Atoll 332 Technical Reference Guide MW

Version 3.3.
Technical Reference Guide

for Microwave Networks
AT332_TRM_E0
AT332_TRM_E0AT332_TRM_E0
Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide for Microwave Networks

Release: AT332_TRM_E0 (October 2016)
© Copyright 1997-2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
Published by:
Forsk
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31700 Blagnac, France
Tel: +33 562 747 210
Fax: +33 562 747 211
The software described in this document is provided under a licence agreement. The software may only be used or copied under the terms and conditions of the licence agree-
ment. No part of the contents of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher.
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No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information contained herein.
AT332_TRM_E0 Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

1 Antennas and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.1 Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2 Antenna Pattern 3D Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Antenna Diameter Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 Microwave Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

2.1 Ground Altitude Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Clutter Height Determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Resolution of the Extracted Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4 Microwave Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.4.1 Path Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.2 Profile Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.3 Free Space Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.4 Diffraction Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.4.1 Knife-Edge Diffraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.4.2 3 Knife-Edge Deygout Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.4.3 Epstein-Peterson Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.4.4 Deygout Method with Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.4.5 Millington Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.4.6 Full Deygout Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.4.7 ITU 452-11 Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.5 Atmospheric Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.6 Tropospheric Scatter Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.6.1 ITU-R P.617-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.6.2 ITU-R P. 452 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.6.3 Simplified Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 Microwave Link Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

3.1 Link Budget and Interference Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.1 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.2 Link Budget Calculation Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.2.1 Nominal Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.2.2 Coordinated Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.2.3 Transmission Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.2.4 EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.2.5 Reception Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.2.6 Received Signal Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.2.7 Thermal Fade Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.2.8 Signal Enhancement Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.3 Interference Calculation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.3.1 Single Interference Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.3.1.1 Interference Signal Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.3.1.2 Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.3.1.3 Threshold Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.3.1.4 Effective Thermal Fade Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.1.3.2 Multiple Interference Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.1.3.2.1 Total Interference Signal Level in Clear Air Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.1.3.2.2 Total Interference Signal Level in Rain Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.1.3.2.3 Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Clear Air Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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Table of Contents © 2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
3.1.3.2.4 Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Rain Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

3.1.3.2.5 Total Threshold Degradation in Clear Air Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
3.1.3.2.6 Total Threshold Degradation in Rain Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
3.1.3.2.7 Total Effective Thermal Fade Margin in Clear Air Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
3.1.3.2.8 Total Effective Thermal Fade Margin in Rain Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
3.2 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

3.2.1 Input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
3.2.2 ITU-R P.530 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
3.2.2.1 Total Outage Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
3.2.2.1.1 Total Outage Probability in Rain Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
3.2.2.1.2 Total Outage Probability in Clear-Air Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
3.2.2.1.3 Total Outage Probability due to Equipment Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.2.2.2 Quality Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.2.2.3 Availability Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.2.2.4 Global Annual Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.3 Propagation in Rain Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

3.3.1 Input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.3.2 ITU-R P.530-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3.3.2.1 Rain Fade Margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3.3.2.1.1 Rain Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3.3.2.1.2 Rain Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3.3.2.1.3 Effective Path Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3.3.2.1.4 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3.3.2.1.5 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for p% of the Average Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3.3.2.1.6 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for pw% of the Average Worst Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3.3.2.2 Total Outage Probability due to Rain for the Average Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
3.3.3 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R P.530-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
3.3.3.1 Rain Fade Margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
3.3.3.1.3 Effective Path Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
3.3.3.1.4 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
3.3.3.1.6 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for pw% of the Average Worst Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
3.3.3.2 Outage Probability due to Rain for the Average Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
3.3.3.3 Outage Probability due to XPD Reduction for the Average Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
3.3.4 Crane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
3.3.4.1 Rain Fade Margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
3.4 Propagation in Clear-Air Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

3.4.1 Input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3.4.2 Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
3.4.2.1 Frequency Non-Selective Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
3.4.2.1.1 ITU-R P.530-5 - Method for Initial Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
3.4.2.1.2 ITU-R P.530-5 - Method for Detailed Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
3.4.2.1.3 ITU-R P.530-8 - Method for Initial Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
3.4.2.1.4 ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12 - Method for Initial Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
3.4.2.1.5 ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12 - Method for Detailed Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
3.4.2.1.6 ITU-R P.530-13 - Method for Initial Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
3.4.2.1.7 ITU-R P.530-13 - Method for Detailed Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
3.4.2.2 Frequency Selective Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
3.4.2.2.1 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10 and ITU-R P.530-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
3.4.2.2.2 ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R P.530-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
3.4.2.3 Vigants-Barnett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
3.4.2.3.1 Method for Initial Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
3.4.2.3.2 Method for Detailed Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
3.4.2.4 CCIR Report 338 (KQ factor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
3.4.2.4.1 Method for Detailed Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
3.4.3 Signal Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
3.4.3.1 ITU-R P.530-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
3.4.3.1.1 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Worst Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
3.4.3.1.2 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
3.4.3.1.3 Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various Percentage
4
AT332_TRM_E0 Table of Contents
of Time61
3.4.3.1.4 Method for Small Percentage of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4.3.1.5 Method for Various Percentage of Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.4.3.2 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R P.530-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4.3.2.1 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Worst Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4.3.2.2 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.3.2.3 Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various Percentage
of Time64
3.4.3.2.4 Method for Small Percentage of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.3.2.5 Method for Various Percentage of Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.4.4 XPD Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.4.4.1 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10 and ITU-R P.530-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.4.4.1.1 Multipath Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.4.4.1.2 Cross-Polarisation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.4.4.1.3 Outage Probability due to XPD Reduction for the Average Worst Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4.5 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4.5.1 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R P.530-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4.5.1.1 Space Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4.5.1.2 Frequency Diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.4.5.1.3 Space and Frequency Diversity (Two Receivers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.4.5.2 Vigants-Barnett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.4.5.2.1 Space Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.5 Surface Reflection Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

3.5.1 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.5.2 ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R P.530-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.5.2.1 Surface Reflection Point Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.5.2.2 Difference in Path Length Between Direct and Reflected Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.5.2.3 Surface Reflection Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.5.2.4 Effective Surface Reflection Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.5.2.5 Thermal Fade Margin Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.5.2.6 Attenuation Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5
Table of Contents © 2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
6
AT332_TRM_E0 Introduction
Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide

This Technical Reference Guide is aimed at radio network engineers with an advanced knowledge of Atoll and radio network
planning. It provides detailed information about the inner workings and formulas that are implemented by Atoll Microwave.
About Atoll
Atoll is a 64-bit multi-technology wireless network design and optimisation platform. Atoll is open, scalable, flexible, and
supports wireless operators throughout the network life cycle, from initial design to densification and optimisation.
Atoll Microwave is a complete backhaul and microwave link planning solution based on the leading Atoll platform, which
includes a high performance GIS and advanced data and user management features. Atoll Microwave can share its site data-
base with Atoll radio planning and optimisation modules, thus allowing easy data consistency management across the oper-
ator organisation.
Atoll’s integration and automation features help operators smoothly automate planning and optimisation processes through
flexible scripting and SOA-based mechanisms. Atoll supports a wide range of implementation scenarios, from standalone to
enterprise-wide server-based configurations.
If you are interested in learning more about Atoll, please contact your Forsk representative to inquire about our training solu-
tions.
About Forsk
Forsk is an independent company providing radio planning and optimisation software solutions to the wireless industry since
1987.
In 1997, Forsk released the first version of Atoll, its flagship radio planning software. Since then, Atoll has evolved to become
a comprehensive radio planning and optimisation platform and, with more than 7000 installed licenses worldwide, has
reached the leading position on the global market. Atoll combines engineering and automation functions that enable opera-
tors to smoothly and gradually implement SON processes within their organisation.
Today, Forsk is a global supplier with over 450 customers in 120 countries and strategic partnerships with major players in the
industry. Forsk distributes and supports Atoll directly from offices and technical support centres in France, USA, and China as
well as through a worldwide network of distributors and partners.
Since the first release of Atoll, Forsk has been known for its capability to deliver tailored and turn-key radio planning and opti-
misation environments based on Atoll.
To help operators streamline their radio planning and optimisation processes, Forsk provides a complete range of implemen-
tation services, including integration with existing IT infrastructure, automation, as well as data migration, installation, and
training services.
Getting Help
The online help system that is installed with Atoll is designed to give you quick access to the information you need to use the
product effectively. It contains the same material as the Atoll 3.3.2 User Manual.
You can browse the online help from the Contents view, the Index view, or you can use the built-in Search feature.
You can also download manuals from the Forsk web site at:
http://www.forsk.com/MyForskAccount/
Printing Help Topics

You can print individual topics or chapters from the online help.
To print help topics or chapters:
1. In Atoll, click Help > Help Topics.
2. In the Contents tab, expand the table of contents.
3. Right-click the section or topic that you want to print and click Print. The Print Topics dialog box appears.
4. In the Print Topics dialog box, select what you want to print:
• If you want to print a single topic, select Print the selected topic.
• If you want to print an entire section, including all topics and sections in that section, select Print the selected
heading and all subtopics.
7
Introduction © 2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
5. Click OK.
About Atoll Documentation

The following PDF manuals are available for Atoll and Atoll Microwave and can be downloaded from the Forsk web site at:
• Atoll User Manual
• Atoll Administrator Manual
• Atoll Data Structure Reference Guide
• Atoll Technical Reference Guide
• Atoll Task Automation Guide
• Atoll Model Calibration Guide
To read PDF manuals, download Adobe Reader from the Adobe web site at:
http://get.adobe.com/reader/
Hardcopy manuals are also available. For more information, contact to your Forsk representative.
Contacting Technical Support

Forsk provides global technical support for its products and services. To contact the Forsk support team, visit the My Forsk
web site at:
Alternatively, depending on your geographic location, contact one of the following support teams:
• Forsk Head Office
For regions other than North and Central America and China, contact the Forsk Head Office support team:
• Tel.: +33 562 747 225
• Fax: +33 562 747 211
• Email: support@forsk.com
Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 9.00 am to 6.00 pm (GMT +1:00)
• Forsk US
For North and Central America, contact the Forsk US support team:
• Tel.: 1-888-GO-ATOLL (1-888-462-8655)
• Fax: 1-312-674-4822
• Email: support_us@forsk.com
Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 8.00 am to 8.00 pm (Eastern Standard Time)
• Forsk China
For China, contact the Forsk China support team:
• Tel: +86 20 8557 0016
• Fax: +86 20 8553 8285
• Email: atollsupport@forsk.com.cn
Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 9.00am to 5.30pm (GMT+08:00) Beijing, Chongqing, Hong Kong, Urumqi.
8
Chapter 1
Antennas and
Equipment
This chapter covers the following topics:
• "Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles" on
page 11
• "Antenna Pattern 3D Interpolation" on page 12
• "Antenna Diameter Calculation" on page 13
©2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved
10
AT332_TRM_E0 Chapter 1: Antennas and Equipment
1 Antennas and Equipment

To determine the transmitter antenna attenuation, Atoll calculates the accurate azimuth and tilt angles and performs 3D
interpolation of the horizontal and vertical patterns.
1.1 Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles

