concrete grade : M20

1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature review is an important part of a dissertation or thesis. It should be thorough and

Efficient modelling is performed using STAAD.Pro and AutoCAD. Manual International

1.1 AUTO CAD

List of software’s used

1. Staad pro (v8i)

STAAD PRO AUTO CADD

1.1.3 AUTO CAD PLANS

Fig 1.1 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

1.2.1 ALTERNATIVES FOR STAAD

1.2.2 STAAD EDITOR

Limitations of Staad pro

1. Huge output data

2. Even analysis of a small beam creates large output.

3. Unable to show plinth beams.

Staad foundation is a powerful tool used to calculate different types of foundations. It is

This software can deal different types of foundations

 Isolated (Spread) Footing

 Combined (Strip) Footing

 Mat (Raft) Foundation

 Isolated footing is spread footing which is common type of footing.

The following properties can be updated:

1.2.4 Steps Involved in Analysis

Fig 2.1 GENRATION OF NODE

2. MODELLING OF THE STRUCTURE

Fig 2.2 MODELLING OF THE STRUCTURE

Fig 2.3 RESTRAINTS

4. ASSIGNING OF THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Assigning of the beam

Fig 2.4 ASSIGNING OF BEAM

Fig 2.5 ASSIGNING OF COLUMN

Assigning of the plate

Fig 2.6 ASSIGNING OF PLATE

Fig 2.7 ASSIGNING OF PLATE

5. Application of load (Load combination)

Fig 2.8 Application of load (Load combination)

1.1.1 BUILDING LOADS CATEGORIZED BY ORIENTATION