From the direction of the transmitter antenna and the receiver position relative to the transmitter, Atoll determines the
receiver position relative to the direction of the transmitter antenna (i.e. the direction of the transmitter-receiver path in the
transmitter antenna coordinate system).
aTx and eTx are respectively the transmitter (Tx) antenna azimuth and tilt in the coordinate system S 0  x y z  .
aRx and eRx are respectively the azimuth and tilt of the receiver (Rx) in the coordinate system S 0  x y z  .
d is the distance between the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx).
Figure 1.1: Azimuth and Tilt Calculation
In the coordinate system S 0  x y z  , the receiver coordinates are:
x Rx cos  e Rx   sin  a Rx   d
y Rx = cos  e Rx   cos  a Rx   d (1)
z Rx – sin  e Rx   d
Let az and el respectively be the azimuth and tilt of the receiver in the transmitter antenna coordinate system S Tx  x'' y'' z''  .
These angles describe the direction of the transmitter-receiver path in the transmitter antenna coordinate system. Therefore,
the receiver coordinates in S Tx  x'' y'' z''  are:
x'' Rx cos  el   sin  az   d

y'' Rx = cos  el   cos  az   d (2)
z'' Rx – sin  el   d
According to the figure above, we have the following relations:
x' cos  a Tx  – sin  a Tx  0 x

y' = sin  a Tx  cos  a Tx  0  y (3)
z' 0 0 1 z
and
11
Chapter 1: Antennas and Equipment © 2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
x'' 1 0 0 x'
y'' = 0 cos  e Tx  – sin  e Tx   y' (4)
z'' 0 sin  e Tx  cos  e Tx  z'
Therefore, the relation between the system S 0  x y z  and the transmitter antenna system S Tx  x'' y'' z''  is:
x'' 1 0 0 cos  a Tx  – sin  a Tx  0 x

y'' = 0 cos  e Tx  – sin  e Tx   sin  a Tx  cos  a Tx  0  y (5)
z'' 0 sin  e Tx  cos  e Tx  0 0 1 z
We get,
x'' cos  a Tx  – sin  a Tx  0 x

y'' = cos  e Tx   sin  a Tx  cos  e Tx   cos  a Tx  – sin  e Tx   y (6)
z'' sin  e Tx   sin  a Tx  sin  e Tx   cos  a Tx  cos  e Tx  z
Then, substituting the receiver coordinates in the system S0 from Eq. (1) and the receiver coordinates in the system STx from
Eq. (2) in Eq. (6) leads to a system where two solutions are possible:
1st solution: If a Rx = a Tx , then az = 0 and el = eRx – e Tx
2nd solution: If a Rx  a Tx , then
1
az = atan ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cos  e Tx  sin  e Tx   tan  e Rx 
----------------------------------- + ----------------------------------------------
tan  a Rx – a Tx  sin  a Rx – a Tx 
and
 – sin  e Tx  cos  e Tx   tan  e Rx  

el = atan sin  az    ----------------------------------
- + ----------------------------------------------
-
 tan  a Rx – a Tx  sin  a Rx – a Tx  
If sin  az   sin  a Rx – a Tx   0 , then az = az + 180
1.2 Antenna Pattern 3D Interpolation

The direction of the transmitter-receiver path in the transmitter antenna coordinate system is given by angle values, az and
el. Atoll considers these values in order to determine transmitter antenna attenuations in the horizontal and vertical patterns.
It reads the attenuation H(az) in the horizontal pattern for the calculated azimuth angle az and the attenuation V(el) in the
vertical pattern for the calculated tilt angle el. Then, it calculates the antenna total attenuation, L antTx  az el  .
180 – az az
L antTx  az el  = H  az  – -----------------------   H  0  – V  el   + ---------   H  180  – V  180 – el  
180 180
Atoll assumes that the horizontal and vertical patterns are cross-sections of a 3D pattern. In other words, the description of
the antenna pattern must satisfy the following: H(0)=V(0) and H()=V()
In case of an electrical tilt, , the horizontal pattern is a conical section with an elevation of  degrees off the horizontal plane.
Here, horizontal and vertical patterns must satisfy the following: H(0)=V() and H()=V(-)
If the constraints listed above are satisfied, this implies that:
• Interpolated horizontal and vertical patterns respectively fit in with the entered horizontal and vertical patterns, even
in case of electrical tilt, and
• The contribution of both the vertical pattern back and front parts are taken into account.
Otherwise, only the second point is guaranteed.
• This interpolation is performed in dBs.

• Angle values in formulas are stated in degrees.
• This interpolation is not used with 3D antenna patterns.
12
AT332_TRM_E0 Chapter 1: Antennas and Equipment
1.3 Antenna Diameter Calculation

Atoll automatically calculates the antenna diameter from the antenna gain and the average operating frequency. The antenna
diameter is calculated using the following equation for a radiation efficiency of 55 %:
G ant = 20  LogD antenna + 20  f – 42,2 , which gives:
G ant
 ------------ 
 20 - + 2,11 – Logf
D antenna = 10
Where,
D antenna is the antenna diameter (in m),
G ant is the antenna gain (in dBi),
f is the average frequency (in MHz). It is calculated as follows:
f max – f min
f = f min + ------------------------
-
2
f min is the minimum frequency of the frequency band (in MHz),
f max is the maximum frequency of the frequency band (in MHz).
13
Chapter 1: Antennas and Equipment © 2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
14
Chapter 2
Microwave
Propagation
• "Ground Altitude Determination" on page 17
• "Clutter Height Determination" on page 17
• "Resolution of the Extracted Profiles" on page 18
• "Microwave Propagation Model" on page 18
16
AT332_TRM_E0 Chapter 2: Microwave Propagation
2 Microwave Propagation
2.1 Ground Altitude Determination
Atoll determines reception and transmission site altitude from Digital Terrain Model map. The method used to evaluate site
altitude is based on a bilinear interpolation. It is described below.
Let us suppose a site S located inside a bin. Atoll knows the altitudes of four bin vertices, S’1, S’’1, S’2 and S’’2, from the DTM
file (centre of each DTM pixel).
Figure 2.1: Ground Altitude Determination - 1
1. Atoll draws a vertical line through S. This line respectively intersects (S’1,S’’1) and (S’2, S’’2) lines at S1 and S2.
2. Atoll determines the S1 and S2 altitudes using a linear interpolation method.
3. Atoll performs a second linear interpolation to evaluate the S altitude.
2.2 Clutter Height Determination

Some propagation models need clutter class and clutter height as information at receiver or along a transmitter-receiver
profile.
Atoll uses clutter classes file to determine the clutter class.
To evaluate the clutter height, Atoll uses clutter heights file if available in the ATL document; clutter height of a site is the
height of the nearest point in the file.
Example: Let us suppose a site S. In the clutter heights file, Atoll reads clutter heights of four points around the site, S’1, S’’1,
S’2 and S’’2. Here, the nearest point to S is S”2; therefore Atoll takes the S”2 clutter height as clutter height of S.
17
Chapter 2: Microwave Propagation © 2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
Figure 2.5: Clutter Height
If you do not have any clutter height file, Atoll takes clutter height information in clutter classes file. In this case, clutter height
is an average height related to a clutter class.
2.3 Resolution of the Extracted Profiles

Geographic profile resolution depends on resolution of geographic data used by the propagation model (DTM and/or clutter).
The selected profile resolution does not depend on the geographic layer order.
• Example 1 (Using the Microwave Propagation Model)
A DTM map with a 40 m resolution and a clutter heights map with a 20 m resolution are available. The profile
resolution will be 20 m. It means that Atoll will extract geographic information, ground altitude and clutter height,
every 20 m.
To get ground altitude every 20 m, Atoll uses the bilinear interpolation method described in "Ground Altitude
Determination" on page 17. Clutter heights are read from the clutter heights map. Atoll takes the clutter height of the
nearest point every 20 m.
• Example 2 (Using the Microwave Propagation Model)
A DTM map with a 40 m resolution and a clutter classes map with a 20 m resolution are available. No clutter height
file has been imported in the document. The profile resolution will be 20 m. It means that Atoll will extract geographic
information, ground altitude and clutter height, every 20 m.
To get ground altitude every 20 m, Atoll uses the bilinear interpolation method described in "Ground Altitude
Determination" on page 17. Atoll uses the clutter classes map to determine clutter height. Every 20 m, it determines
clutter class and takes associated average height.
2.4 Microwave Propagation Model

The microwave propagation model is used to compute the total loss along the propagation path. The path is defined by the
positions of the transmitter site and the receiver site, their antenna heights, and the terrain profile between them.
The microwave propagation model considers the following losses:
• Free space loss,
• Diffraction loss,
• Atmospheric loss,
• Tropospheric scatter loss,
2.4.1 Path Length

The total length is calculated along the great-circle as follows:
 nang 2  4,10 8 2
dkm = - +  zkm 1 – zkm 2  
 ----------------------------------
 
2

zkm i is the total height (DTM + antenna height) of each extremity.
2 2
nang =   +   cos  latitude 1   cos  latitude 2  
18
R min sin  lati    3

 cos  atan  ---------- -  ---------------------- 
2
R min    R max cos  lati   
 = ----------------------------
-  -  latitude 1 – latitude 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------
R max  R moy  cos  lati  
 
R min sin  lati    3

 cos  atan  ---------- -  ---------------------- 
R max    R max cos  lati   
 = -----------   -------------------------------------------------------------------------  longitude 1 – longitude 2
R moy  cos  lati  
 
latitude 1 + latitude 2
where lati = -----------------------------------------------------
-
2
and R min = 6356,912 km , R moy = 6366,2 km , R max = 6378,388 km .
2.4.2 Profile Extraction

The profile is extracted from DTM and clutter files. The points along the profile are regularly spaced at  , which is:
Total Length-
 = ---------------------------------
n – 1
Where,
Total Length is the path length along the great circle.
n is the number of points of the profile. n is given by : n = long  ---------------------------------- .

Total Length
  Step + 1  
Step is the profile extraction resolution (see "Resolution of the Extracted Profiles" on page 18).
Clutter heights at the transmitter and the receiver are always equal to 0.
2.4.3 Free Space Loss

Atoll calculates L model1 (in dB).
L model1 = K 1 + K 2 log  d  + K 3 log  f 
with,
K1: constant offset (dB).
K2: multiplicative factor for log(d)
d: distance between the receiver and the transmitter sites (km)
K3: multiplicative factor for log(f)
f: frequency of transmission (MHz)
The default values for K1, K2 and K3 coefficients are respectively set to 32.4, 20 and 20. Therefore, L model1 is equal to free
space loss ( L b0 ).
L b0 = 32,4 + 20 log  f  + 20 log  d 
In case of a link (AB) with one or two repeaters (P and Q), Atoll calculates free space loss
for each section of the link (AP, PQ and QB) and then, considers the sum.
19
2.4.4 Diffraction Loss

General method for one or more obstacles (knife-edge diffraction) is used to evaluate diffraction losses ( L d ) (dB) over the
transmitter-receiver profile. Six construction methods are implemented in Atoll:
• Deygout
• Epstein Peterson
• Deygout with correction (ITU 526-5)
• Millington
• ITU 452-11
• Full Deygout
All of the construction methods are based on the same physical principle but differ in the way they consider one or several
obstacles.
According to the selected option in the Parameters tab of the model’s properties dialog, i.e., Use Clutter Heights = Yes or No,
you can consider the following along the transmitter-receiver profile:
• Ground altitude and clutter height (Consider heights in diffraction option),
In this case, Atoll uses clutter height information from clutter heights files if available in the .atl document. Otherwise,
it considers average clutter height specified for each clutter class in the clutter classes file description.
• Or, only ground altitude.
Refractivity Factor
All methods except the Millington method use the refractivity coefficient k as a user
input. The refractive index in the troposphere drops gradually with the altitude and the
resulting refraction causes the radio horizon to appear 1.33 times further than the
geographic horizon.
2.4.4.1 Knife-Edge Diffraction

The procedure checks whether a knife-edge obstructs the first Fresnel zone constructed between the transmitter and the
receiver. The diffraction loss, J(), depends on the obstruction parameter (), which corresponds to the ratio of the
obstruction height (h) and the radius of the Fresnel zone (R).
Figure 2.6: Knife-Edge Diffraction
c0  n  d1  d2
R = --------------------------------
f   d1 + d2 
Where,
n is the Fresnel zone index,
c0 is the speed of light (2.99792 x108 m/s),

f is the frequency in Hz
d1 is the distance from the transmitter to obstacle in m,
20
d2 is the distance from obstacle to receiver in m.
h
We have:  = ---
r
Where,
R-
r = ------
2
h is the obstruction height (height from the obstacle top to the Tx-Rx axis).
Hence,
2
For 1 knife-edge method, if   – 0,7 , J    = 6,9 + 20  log    – 0,1  + 1 +   – 0,1  
Else, J    = 0
In case of multiple-knife edge method, the minimum  required to estimate diffraction

loss is -0.78.
2.4.4.2 3 Knife-Edge Deygout Method

The Deygout construction, limited to a maximum of three edges, is applied to the entire profile from transmitter to receiver.
This method is used to evaluate path loss incurred by multiple knife-edges. Deygout method is based on a hierarchical knife-
edge sorting used to distinguish the main edges, which induce the largest losses, and secondary edges, which have a lesser
effect. The edge hierarchy depends on the obstruction parameter () value.
1 Obstacle
Figure 2.7: Deygout Construction – 1 Obstacle
A straight line between transmitter and receiver is drawn and the height of the obstacle above the Tx-Rx axis, hi, is calculated.
The obstruction position, di, is also recorded. i are evaluated from these data. The point with the highest  value is termed
the principal edge, p, and the corresponding loss is J(p).
Therefore, we have
DiffractionLoss = J   P 
3 Obstacles
Then, the main edge (point p) is considered as a secondary transmitter or receiver. Therefore, the profile is divided in two
parts: one half profile, between the transmitter and the knife-edge section, another half, constituted by the knife-edge-
receiver section.
21
Figure 2.8: Deygout Construction – 3 Obstacles
The same procedure is repeated on each half profile to determine the edge with the higher . The two obstacles found, (points
t and r), are called ‘secondary edges’. Losses induced by the secondary edges, J(t) and J(r), are then calculated.
Once the edge hierarchy is determined, the total loss is evaluated by adding all the intermediary losses obtained.
Therefore, if  P  0
we have DiffractionLoss = J   P  + J   t  + J   r 
Otherwise, If  P  – 0,7 , DiffractionLoss = J   P 
2.4.4.3 Epstein-Peterson Method

The Epstein-Peterson construction is limited to a maximum of three edges. First, Deygout construction is applied to determine
the three main edges over the whole profile as described above. Then, the main edge height, hp, is recalculated according to
the Epstein-Peterson construction. hp is the height above a straight line connecting t and r points. The main edge position dp
is recorded and p and J(p) are evaluated from these data.
Figure 2.9: Epstein-Peterson Construction
Therefore, we have
DiffractionLoss = J   P  + J   t  + J   r 
2.4.4.4 Deygout Method with Correction

The Deygout method with correction (ITU 526-5) is based on the Deygout construction (3 obstacles) plus an empirical
correction, C.
Therefore, If  P  0 ,
we have DiffractionLoss = J   P  + J   t  + J   r  + C
Otherwise DiffractionLoss = J   P  + C
22
2.4.4.5 Millington Method

The Millington construction, limited to a single edge, is applied over the entire profile. Two horizon lines are drawn at the
transmitter and at the receiver. A straight line between the transmitter and the receiver is defined and the height of the
intersection point between the two horizon lines above the Tx-Rx axis, hh, is calculated. The position dh is recorded and then,
from these values, h and J(h) are evaluated using the same previous formulas.
Therefore, we have
DiffractionLoss = J   h 
Figure 2.10: Millington Construction
2.4.4.6 Full Deygout Method

According to the profile and antenna heights, diffraction can be classified as:
• Line of sight: full Fresnel ellipsoid clearance
• Trans-horizon: optical path is obstructed
• Sub-diffraction: line-of sight with no full Fresnel ellipsoid clearance.
Standard Deygout Algorithm searches the main obstacle which obstructs the optical path. Whenever such an obstacle exists,
two other obstacles are searched:
• Between Tx and this main obstacle
• Between this main obstacle and Rx
The 3 losses are added. Only the main peak is drawn on the profile and the loss is the sum of the 3 peaks. If the main obstacle
does not obstruct the optical path but just penetrates the Fresnel Ellipsoid, the 2 secondary obstacles are not taken into
account.
Full Deygout algorithm always adds the secondary obstacles losses. Sub-diffraction case is more precisely computed with this
method compared to Standard Deygout algorithm.
So, in the full Deygout method, for any "sufficient"  P  – 0,7   p  , DiffractionLoss = J   P  + J   t  + J   r  .
Remember that for each case above (standard and full Deygout methods), penetrating the Fresnel Ellipsoid means that the
distance between the earth (DTM + clutter height) and the optical path is less than 60% of the Fresnel ellipsoid radius at this
point.
2.4.4.7 ITU 452-11 Recommendation

The ITU-R P.452 recommendations are used to evaluate the microwave interference between links. Various losses which do
not affect the useful signal are taken into account and described in "Link Budget and Interference Analysis" on page 31.
Diffraction loss calculation between an interfering transmitter and a victim receiver is slightly different from the other
methods described above. The excess diffraction loss Ld is computed by the standard Deygout method combined with a log-
normal distribution of loss between 50% and 0 as follows:
Ld = Ld_50 – F i   Ld_50 – Ld_ 0 
Where,
Ld_50 is Deygout diffraction loss computed with k = 1.4
Ld_ 0 is Deygout diffraction loss computed with k = 3
23
F i is an interpolation factor based on an approximation of a log-normal distribution, l  x  , computed as described in Appendix

4 of the ITU452-11 Recommendation:
l  p  100 -
F i = ------------------------
l   0  100 
Point of incidence of anomalous propagation,  0  %  , for the centre of the path is determined using,
 – 0,015  + 1,67
  1  4 % for    70¬× 
 0 =  10
 4,17 1  4 % for    70¬× 

where,
 : path centre latitude (degrees).
The parameter  1 depends on the degree to which the path is above land (inland or coastal) and water. It is given by,
– d tm 0,2
---------------------
-
16 – 6,6 –  0,496 + 0,354  5
 1 = 10 +  10  where  1  1
–4 2,41
–  4,12  10 d
 lm 
And,  = 1 – e ,
Where,
d tm : longest continuous land (inland coastal) section of the great-circle path (km)
d lm : longest continuous inland section of the great-circle path (km).
  – 0,935 + 0,0176  Log 1

 % for   70¬×
and  4 =  10
 0,3Log 1
 10 % for   70¬×
Currently, Atoll uses the total length of the path for both d tm and d lm .
2.4.5 Atmospheric Loss

Atmospheric loss, L a , is calculated as follows:
La =  0 + w      d
Where,
d is the length of the link (km)
 0 is a specific attenuation due to dry air
7,27 7,5 2 –3
 0 = ----------------------- -  f 10
- + -------------------------------------
2 2
f + 0,351  f – 57  + 2,44
This formula is an approximate estimation of gaseous attenuation given by Rec ITU-R P.676-3 when f  57GHz , at sea level
at a temperature of 15°C. In this formula, f is in GHz.
 w is a specific attenuation due to vapour.
–2 –3 –4 0,5 3,79
3,27 10 + 1,67 10   + 7,7 10  f + ------------------------------------------------
2
 w =   f 10
2 –4  f – 22,235  + 9,81
11,73 4,01
+ --------------------------------------------------- + ------------------------------------------------------
2 2
 f – 183,31  + 11,85  f – 325,153  + 10,44
24
This formula is an approximate estimation of gaseous attenuation given by Rec ITU-R P.676-3 for f  350GHz , at sea level at
a temperature of 15°C. In this formula, f is in GHz.
3
 is the water-vapour density  g  m  set by the user in the geoclimatic properties of the link being analysed.
2.4.6 Tropospheric Scatter Loss

Five methods can be used to calculate tropospheric scatter loss ( L bs ):
• ITU-R P.617-1 (50%)

• ITU-R P.617-1 (90%)
• ITU-R P.617-1 (99.9%)
• ITU-R P.452 (50%)
• Simplified Method
2.4.6.1 ITU-R P.617-1

L bs (dB) is calculated as follows:
L bs = M + 30 log  f  + 10 log  d  + 30 log    + L N + L c – G Tx – G Rx – Y  q 
Where,
M is a meteorologic parameter depending on climate
f is the frequency (MHz)
d is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver sites (Km)
 is the path angular distance (mrad)
L N = 20 log  5 +   H  + 4,34    h
 is a meteorologic parameter depending on climate

–3
 d  - (km)
H = 10
-------------------------
4
–6 2
 k  a   - (km)
h = 10
----------------------------------
8
a is the earth radius (6370 Km)
k is the factor k (4/3)
L c is the decoupling loss (dB)
L c = G Tx + G Rx – L ant
G Tx is the transmitter antenna gain (dB)
G Rx is the receiver antenna gain (dB)
Y  q  is the conversion factor for non excess percents different from 50% (dB)
q is the percentage of time for which particular values of tropospheric scatter loss are not exceeded.

Climate M (dB) –1
Y(50) Y(90) Y(99.99)
( Km )
–4 – 0,137h
0- Polar Dry 33.2 0.27 0 – 2,2 –  8,1 – 2,3  10  f e 2,9  Y  90 
–4 – 0,137h
1- Polar Moderate 29.73 0.27 0 – 2,2 –  8,1 – 2,3  10  f e 2,9  Y  90 
–4 – 0,137h
2- Cold Dry 33.2 0.27 0 – 2,2 –  8,1 – 2,3  10  f e 2,9  Y  90 
–4 – 0,137h
3- Cold Moderate 29.73 0.27 0 – 2,2 –  8,1 – 2,3  10  f e 2,9  Y  90 
25

Climate M (dB) –1
Y(50) Y(90) Y(99.99)
( Km )
– 0,137h
4- Temperate Maritime 26 0.27 0 – 9,5 – 3e 2,9  Y  90 
–4 – 0,137h
5- Temperate Continental Dry 33.2 0.27 0 – 2,2 –  8,1 – 2,3  10  f e 2,9  Y  90 
6- Temperate Continental –4 – 0,137h

33.2 0.27 0 – 2,2 –  8,1 – 2,3  10  f e 2,9  Y  90 
Moderate
7- Temperate Continental Wet 33.2 0.27 0 Graph 3 2,9  Y  90 
8- Subtropical Wet 19.3 0.32 0 Graph 2 2,9  Y  90 
9- Subtropical Arid 38.5 0.27 0 Graph 3 2,9  Y  90 
10- Tropical Moderate 19.3 0.32 0 Graph 2 2,9  Y  90 
11- Tropical 39.6 0.33 0 Graph 1 2,9  Y  90 
ds Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3

<100 0 0 0
100 -8 -11 -12.5
200 -7 -13 -10
300 -5.3 -11.5 -7.8
400 -4.5 -9 -6
500 -4 -8.7 -4.5
600 -3.9 -8.5 -4
700 -3.6 -8.5 -4
800 -3.5 -8.5 -4
>=900 -3.4 -8.5 -4
Where ds is the effective distance in Km, ds =  ak

-----------------
1000
2.4.6.2 ITU-R P. 452

L bs = 190 + L f + 20 log d + 0,573 – 0,15N 0 + L c + L a
Where,
L f is loss depending on the frequency:
2
L f = 25 log f – 2,5  log f  2 
f is the frequency in MHz
 is the angular distance between the ray from the transmitter to its horizon and the ray from the receiver to its horizon
(mrad)
N 0 is the average refractivity extrapolated to sea level (N-Units)
L c is the decoupling loss (dB)
L c = G Tx + G Rx – L ant
G Tx is the transmitter antenna gain (dB)
G Rx is the receiver antenna gain (dB)
L ant is the total attenuation (Tx and Rx) which takes into account the direction of the two antennas, the polarization of the
transmitter and the polarization of the receiver (dB).
26
L a is the gaseous absorption loss (dB)
For further information on calculating L a , see "Atmospheric Loss" on page 24.
2.4.6.3 Simplified Method

L bs = 30 log f – 20 log d + F    d N s 
Where,
f is the frequency in MHz
– d
---------
40
F    d N s  = F    d  – 0,1   N s – 301   e
 is the angular distance between the ray from the transmitter to its horizon and the ray from the receiver to its horizon
(radian).
If 0,01    d  10 , F    d  = 135,82 + 0,33  d + 30 log    d 
If 10    d  70 , F    d  = 129,5 + 0,212  d + 37,5 log    d 
If 70    d , F    d  = 119,2 + 0,157  d + 45 log    d 
– 0,1057h T – 0,1057h R
N s = --- N 0  e 
1
+e
2 
N 0 is the average refractivity extrapolated to sea level (N-Units)
h T is the transmitter site height (Km)
h R is the receiver site height (Km)
27
28
Chapter 3
Microwave Link
Networks
• "Link Budget and Interference Analysis" on page 31
• "Performance Analysis" on page 35
• "Propagation in Rain Analysis" on page 36
• "Propagation in Clear-Air Analysis" on page 41
• "Surface Reflection Analysis" on page 70
30
AT332_TRM_E0 Chapter 3: Microwave Link Networks
3 Microwave Link Networks

In Atoll, any link Li can be studied from either:
• Site A to Site B
or
• Site B to Site A
Each direction of link can have its own parameters.
3.1 Link Budget and Interference Analysis

3.1.1 Input
Name Value Unit Description
Transmitter output power at the
Pmax  L i  Equipment parameter dBm
transmitter antenna port on link Li
Transmitter output power reduction
P_Tuning  L i  Link parameter dB used to calculate the transmitter
nominal power on link Li
Transmitter nominal power
reduction used to calculate the
P_Atpc  L i  Link parameter dB
transmitter coordinated power on
link Li
Receiver sensitivity level for a BER
S  L i ,BER  Equipment parameter dBm
(Bit Error Rate)
Receiver overflow level for a BER (Bit
O  L i ,BER  Equipment parameter dBm
Error Rate)
G Tx  L i  Antenna parameter dBi Transmitter antenna gain on link Li
G Rx  L i  Antenna parameter dBi Receiver antenna gain on link Li
L_Model  L i  Calculated dB Propagation loss on link Li
Receiver antenna discrimination loss

L_Ant  L i  Calculated dB due to elevation and tilt
misalignment on link Li
L_Filter Tx  L i  Equipment parameter dB Transmitter filter loss on link Li
L_Filter Rx  L i  Equipment parameter dB Receiver filter loss on link Li
L_Circulator Tx  L i  Equipment parameter dB Transmitter circulator loss on link Li
L_Circulator Rx  L i  Equipment parameter dB Receiver circulator loss on link Li
L_Attenuator Tx  L i  Link parameter dB Transmitter attenuator loss on link Li
L_Attenuator Rx  L i  Link parameter dB Receiver attenuator loss on link Li
L_Connector Tx  L i  Link parameter dB Transmitter connector loss on link Li
L_Connector Rx  L i  Link parameter dB Receiver connector loss on link Li
L_Other Tx  L i  Link parameter dB Other transmitter losses on link Li
L_Other Rx  L i  Link parameter dB Other receiver losses on link Li
L_Shielding Tx  L i  Link parameter dB Transmitter shielding loss on link Li
L_Shielding Rx  L i  Link parameter dB Receiver shielding loss on link Li
31
Chapter 3: Microwave Link Networks © 2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.

Transmitter feeder (cable or
L_Feeder Tx  L i  Link parameter dB
waveguide) loss on link Li
Receiver feeder (cable or
L_Feeder Rx  L i  Link parameter dB
waveguide)loss on link Li
 Global parameter km2 Reference correlation area
Correlation area between link Li and

  L i L j  km2 link Lj
  L i L j  Correlation area ratio between link Li

  L i L j  -----------------
- None
 and link Lj
Interference reduction factor on link
IRF  L i L j  Calculated dB
Li from link Lj
– 23
k 1,38  10 J/K Boltzmann’s constant
T  Li  Link parameter Celsius Operating temperature in link Li
Transmitter channel bandwidth on

B Tx  L i  Link parameter Hz
link Li
NF Tx  L i  Equipment parameter dB Transmitter noise figure on link Li
N0  Li  10  Log  k  + 10  Log  273 + T  L i   + 10  Log  B  s i   + 30 dBm/Hz Thermal noise power level on link Li
Maximum acceptable threshold

TD max Global parameter dB
degradation
3.1.2 Link Budget Calculation Details

This part comprises all the calculation results that could be found on the report tab of the Microwave Analysis tool.
3.1.2.1 Nominal Power

The power at which the transmitter is operating during normal propagation conditions on a link Li is expressed in dBm.
Pnom  L i  = Pmax  L i  – P_Tuning  L i 
The nominal power is used for EIRP  L i  calculation when the option "Power control on the useful signal" is not checked in
the General tab of the Microwave Radio Links Properties.
3.1.2.2 Coordinated Power

The power at which the transmitter is operating when Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) is enabled on a link Li is
expressed in dBm.
Pcoord  L i  = Pnom  L i  – P_Atpc  L i 
The coordinated power is used for EIRP  L i  calculation when the option "Power control on the useful signal" is checked in
the General tab of the Microwave Radio Links Properties.
The coordinated power is also used for interference calculation when the option "Power control" is set to "Depends on
correlation" in the Interference tab of the Microwave Radio Links Properties. In that case, the value of P atpc  s i  will depend
on   L i L j  :
If   L i L j   1 then P_Atpc  L i  = 0 .
If   L i L j   1 then P_Atpc  L i  = P atpc  s i  .
32
3.1.2.3 Transmission Attenuation

The loss due to the use of feeders and related equipment by the transmitter on a link Li is expressed in dB.
L_Att Tx  L i  = L_Feeder Tx  L i  + L_Connector Tx  L i  + L_Filter Tx  L i  + L_Circulator Tx  L i  + L_Attenuator Tx  L i 

+ L_Shielding Tx  L i  + L_Other Tx  L i   s i 
3.1.2.4 EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power)

The power actually radiated by the transmitter’s antenna on a link Li is expressed in dBm.
Pnom  L i 
EIRP  L i  =  or  + G  L  – L_Att  L 
 Tx i Tx i
 Pcoord  L i 
3.1.2.5 Reception Attenuation

The loss due to the use of feeders and related equipment by the receiver on a link Li is expressed in dB.
L_Att Rx  L i  = L_Feeder Rx  L i  + L_Connector Rx  L i  + L_Filter Rx  L i  + L_Circulator Rx  L i  + L_Attenuator Rx  L i 

+ L_Shielding Rx  L i  + L_Other Rx  L i   s i 
3.1.2.6 Received Signal Level

The signal strength at the receiver input on a link Li is expressed in dBm.
RSL  L i  = EIRP  L i  – L_Model  L i  + G Tx  L i  + G Rx  L i  – L_Att Rx  L i  – L_Ant  L i 
3.1.2.7 Thermal Fade Margin

The thermal fade margin used to compensate the fades, caused by the thermal noise, that results in an increase of the BER
on a link Li is expressed in dB.
TFM  L i ,BER  = RSL  L i  – S  L i ,BER 
3.1.2.8 Signal Enhancement Margin

The signal enhancement margin used to compensate the enhancements, caused by the reinforcement of multipath signals,
that results in an increase of the BER on a link Li is expressed in dB.
SEM  L i ,BER  = O  L i ,BER  – RSL  L i ,BER 
3.1.3 Interference Calculation Details

This part comprises all the calculation results that could be found while performing Interference analysis.
3.1.3.1 Single Interference Source

This part considers the interference received from a single link.
3.1.3.1.1 Interference Signal Level

The signal strength at the receiver input on a link Li from a link Lj is expressed in dBm.
I  Li ,L j  = EIRP  L j  – L model  L j  + G Tx  L j  + G Rx  L i  – L_Att Rx  L i  – L_Ant  L i  – IRF  L i L j 
3.1.3.1.2 Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I)

The received signal level relative to an interference signal level from a link Lj on a link Li is expressed in dB.
N L  I  L ,L 
 ---------------
0 i- i j -
----------------
---  L i ,L j  = RSL  L i  – 10  log  10 10 + 10 10 
C
I  
 
3.1.3.1.3 Threshold Degradation

The destructive interference effect on the receiver sensitivity on a link Li from a link Lj is expressed in dB.
33
L 
 N--------------- I  L ,L 
0 i i j
- -----------------
 10 10 
+ 10
TD  L i  = 10  log  ------------------------------------------ -
10
 N L 
0 i 
 ----------------
10 
 10 
The interference signal level is considered to be disturbing the receiver and then unacceptable when TD  L i   TD max .
3.1.3.1.4 Effective Thermal Fade Margin

The effective thermal fade margin on a link Li used to compensate the fades, caused by the thermal noise and the interference
signal level from a link Lj, that result in an increase in the BER is expressed in dB.
e  TFM   L i BER  = RSL  L i  – S  L i ,BER  – TD  L i 
3.1.3.2 Multiple Interference Sources

This part considers the interference received from many links.
3.1.3.2.1 Total Interference Signal Level in Clear Air Conditions

The total signal strength at the receiver input on a link Li from n different links Lj is expressed in dBm.
n n n n n n n
I CA  L i ,L j  tot =  EIRP  Lj  –  Lmodel  Lj  +  G  Lj  +  G  Li  –  L_AttRx Li  –  L_Ant  Li  –  IRF  Li Lj 

j=1 j=1 j=1 i=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
3.1.3.2.2 Total Interference Signal Level in Rain Conditions

The total signal strength at the receiver input on a link Li from n different links Lj is expressed in dBm.
n n n n n n n
I R  L i ,L j  tot =  EIRP  Lj  –  Lmodel  Lj  +  G  Lj  +  G  Li  –  L_AttRx  Li  –  L_Ant  Li  –  IRF  Li Lj 

j=1 j=1 j=1 i=1 i=1 j=1 j=1
 n

+ 10  log     L i L j 
 
3.1.3.2.3 Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Clear Air Conditions
The received signal level relative to an interference signal level from multiple links Lj on a link Li is expressed in dB.
N L  I  L ,L 
 ---------------
0 i
- --------------------------------
CA i j tot
= RSL  L i  – 10  log  10 
C 10 10
---  L i  + 10
I CA tot  
 
3.1.3.2.4 Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Rain Conditions

The received signal level relative to an interference signal level from multiple links Lj on a link Li is expressed in dB.
N L  I  L ,L 
 ---------------
0 i- R i j tot
----------------------------
= RSL  L i  – 10  log  10 
C 10 10
---  L i  + 10
IR tot  
 
3.1.3.2.5 Total Threshold Degradation in Clear Air Conditions

The destructive interference effect on the receiver sensitivity on a link Li from multiple links Lj is expressed in dB.
I CA  L i ,L j 
0  L i -
 N--------------- tot-
-------------------------------
 10 10 
+
= 10  log  ------------------------------------------------------ 
10 10
TD CA  L i  tot
 N0  Li  
 ---------------
10
- 
 10 
3.1.3.2.6 Total Threshold Degradation in Rain Conditions

The destructive interference effect on the receiver sensitivity on a link Li from multiple link Lj is expressed in dB.
34
L  I  L ,L 
 N---------------
0 i
-
R i j tot
----------------------------
 10 10 
+ 10
= 10  log  --------------------------------------------------- -
10
TD R  L i  tot
 N L 
0 i 
 ----------------
10 
 10 
3.1.3.2.7 Total Effective Thermal Fade Margin in Clear Air Conditions

signal level from multiple links Lj, that results in an increase of the BER is expressed in dB.
eTFM CA  L i ,BER  tot = RSL  L i  – S  L i ,BER  – TD CA  L i  tot
3.1.3.2.8 Total Effective Thermal Fade Margin in Rain Conditions

signal level from multiple links Lj, that results in an increase of the BER is expressed in dB.
eTFM R  L i ,BER  tot = RSL  L i  – S  L i ,BER  – TD R  L i  tot
3.2 Performance Analysis

3.2.1 Input
Transmitter mean time between
MTBF Tx  L i  Equipment parameter h
failures on link Li
Receiver mean time between failures
MTBF Rx  L i  Equipment parameter h
on link Li
Transmitter hot stand-by
HSB Tx  L i  Equipment parameter ms
commutaion delay on link Li
Receiver hot stand-by commutaion
HSB Rx  L i  Equipment parameter ms
delay on link Li
MTTR  Li  Link parameter h Mean time to repair on link Li
3.2.2 ITU-R P.530 Method

3.2.2.1 Total Outage Probability
3.2.2.1.1 Total Outage Probability in Rain Conditions
The following formula is used:
P t = Max  P Rain P XPR 
3.2.2.1.2 Total Outage Probability in Clear-Air Conditions

Without Diversity

P t = P s + P ns + P se + P XP
With Diversity
3 3 --4-
 --4- ---  3
4
P t =  P ds + P dns + P se + P XP
 
35
3.2.2.1.3 Total Outage Probability due to Equipment Reliability

With Hot Stand-By
MTBF Tx  L i  MTBF Rx  L i 
P Eq_failure = 1 – ----------------------------------------------------------  ----------------------------------------------------------
-
MTBF Tx  L i  + HSB Tx  L i  MTBF Rx  L i  + HSB Rx  L i 
Without Hot Stand-By
MTTR  L i  MTTR  L i 
----------------------------------------------------------
- + ----------------------------------------------------------
-
MTTR  L i  + MTBF Tx  L i  MTTR  L i  + MTBF Rx  L i 
P Eq_failure =
MTTR  L i  MTTR  L i 
–  ----------------------------------------------------------
-   ----------------------------------------------------------
-
 MTTR  L i  + MTBF Tx  L i   MTTR  L i  + MTBF Rx  L i 
3.2.2.2 Quality Performance

Quality analysis is used to assess whether the total outage probability in clear-air conditions is greater than a required outage
probability or not. The required outage probability is derived from ITU-T G.821, ITU-T G.826, or ITU-T G.828
recommendations. It can also be user-defined.
3.2.2.3 Availability Performance

Quality analysis is used to assess whether the total outage probability in rain conditions is greater than a required outage
probability or not. The required outage probability is derived from ITU-T G.821 or ITU-T G.826 recommendations. It can also
be user-defined.
3.2.2.4 Global Annual Performance

The global annual performance annual is an aggregated indicator that takes into account the quality performance and the
availability performance of a link Li in both directions.
Quality performances for each direction are considered being independent to each other, so the corresponding outage
probabilities are added. Availability performance are considered being correlated, then the worst outage probability is used.
Finally, quality performance and availability are considered being independent to each other, so the corresponding outage
probabiilties are added.
3.3 Propagation in Rain Analysis

3.3.1 Input
Rainfall rate exceeded for 0.01% of
R 0,01  L i  Link parameter mm/h
the average year on link Li
Crane’s rainfall rate exceeded for p%
of the average year on link Li. When
d   L i   22,5  then a probability p
Rp  Li  Calculated mm/h
is used instead of p to determine the
22,5
rainfall rate where p = p  ------------
d  Li 
Rain attenuation coefficient based

k Tx  L i ,pol  Calculated None
on the used polarisation on link Li
Rain attenuation coefficient based
 Tx  L i ,pol  Calculated None
on the used polarisation on link Li
d  Li  Calculated km Path length of link Li
36
C Transmitter carrier-to-interference
---
 I  0_Tx  L i  Equipment parameter dB
ratio for a reference BER on link Li
Transmitter cross-polarisation
XPIF Tx  L i  Equipment parameter dB
improvement factor on link Li
f Tx  L i  Link parameter GHz Transmitter frequency on link Li
3.3.2 ITU-R P.530-5

3.3.2.1 Rain Fade Margin
3.3.2.1.1 Rain Coefficients
k Tx  L i ,pol  and  Tx  L i ,pol  are extracted from the ITU-R P.838 recommendation using logarithmic and linear regression.
Atoll supports ITU-R P.838-1 and ITU-R P.838-3. The used method can be set in the Global parameters.
3.3.2.1.2 Rain Attenuation

The rain attenuation for a specific frequency, rainfall rate and polarisation on link Li is expressed in dB/km.
 Tx  L i ,pol 
  L i  = k Tx  L i ,pol   R 0,01  L i 
3.3.2.1.3 Effective Path Length

The effective path length that takes into account the nonuniformity of the rainfall along the path on link Li is expressed in km.
1
d eff  L i  = d  L i   -------------------------------------------------------------- with R 0,01  L i  = Min  R 0,01  L i  100 
d  Li 
1 + --------------------------------------------------- -
–  0,015  R 0,01  L i  
35  e
3.3.2.1.4 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year
The rain attenuation, excceeded for 0.01% of the average year, for a transmitter on link Li is expressed in dB.
RFM 0,01  L i  =   L i   d eff  L i 
3.3.2.1.5 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for p% of the Average Year

The rain attenuation, excceeded for p% of the average year, for a transmitter on link Li is expressed in dB.
–  0,546 + 0,043  Log  p  
RFM p  L i  = RFM 0,01  L i   0,12  p with 0,001%  p  1%
3.3.2.1.6 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for pw% of the Average Worst Month
When the Average Worst Month pw% is Known
It is necessary to convert pw% of the average worst month into p% of the average year because the rain attenuation formula
only provides the rain fading margin on an average year basis.
The corresponding average year statistics p for an average worst month statistics pw can be derived from the ITU-R P.841-3
recommendation.
------------ – ------------ 1   
pw 1–  1 – 
- (%) where Q  p  = Q 1  p w
We have p = -----------
Qp
1,15
Atoll uses  = 0,13 and Q 1 = 2,85 then we have: p = 0,3  p w .
Finally the rain attenuation formula can be applied with the calculated average year probability p. The rain fade margin
exceeded for p% of the average year will be exceeded for the corresponding pw of the average worst month.
When the Average Year p% is Known
It is necessary to convert p% of the average year of into pw% of the the average worst month.
37
 1
 Q
---

 12 for p   -----1- %
 12

 1
---
 Q 
for  -----1-  p  3%
–
 Q1  p
We have p w = Q  p   p (%) where Q  p  =  12 , where 1  Q  p   12
 –
 Q1  3 for 3%  p  30%
 –
 Log  Q 1  3 
 --------------------------------------
 –  p  Log  0,3 
 Q 1  3   -----
30
-

for p  30%

Atoll uses  = 0,13 and Q 1 = 2,85 . The rain fade margin exceeded for p% of the average year will be exceeded for the
corresponding pw of the average worst month.
3.3.2.2 Total Outage Probability due to Rain for the Average Year
p
P Rain = ---------
100
Where p is the percentage of time for the average year where RFM p  L i  is exceeded found by solving the following equation:
–  0,546 + 0,043  Log  p  

RFM p  L i  = RFM 0,01  L i   0,12  p
3.3.3 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12

and ITU-R P.530-13

  L i  = k Tx  L i ,pol   R 0,01  L i 
3.3.3.1.3 Effective Path Length

The effective path length that takes into account the nonuniformity of the rainfall along the path on link Li is expressed in km.
1
d eff  L i  = d  L i   -------------------------------------------------------------- where R 0,01  L i  = Min  R 0,01  L i  100 
d  Li 
1 + --------------------------------------------------- -
–  0,015  R0,01  L i  
35  e
3.3.3.1.4 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year
The rain attenuation, excceeded for 0.01% of the average year, for a transmitter on link Li is expressed in dB/km.
RFM 0,01  L i  =   L i   d eff  L i 

The rain attenuation, excceeded for p% of the average year, for a transmitter on link Li is expressed in dB/km.
For Links Located in Latitudes Equals to or Greater than 30° (North or South)
–  0,546 + 0,043  Log  p  

RFM p  L i  = RFM 0,01  L i   0,12  p with 0,001  p  1
38
For Links Located in Latitudes Below 30° (North or South)
–  0,855 + 0,139  Log  p  

RFM p  L i  = RFM 0,01  L i   0,07  p with 0,001  p  1
3.3.3.1.6 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for pw% of the Average Worst Month
When the Average Worst Month pw% is Known
It is necessary to convert pw% of the average worst month into p% of the average year because the rain attenuation formula
only provide the rain fading margin on an average year basis.
The corresponding average year statistics p for an average worst month statistics pw can be derived from the ITU-R P.841-3
recommendation.
------------
1
–  ------------   
pw 1– 1–
- (%) where Q  p  = Q 1  p w
The conversion formula is p = -----------
Q p
1,15
Atoll uses  = 0,13 and Q 1 = 2,85 then we have: p = 0,3  p w .
Finally the rain attenuation formula can be applied with the calculated average year probability p. The rain fade margin
exceeded for p% of the average year will be exceeded for the corresponding pw of the average worst month.
When the Average Year p% is Known
It is necessary to convert p% of the average year of into pw% of the the average worst month.

 --1-
Q 
 12 for p   -----1- %
  12

 1
---
 Q 
for  -----1-  p  3%
–
 Q1  p
We have p w = Q  p   p (%) where Q  p  =   12 , where 1  Q  p   12
 –
 Q1  3 for 3%  p  30%
 –
 Log  Q 1  3 
 
 --------------------------------------
 –  p  Log  0,3 
 Q 1  3   -----
30
- for p  30%

Atoll uses  = 0,13 and Q 1 = 2,85 . The rain fade margin exceeded for p% of the average year will be exceeded for the
corresponding pw of the average worst month.
3.3.3.2 Outage Probability due to Rain for the Average Year

p-
P Rain = --------
100
Where p is the percentage of time for the average year when RFM p  L i  is exceeded found by solving the following equation:
–  0,546 + 0,043  Log  p  

RFM p  L i  = RFM 0,01  L i   0,12  p for links located in latitudes equals to or greater than 30° (North or
South)
or
–  0,855 + 0,139  Log  p  
RFM p  L i  = RFM 0,01  L i   0,07  p for links located in latitudes below 30° (North or South)
3.3.3.3 Outage Probability due to XPD Reduction for the Average Year
n – 2
P XPR = 10
Where
39
– 12,7 + 161,23 – 4  m-
n = -------------------------------------------------------------
2
Where
Ap
m = 23,26  Log  --------------------------------------------
- with m  40 ,
 0,12  RFM 0,01  L i 
Where A p the equivalent path attenuation is expressed in dB:

U –  ---
C
  I  0_Tx i
 L  + XPIF Tx  L i 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 V
A p =  10 with XPIC
 U –  ---
C
 Li 
 I 0_Tx
----------------------------------------
 V
 10 without XPIC
Where

 0,19
U = 15 + 30  Log  f Tx  L i   and V =  12,8  f Tx  L i  for 8  f Tx  L i   20
 22,6 for 20  fTx  L i   35

3.3.4 Crane

  L i  = k Tx  L i ,pol   R p  L i 

The rain attenuation, excceeded for p% of the average year, for a transmitter on link Li is expressed in dB/km.
 y    Rp  Li  
 e – 1
   s i    ------------------------------------ for 0  d  L i     R p  L i  
  y 
RFM p  s i  = 
 y    Rp  Li   z  d  Li  z    Rp  Li  
   s    e----------------------------------- –e
– 1 --------------------------------------------------
e   L ,pol   B  R p  L i  
-  e Tx i
 i  -+  for   R p  L i    d  L i   22,5
 y z 

Where
  R p  L i   = 3,8 – 0,6  Ln  R p  L i  
B  R p  L i   = 0,83 – 0,17  Ln  R p  L i  
z   Tx  L i ,pol   =  Tx  L i ,pol   c  R p  L i   where c  R p  L i   = 0,026 – 0,03  Ln  R p  L i  
B  Rp  Li  
y   Tx  L i ,pol   =  Tx  L i ,pol   u  R p  L i   where u  R p  L i   = ----------------------
- + c  Rp  Li  
  Rp  Li  
40
3.4 Propagation in Clear-Air Analysis

3.4.1 Input
Percentage of time during which the
refractivity gradient in the lowest
PL  Li  Link Parameter %
100 m of the atmosphere is less than
or equal to -100 N-units/km on link Li
The lowest antenna above the sea
H min  L i  Link Parameter m
level on link Li
Lat  Li  Calculated m Latitude of the mid-point on link Li
Lon  L i  Calculated m Longitude of the mid-point on link Li
h Tx  L i  Calculated m Transmitter antenna height on link Li
h Rx  L i  Calculated m Receiver antenna height on link Li
Transmitter antenna height above

h Tx_Avg  L i  Calculated m
the average profile on link Li
Receiver antenna height above the
h Rx_Avg  L i  Calculated m
average profile on link Li
f Tx  L i  Link Parameter GHz Transmitter frequency on link Li
Point refractivity gradient in the

N-unit/ lowest 65 m of the atmosphere not
dN 1  L i  Calculated
km exceeded for 1% of an average year
on link Li
Standard deviation of terrain heights
Sa  Li  Calculated m within a 110 km x 110 km area with a
30s resolution of link Li
F Climate  L i  Link Parameter none Climate factor on link Li
F Terrain  L i  Link Parameter or Calculated none Terrain factor on link Li
Rg  Li  Calculated m Terrain roughness on link Li
B 338 Microwave Radio Links Properties (Models tab) none Frequency exponent
C 338 Microwave Radio Links Properties (Models tab) none Distance exponent
Transmitter signature width in
W M_Tx  L i  Equipment parameter GHz minimum-phase multipath case on
link Li
Transmitter signature width in non-
W NM_Tx  L i  Equipment parameter GHz minimum-phase multipath case on
link Li
Transmitter signature depth in
B M_Tx  L i  Equipment parameter GHz minimum-phase multipath case on
link Li
Dispersive fade margin for a value of
DFM  L i ,BER  Equipment parameter dB
BER, on link Li
Transmitter signature depth in non-
B NM_Tx  L i  Equipment parameter GHz minimum-phase multipath case on
link Li
41

Reference delay used to obtain the
 r_M Microwave Radio Links Properties (Models tab) ns signature in minimum-phase
multipath case
Reference delay used to obtain the
 r_NM Microwave Radio Links Properties (Models tab) ns signature in non-minimum-phase
multipath case
Transmitter normalized signature
K n_Tx  L i  Equipment parameter None
parameter on link Li
K n_M_Tx  L i  Equipment parameter None
K n_NM_Tx  L i  Equipment parameter None
Capacity Tx  L i  Equipment parameter None Transmitter capacity on link Li
Transmitter modulation states on

M Tx  L i  Equipment parameter None
link Li
GRateTx  L i  Equipment parameter bit/s Transmitter gross rate on link Li
PRate Tx  L i  Equipment parameter bit/s Trasnmitter payload rate on link Li
Read from the antenna cross-polar

pattern at 0°. The smallest values
XPD g Calculated dB
between the transmitter’s one and
the receiver’s one is used.
C Transmitter carrier-to-interference
---
 I  0_Tx  L i  Calculated dB
ratio for a reference BER on link Li
Transmitter cross-polarisation
XPIF Tx  L i  Equipment parameter dB
improvement factor on link Li
 Tx  L i  Calculated m Transmitter wavelenghts on link Li
Receiver vertical antenna separation

Sep Rx  L i  Link Parameter m
on link Li
Transmitter frequency separation on
Sep_FreqTx  L i  Link Parameter m
link Li
G Tx  L i  Antenna parameter dBi Transmitter antenna gain on link Li
G Rx  L i  Antenna parameter dBi Receiver antenna gain on link Li
3.4.2 Fading
3.4.2.1 Frequency Non-Selective Fading
3.4.2.1.1 ITU-R P.530-5 - Method for Initial Planning
Geoclimatic Parameters
• Geoclimatic Factor
The geoclimatic factor is calculated base on the location of the studied link:
 –  6,5 – C Lat – C Lon 

 10  PL  Li 
1,5
for overland links if H min  L i   700m

 –  7,1 – C Lat – C Lon 
1,5
 10  PL  Li  for overland links if H min  L i   700m
K = 
 –  5,9 – C Lat – C Lon 
1,5
 10  PL  Li  for medium-sized over-water links if strait or gulf
 –  5,5 – C Lat – C Lon 
 10  PL  Li 
1,5
for large over-water links if sea

Where
42

 0 for
o o
53 S  Lat  L i   53 N

  Li 
C Lat =  – 5,3 + Lat
----------------
o o o o
- for 53 N or 53 S  Lat  L i   60 N or 60 S
 10
 o o
 0,7 for Lat  L i   60 N or 60 S

And

 0,3 for 30 o W  Lon  L i   50 o E

C Lon =  o o
 – 0,3 for 150 W  Lon  L i   30 W
 0 for others

The month that has the highest value of P L  L i  should be chosen from the four seasonally representative months of
February, May, August and November from maps given in ITU-R P.453 recommendation. An exception to this is that
o o
only maps for May and August should be used for latitudes greater than 60 N or 60 S .
• Path Inclination
The magnitude of the path inclination is expressed in milliradians:
h Rx  L i  – h Tx  L i 
 p = -----------------------------------------
-
d  Li 
• Multipath Fading Occurrence Factor

The multipath fading occurrence factor for the average worst month is expressed in percentage of time:
3,6 0,89 – 1,4
P o = 100  K  d  L i   f Tx  L i    1 + p 
Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of time and Method for Various Percentage of Time
1. Calculate the Percentage of Time pw_25dB for the Average Worst Month where 25 dB Fading Depth is Exceeded
–  ------
25
 10
p w_25dB = P o  10
–  ------
35
 10
p w_35dB = P o  10
3. Calculate the Criterion for Selection of Percentage of Time pw_25dB
 25
q a_25dB  – 2  – -----
10
-
25-
- – 4,3   10
q t_25dB = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + -------- 
 –  ------
25
 10 
 800
–  0,016  25 
 1 + 0,3  10   10
 
Where
100 – p w_25dB 
– 20  Log  – Ln  -------------------------------- -
  100 
q a_25dB  = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25
 35
q a_35dB  – 2  – -----
10
-
35-
- – 4,3   10
q t_35dB = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + -------- 
 –  ------
35
 10 
 800
–  0,016  35 
 1 + 0,3  10   10
 
Where
43
100 – p w_35dB 
– 20  Log  – Ln  -------------------------------- -
  100 
q a_35dB  = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
35
5. Then the following decision tree is used:
If q t_35dB  0 then q t = q t_25dB and 25 dB is the selection criterion.
If TFM  L i ,BER   25 dB then Atoll uses the method for small percentage of time
If TFM  L i ,BER   25 dB then Atoll uses the method for various percentage of time
or
If q t_35dB  0 then q t = q t_35dB and 35 dB is the selection criterion.
Method for Small Percentage of Time
Following is the percentage of time pw for the average worst month where TFM  L i ,BER  is exceeded:
TFM  L i ,BER 
–  ---------------------------------
 10 
p w = P o  10
Method for Various Percentage of Time
q  TFM  L ,BER 
 –  ---------------------------------------------- 
a i
 – 10
20 
pw = 100   1 – e 
 
 
Where
TFM  L ,BER  TFM  L ,BER 
 –  --------------------------------- 
i
– 0 016  TFM  L i ,BER    – --------------------------------
i
-
TFM  L i ,BER  
  20     20 
q a = 1 + 0,3  10  10  q t + 4,3  10 + -------------------------------
-
    800 
    
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year Where TFM  L i ,BER  is Exceeded

G
–  -------
 10 
p = p w  10
Where the geoclimatic conversion factor expressed in dB is:
 0 7 o o
 10,3 – 5  Log  1 + Cos  2  Lat  L i    – 2,8  Log  d  L i   + 1,8  Log  1 +  p  for Lat  L i   45 N or 45 S
G = 
 10,3 – 5  Log  1 – Cos  2  Lat  L   0 7  – 2,8  Log  d  L   + 1,8  Log  1 +   for Lat  L   45 o N or 45 o S
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB .
Outage Probability due to Frequency Non-Selective Fading for the Average Worst Month

pw
P ns = --------
-
100
44
3.4.2.1.2 ITU-R P.530-5 - Method for Detailed Planning

 –  5,4 – C Lat – C Lon 

 10  PL  Li 
1,5
for overland links if H min  L i   700m

 –  6 – C Lat – C Lon 
1,5
 10  PL  Li  for overland links if H min  L i   700m
K = 
 –  4,8 – C Lat – C Lon 
1,5
 10  PL  Li  for medium-sized over-water links if strait or gulf
 –  4,4 – C Lat – C Lon 
 10  PL  Li 
1,5
for large over-water links if sea

Where

 0 for
o o
53 S  Lat  L i   53 N

  Li 
C Lat =  – 5,3 + Lat
----------------
o o o o
- for 53 N or 53 S  Lat  L i   60 N or 60 S
 10
 o o
 0,7 for Lat  L i   60 N or 60 S

And

 0,3 for 30 o W  Lon  L i   50 o E

C Lon =  o o
 – 0,3 for 150 W  Lon  L i   30 W
 0 for others

o o
h Rx  L i  – h Tx  L i 
 p = -----------------------------------------
-
d  Li 
• Antenna Height Above the Average Terrain Profile

First the linear equation of the average profile is determined using the "method of least squares":
AverageProfile  x  = a 0  x + a 1
Where
N  xi   hi N N
  x i  h i  – -------------------------------
i=1
N
i=1 -
 hi – a0   xi
=1
a 0 = i------------------------------------------------------------------ =1 i=1 -
- and a 1 = i-------------------------------------------
 N 
2 N
 x i
N   
2 i = 1 
 x i – --------------------
N
With:
• x which corresponds to the distance along the path. Expressed in meters.

• h which corresponds to the terrain height on a pixel. Expressed in meters.
• N which corresponds to the number of extracted pixels along the path.
45
Finally the transmitter and receiver antenna heights above the average terrain profile are calculated with the
following formulas:
h Tx_Avg  L i  = h Tx  L i  – AverageProfile  0  and h Rx_Avg  L i  = h Rx  L i  – AverageProfile  d  L i  
• Grazing Angle
The grazing angle is expressed in milliradians:
h Tx_Avg  L i  + h Rx_Avg  L i 
-   1 – m   1 + b2  
 = ---------------------------------------------------------
d  Li 
Where
+ 1-  Cos   1 3 c 3  m 
b = 2 m  --3- + 3  ArcCos  2  --------------------3- 
------------- --- -----------
3m m + 1
2
d  Li  with a e = 8500
m = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
4  a e   h Tx_Avg  L i  + h Rx_Avg  L i  
h Tx_Avg  L i  – h Rx_Avg  L i 
c = -----------------------------------------------------------
-
h Tx_Avg  L i  + h Rx_Avg  L i 

3,3 0,93 – 1,1 – 1,2
P o = 100  K  d  L i   f Tx  L i    1 + p  
Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various Percentage of Time
–  ------
25
10
p w_25dB = P o  10
–  ------
35
10
p w_35dB = P o  10
 25
q a_25dB  – 2  – -----
10
-
25-
- – 4 3   10
q t_25dB = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + -------- 

 25 
–  ------  800 
10  –  0,016  25 
 1 + 0 3  10   10
 
Where
100 – p w_25dB 
– 20  Log  – Ln  -------------------------------- -
  100 
q a_25dB  = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25
 35
q a_35dB  – 2  – -----
10
-
35-
- – 4 3   10
q t_35dB = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + -------- 

 35
– ------
 10 
 800 
–  0,016  35 
 1 + 0 3  10   10
 
Where
100 – p w_35dB 
– 20  Log  – Ln  -------------------------------- -
  100 
q a_35dB  = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
35
46
If q t_35dB  0 then q t = q t_25dB and 25 dB is the selection criterion.
or
If q t_35dB  0 then q t = q t_35dB and 35 dB is the selection criterion.
–  ---------------------------------
 10 
p w = P o  10
 –  ---------------------------------------------- 
a i
  20 
– 10
pw = 100   1 – e 
 
 
Where
 –  --------------------------------- 
i
–  0,016  TFM  L i ,BER     –  --------------------------------
i
- 
  TFM  L i ,BER  
q a =  1 + 0,3  10   10   q t + 4,3   10
20 20
+ -------------------------------
- 
 800
    

G
–  -------
 10 
p = p w  10
 0 7 o o
G = 
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB .
The following formaul is used:

pw
P ns = --------
-
100

47
– 0,1   C – C –C 
–7 0 Lat Lon 1,5
K = 5  10  10  PL  Li  for inland links.
  1 – r   Log  K  + r  Log  K 
 c i c cl
if K cl  K i for coastal links over/near large bodies of water.
K =  10
 Ki if K cl  K i

  1 – r c   Log  K i  + r c  Log  K cm 
 if K cm  K i for coastal links over/near medium bodies of water.
K =  10
 Ki if K cm  K i

Where
 1,7 if 0  H min  L i   400m


C 0 =  4,2 if 400  H min  L i   700m

 8 if H min  L i   700m
 o o
 0 for 53 S  Lat  L i   53 N

C Lat =  – 53 + Lat  L  for 53 o N or 53 o S  Lat  L   60 o N or 60 o S
 i i
 7 for
o
Lat  L i   60 N or 60 S
o


 3 for 30 o W  Lon  L i   50 o E

C Lon =  o o
 – 3 for 150 W  Lon  L i   30 W
 0 for others

– 0,1   C 0 – C Lat – C Lon 

–7 1,5
K i = 5  10  10  PL  Li 
– 0 1  C 0 – 0,011  Lat  L i 
–4
K cl = 2,3  10  10
0,5   Log  K  + Log  K  

i cl
K cm = 10
o o
h Rx  L i  – h Tx  L i 
 p = -----------------------------------------
-
d  Li 

3,6 0,89 – 1,4
P o = 100  K  d  L i   f Tx  L i    1 + p 
1. Calculate the transition fading value between deep fading and shallow fading expressed in dB:
A t = 25 + 1,2  Log  P o 

If TFM  L i ,BER   A t then Atoll uses the method for small percentage of time
48
If TFM  L i ,BER   A t then Atoll uses the method for various percentage of time
–  ---------------------------------
10
p w = P o  10
 –  ---------------------------------------------- 
a i
 – 10
20 
pw = 100   1 – e 
 
 
Where
 –  --------------------------------- 
i
–  0,016  TFM  L i ,BER     – --------------------------------
i
-
TFM  L i ,BER  
  20     20 
q a = 2 +  1 + 0,3  10  10   q t + 4,3   10 + -------------------------------
- 
 800
    
Where
A
 – -----t- 
qa  – 2  20 At 
q t = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- – 4,3   10 + --------
-
At 800
 –  ------  –  0,016  A t   
 1 + 0,3  10 20   10
 
 
Where
100 – p
– 20  Log  – Ln  -------------------t 
100
q a  = ------------------------------------------------------------------
At
Where
At
–  ------
 10
p t = P o  10
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year where TFM  L i ,BER  is Exceeded

G
–  -------
 10 
p = p w  10
 0 7 o o
 10,5 – 5,6  Log  1,1 + Cos  2  Lat  L i    – 2,7  Log  d  L i   + 1,7  Log  1 +  p  for Lat  L i   45 N or 45 S
G = 
 10,5 – 5,6  Log  1,1 – Cos  2  Lat  L   0 7  – 2,7  Log  d  L   + 1,7  Log  1 +   for Lat  L   45 o N or 45 o S
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB .

pw
P ns = --------
-
100
49
3.4.2.1.4 ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12 - Method for Initial Planning
The geoclimatic factor is calculated based on the location of the studied link:
– 4,2 – 0,0029  dN 1  L i 
K = 10
h Rx  L i  – h Tx  L i 
 p = -----------------------------------------
-
d  Li 

0,033  fTx  L i  – 0,001  H min  L i 
3 – 1,2
P o = 100  K  d  L i    1 +  p   10
A t = 25 + 1,2  Log  P o 

If TFM  s i ,BER   A t then Atoll uses the method for small percentage of time
If TFM  s i ,BER   A t then Atoll uses the method for various percentage of time
Following is the percentage of time pw for the average worst month where TFM  L i ,BER  is exceeded
–  ---------------------------------
 10 
p w = P o  10
 –  ---------------------------------------------- 
a i
  20 
– 10
pw = 100   1 – e 
 
 
Where
 –  --------------------------------- 
i
–  0,016  TFM  L i ,BER     – --------------------------------
i
- 
  TFM  L i ,BER  
q a = 2 +  1 + 0,3  10   10   q t + 4,3   10
20 20
+ -------------------------------
-
    800 
    
Where
A
qa  – 2  –  -----t- A 
 20
q t = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- – 4,3   10 t 
+ --------
-
A  800 
 –  t- 
----- –  0,016  A t   
 1 + 0,3  10 20   10  
 
 
Where
50
100 – p
– 20  Log  – Ln  -------------------t 
  100  
q a  = ------------------------------------------------------------------
At
Where
A
–  ------
t
 10
p t = P o  10

G
–  -------
 10 
p = p w  10
 0 7 o o
G = 
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB .

pw
P ns = --------
-
100
3.4.2.1.5 ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12 - Method for Detailed Planning
– 3,9 – 0,003  dN 1  L i  – 0,42
K = 10  Sa  Li 
h Rx  L i  – h Tx  L i 
 p = -----------------------------------------
-
d  Li 

0,032  f Tx  L i  – 0,00085  H min  L i 
3,2 – 0,97
P o = 100  K  d  L i    1 + p   10
1. Calculate the Transition Fading Depth Value between Deep Fading and Shallow Fading Expressed in dB:
A t = 25 + 1,2  Log  P o 

51
TFM  L ,BER 
–  ---------------------------------
i
 10 
p w = P o  10
 –  ---------------------------------------------- 
a i
  20 
– 10
pw = 100   1 – e 
 
 
Where
 –  --------------------------------- 
i
–  0,016  TFM  L i ,BER     – --------------------------------
i
- 
    TFM  L i ,BER  
q a = 2 +  1 + 0,3  10   q t + 4,3   10
20 20
 10 + -------------------------------
-
    800 
    
Where
A
qa  – 2  –  -----t- A 
 20
q t = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- – 4,3   10 t 
+ --------
-
A  800 
 –  t- 
----- –  0,016  A t   
 1 + 0,3  10 20   10  
 
 
Where
100 – p
– 20  Log  – Ln  -------------------t 
  100  
q a  = ------------------------------------------------------------------
At
Where
At
–  ------
10
p t = P o  10

G
–  -------
10
p = p w  10
 0 7 o o
G = 
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB .

pw
P ns = --------
-
100

52
– 4,6 – 0,0027  dN
1
K = 10
h Rx  L i  – h Tx  L i 
 p = -----------------------------------------
-
d  Li 

· – 0,00076  H min  L i 
3 4 – 1,03 0 8
Po = K  d  Li    1 + p   f Tx  L i   10
A t = 25 + 1,2  Log  P o 

If TFM  s i ,BER   A t then Atoll uses the method for small percentage of time
If TFM  s i ,BER   A t then Atoll uses the method for various percentage of time
–  ---------------------------------
 10 
p w = P o  10
 –  ---------------------------------------------- 
a i
 – 10
20 
pw = 100   1 – e 
 
 
Where
 –  --------------------------------- 
i
–  0,016  TFM  L i ,BER     – --------------------------------
i
-
TFM  L i ,BER  
  20     20 
q a = 2 + 1 + 0,3  10  10  q t + 4,3  10 + -------------------------------
-
    800 
    
Where
A
qa  – 2  – -----t- A 
 20
q t = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- – 4,3   10 t 
+ --------
-
At 800
 –  ------  –  0,016  A   
 1 + 0,3  10 20   10 t
 
 
Where
100 – p t
– 20  Log  – Ln  ------------------- 
100
q a  = ------------------------------------------------------------------
At
Where
At
–  ------
10
p t = P o  10
53

G
–  -------
 10 
p = p w  10
 0 7 o o
G = 
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB .

pw
P ns = --------
-
100
3.4.2.1.7 ITU-R P.530-13 - Method for Detailed Planning

– 4 4 – 0,0027  dN1  L i 
– 0,46
K = 10   10 + S a  L i  
h Rx  L i  – h Tx  L i 
 p = -----------------------------------------
-
d  Li 

– 0,00089  H L 
3,1 – 1 29 0 8 min i
Po = K  d  Li    1 + p   f Tx  L i   10
1. Calculate the Transition Fading Depth Value between Deep Fading and Shallow Fading Expressed in dB:
A t = 25 + 1,2  Log  P o 

TFM  L ,BER 
–  ---------------------------------
i
 10 
p w = P o  10
54
 –  ---------------------------------------------- 
a i
  20 
– 10
pw = 100   1 – e 
 
 
Where
 –  --------------------------------- 
i
–  0,016  TFM  L ,BER     – --------------------------------
i
-
TFM  L i ,BER  
 20  i    20 
q a = 2 +  1 + 0,3  10  10   q t + 4,3   10 + -------------------------------
- 
 800
    
Where
A
 – -----t- 
qa  – 2  20 At 
q t = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- – 4,3   10 + --------
-
At  800
 –  ------  –  0,016  A t   
 1 + 0,3  10  20    10
 
 
Where
100 – p
– 20  Log  – Ln  -------------------t 
  100  
q a  = ------------------------------------------------------------------
At
Where
A
–  ------
t
 10
p t = P o  10

G
–  -------
 10 
p = p w  10
 0 7 o o
G = 
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB .

pw
P ns = --------
-
100
3.4.2.2 Frequency Selective Fading

3.4.2.2.1 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10 and ITU-R P.530-11
Method With the Equipment Signature
The outage probability due to frequency selective fading for the average worst month is:
B L  B L 
 M_Tx i -
– -------------------------- 2 NM_Tx i -
– ------------------------------  m 
2
m
P s = 2,15     W M_Tx  L i  10
20 20
 ------------
- + W NM_Tx  L i  10  ---------------
-
 r_M  r_NM 
 
Where  is the multipath activity factor:
55
0,75
– 0,2  P
0
 = 1–e
And  m is the mean time delay:
d  L i  1,3
 m = 0,7   -----------
-
 50 
Method With the Normalized Equipment Signature
 m 2
P s = 2,16    K n_Tx  L i   2   -----
-
Ts 
Where T s is the equipment baud period expressed in ns:
Log 2  M Tx  L i  
T s = ----------------------------------
-
BRate Tx  L i 
Where BRateTx  L i  is the bit rate expressed in bits:
BRate Tx  L i  = Capacity Tx  L i   PRate Tx  L i 
or
30
BRate Tx  L i  = Capacity Tx  L i   GRate Tx  L i   ------ when PRateTx  L i  is not available.
32
3.4.2.2.2 ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R P.530-13

Method With the Equipment Signature
B L  B L 
 M_Tx i
– ---------------------------
m
2 NM_Tx i
– ------------------------------- m 
2
P s = 2,15     W M_Tx  L i  10  ----------------
20 20
- + W NM_Tx  L i  10
 ------------
  r_M  r_NM 
 

0,75
– 0,2  P 0
 = 1–e
And  m is the mean time delay:
d  L i  1,3
 m = 0,7   -----------
-
50 
Method With the Normalized Equipment Signature
 m 2
P s = 2,15     K n_M_Tx  L i  + K n_NM_Tx  L i     -----
-
 Ts 
Where T s is the equipment baud period expressed in ns:
Log 2  M Tx  L i  
T s = ----------------------------------
-
BRate Tx  L i 
Where BRateTx  L i  is the bit rate expressed in bits:
BRate Tx  L i  = Capacity Tx  L i   PRate Tx  L i 
or
30
BRate Tx  L i  = Capacity Tx  L i   GRate Tx  L i   ------ when PRateTx  L i  is not available.
32
56
3.4.2.3 Vigants-Barnett
3.4.2.3.1 Method for Initial Planning
Climatic Parameters
• Climatic Factor
The climatic factor can be user-defined or can depend on the climate where the studied link is located :
 4 for hot/humid climate


C =  1 for temperate climate

 0,25 for dry climate

–7 3
P o = 100  6  10  C  f Tx  L i   d  L i 
Following is the percentage of time pw for the average worst month where CFM  L i ,BER  is exceeded:
CFM  Li ,BER 
–  ---------------------------------
 10 
p w = P o  10
Where
– T FM  L i ,BER   10 – D FM  L i ,BER   10
CFM  L i ,BER  = 10 log  10 + 10 

Percentage of Time p for the Average Year Where CFM  L i ,BER  is Exceeded
3
p = p w  ------
12
With the assumption that the ’worst month’ conditions occur during the three summer months (June, July and August).
3.4.2.3.2 Method for Detailed Planning

Climatic Parameters
• Climatic Factor
The climatic factor depends on a climate factor and a terrain factor where the studied link is located:
C = F Climate  L i   F Terrain  L i 
Where
• When terrain roughness is considered


F Climate  L i  =  1 for temperate climate

And
R g  L i  – 1,3
F Climate  L i  =  -------------
- where 6 m  R g  L i   42 m
 15,2 
• When terrain roughness is not considered
 0,5 for hot/humid climate


F Climate  L i  =  0,25 for temperate climate

57
And


F Terrain  L i  =  1 for temperate climate


–7 3
P o = 100  6  10  C  f Tx  L i   d  L i 
Following is the percentage of time pw for the average worst month where CFM  L i ,BER  is exceeded:
CFM  L i ,BER 
–  ---------------------------------
10
p w = P o  10
Where
– T FM  L i ,BER   10 – D FM  L i ,BER   10
CFM  L i ,BER  = 10 log  10 + 10 
 
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year Where CFM  L i ,BER  is Exceeded
3
p = p w  ------
12
With the assumption that the ’worst month’ conditions occur during the three summer months (June, July and August).
3.4.2.4 CCIR Report 338 (KQ factor)

3.4.2.4.1 Method for Detailed Planning
Climatic Parameters
• Climatic Factor
The climatic factor, KQ , is user-defined. It depends on the climate and the terrain where the studied link is located.

B 338 C 338
P o = 100  KQ  f Tx  L i   d  Li 
TFM  L ,BER 
–  ---------------------------------
i
 10 
p w = P o  10

G
–  -------
 10 
p = p w  10
 0 7 o o
G = 
 i i p i
58
With G  10,8 dB .

pw
P ns = --------
-
100
Recommended Values of Parameters KQ , B and C
These empirical values are proposed by the CCIR 338 for six different locations:

 1,2 for Japan
 1 for NW Europe, USA and Northern Europe
B 338 = 
 0,85 for UK
 1,5 for ex-USSR

 3,5 for Japan,NW Europe and UK


C 338 =  3 for USA and Northern Europe

 2 for ex – USSR
• For maritime temperate, Meditarranean, coastal or high humidity and temperate climatic regions

 4  10 –3
 -------------------
- for USA
KQ =  S1
1,3

 2  10 –3 for ex-USSR

• For maritime sub-tropical climatic regions

  10 –3
KQ =  3
-------------------- for USA
1,3
 S1

• For continental temperate climates or mid-latitude inland climatic regions with average rolling terrain
 –7
 1  10 for Japan
 –6
 1,4  10 for NW Europe

 8,1  10 –5 4  10 –4
 -----------------------
1,3
- to --------------------
1,3
for UK
 S2 S2

KQ =  2,1  10 -
–3
 ----------------------- for USA
1,3
 S1

 4,1  10
–4
for ex-USSR

 2,3  10 -
–3
 ----------------------- for Northern Europe
 S1
1,3

• For temperate climates, coastal regions with fairly flat terrain

 9,9  10 -
–6
 ----------------------- for Japan
 h1 + h2

KQ =  2,3  10 –3 to 4,9  10 – 3 for ex-USSR

 6,5  10 -
–3
 ----------------------- for Northern Europe
1,3
 S1

• For high dry mountainous climatic regions
59
 –8
 3,9  10 for Japan

 1  10
–3
KQ =  -------------------- for USA
1,3
 S1

 1  10
–6
for Northern Europe

• For temperate climates, inland regions with fairly flat terrain

 7,6  10 –3 to 2  10 –3 for ex-USSR

KQ =  3,3  10
–3
 ------------------------ for Northern Europe
1,3
 S1

Where h 1 and h 2 are the antenna heights expressed in meters. S 1 is the terrain roughness expressed in meters by the
standard deviation of terrain elevations at 1 km intervals, with 6 m  S 1  42 m . S 2 is the root mean square (r.m.s) value of
the slopes expressed in millirad (mrad) measured between points separated by 1 km along the path excluding the first and
the last complete interval, with 1  S 2  80 .
3.4.3 Signal Enhancement

3.4.3.1 ITU-R P.530-5
3.4.3.1.1 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Worst Month
TFM  L i ,BER  0,01_m is found by solving the following equation:
 0,01_m
–  ----------------------------------------------------
 10 
p w = P o  10
 –  ----------------------------------------------------------------- 
 a i 0,01_m
  20 
= 100   1 – e 
– 10
pw
 
 
 
Where
  i 0,01_m 
–  ----------------------------------------------------
  – ---------------------------------------------------
i 0,01_m
-
 –  0,016  TFM  L i ,BER   
 20  0,01_m   20 
q a =  1 + 0,3  10   10   q t + 4,3   10 +
   
   

TFM  L i ,BER  0,01_m 
---------------------------------------------- 
800 

3.4.3.1.2 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year
TFM  L i ,BER  0,01_y is found by solving the following equation:
60
TFM  L ,BER 
 i 0,01_y
–  --------------------------------------------------
0,01  10 
-------------- = P o  10
G
– -------
10
10
 0 7 o o
G = 
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB .
 –  --------------------------------------------------------------- 
 a i 0,01_y
  20 
0,01- = 100   1 – e –10 
-------------
– G
-------
 
10  
10  
Where
 –  -------------------------------------------------- 
 i 0,01_y   –  -------------------------------------------------
i 0,01_y-

 –  0,016  TFM  L i ,BER   
 20  0,01_y   20 
q a =  1 + 0,3  10   10   q t + 4,3   10 +
   
   

TFM  L i ,BER  0,01_y 
--------------------------------------------
800 

 0 7 o o
G = 
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB .
3.4.3.1.3 Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various
Percentage of Time
The transition fading value between deep fading and shallow fading is expressed in dB:
SEM  s i ,BER  = 10
Then the decison is made based on the following options:

If SEM  s i ,BER   SEM  s i ,BER  then Atoll uses the method for small percentage of time
If SEM  s i ,BER   SEM  s i ,BER  then Atoll uses the method for various percentage of time
3.4.3.1.4 Method for Small Percentage of Time

Percentage of Time pw for the Average Worst Month Where SEM  L i ,BER  is Exceeded
– 1,7 + 0,2  TFM  L i ,BER  – SEM  L i ,BER 

0,01_m
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3,5
p w = 100 – 10
61
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year where SEM  L i ,BER  is Exceeded
G
–  -------
 10 
p = p w  10
Where
0,01_y
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
3,5
p w = 100 – 10
And the geoclimatic conversion factor expressed in dB is:
 0 7 o o
G = 
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB .
Outage Probability due to Signal Enhancement for the Average Worst Month

pw
P se = --------
-
100
3.4.3.1.5 Method for Various Percentage of Time

q  SEM  L ,BER 
 –  --------------------------------------------- 
e i
  20 
– 10
pw = 100 – 58,21   1 – e 
 
 
Where
SEM  L ,BER  0,7  S EM  L ,BER  SEM  L ,BER 
 –  --------------------------------- 
i
–  -----------------------------------------------
i   – --------------------------------
i
- 
  10    SEM  L i ,BER  
q e = 8 +  1 + 0,3  10   q s + 12   10
20 20 20
+ -------------------------------
- 
 800
    
Where
q s = 2,05  q e  – 20,3
Where
– 20 100 – p w   
q e  = ----------------------------------   Log  – Ln  1 – ----------------------
-
SEM  s i ,BER     58,21   
Where
– 1,7 + 0,2  TFM  s i ,BER  – SEM  s i ,BER 
0,01_m
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
3,5
p w  = 100 – 10
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year where SEM  L i ,BER  is Exceeded

G
–  -------
 10 
p = p w  10
Where
q  SEM  L ,BER 
 –  --------------------------------------------- 
e i
  20 
– 10
pw = 100 – 58,21   1 – e 
 
 
62
Where
SEM  L ,BER  0,7  S EM  L ,BER  SEM  L ,BER 
 –  --------------------------------- 
i
–  -----------------------------------------------
i   – --------------------------------
i
-
SEM  L i ,BER  
  20   20     20 
q e = 8 +  1 + 0,3  10  10   q s + 12   10 + -------------------------------
- 
 800
    
Where
q s = 2,05  q e  – 20,3
Where
– 20 100 – p w   
q e  = ----------------------------------   Log  – Ln  1 – ----------------------
-
SEM  L i ,BER     58,21   
Where
– 1,7 + 0,2  TFM  L i ,BER  – SEM  L i ,BER 
0,01_y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3,5
p w  = 100 – 10
 0 7 o o
G = 
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB .

pw
P se = --------
-
100
3.4.3.2 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R
P.530-13
3.4.3.2.1 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Worst Month
TFM  L ,BER 
–  ---------------------------------
i
 10 
p w = P o  10
 –  ---------------------------------------------- 
a i
  20 
– 10
pw = 100   1 – e 
 
 
Where
–  TFM  L ,BER   –  TFM  L ,BER  
 -----------------------------------------
i
– 0 016  TFM  L i ,BER    ----------------------------------------
i
-
TFM  L i ,BER  
q a =  1 + 0,3  10   10   q t + 4,3   10
20 20
+ -------------------------------
-
    800 
    
63
3.4.3.2.2 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year
TFM  L ,BER 
 i 0,01_y
–  --------------------------------------------------
0,01- = P  10  10 
------------- o
G
– -------
10
10
 0 7 o o
G = 
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB .
 –  --------------------------------------------------------------- 
 a i 0,01_y
  20 
= 100   1 – e 
0,01- – 10
-------------
G
– -------
 
10  
10  
Where
 –  -------------------------------------------------- 
 i 0,01_y   – -------------------------------------------------
i 0,01_y-

 –  0,016  TFM  L ,BER   
 20  i 0,01_y   20 
q a =  1 + 0,3  10   10   q t + 4,3   10 +
   
   

TFM  L i ,BER  0,01_y 
-------------------------------------------- 
800 

 0 7 o o
10,5 – 5,6  Log  1,1 + Cos  2  Lat  L i    – 2,7  Log  d  L i   + 1,7  Log  1 +  p  for Lat  L i   45 N or 45 S
G = 
10,5 – 5,6  Log  1,1 – Cos  2  Lat  L   0 7  – 2,7  Log  d  L   + 1,7  Log  1 +   for Lat  L   45 o N or 45 o S
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB .
3.4.3.2.3 Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various
Percentage of Time
The transition fading value between deep fading and shallow fading is expressed in dB:
SEM  s i ,BER  = 10
Then the decison is made based on the following options:

If SEM  s i ,BER   SEM  s i ,BER  then Atoll uses the method for small percentage of time
If SEM  s i ,BER   SEM  s i ,BER  then Atoll uses the method for various percentage of time
3.4.3.2.4 Method for Small Percentage of Time

64
– 1,7 + 0,2  TFM  L ,BER  – SEM  L ,BER 

i 0,01_m i
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
3,5
p w = 100 – 10
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year Where SEM  L i ,BER  is Exceeded

G
–  -------
 10 
p = p w  10
Where
0,01_y
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
3,5
p = 100 – 10
 0 7 o o
G = 
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB
pw
P se = --------
-
100
3.4.3.2.5 Method for Various Percentage of Time


–  q  SEM  L ,BER  
 ------------------------------------------------------
e i
 – 10
20 
pw = 100 – 58,21   1 – e 
 
 
Where
SEM  L ,BER  SEM  L ,BER  SEM  L ,BER 
 –  --------------------------------- 
i
– 0,7  --------------------------------- 
i  –  --------------------------------
i
-
SEM  L i ,BER  
   
q e = 8 +  1 + 0,3  10   q s + 12   10
20 20 20
 10 + -------------------------------
- 
 800
    
Where
q s = 2,05  q e  – 20,3
Where
– 20 100 – p w   
q e  = ----------------------------------   Log  – Ln  1 – ----------------------
-
SEM  s i ,BER     58,21   
Where
0,01_m
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3,5
p w  = 100 – 10
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year Where SEM  L i ,BER  is Exceeded

G
–  -------
10
p = p w  10
Where
65
–  q  SEM  L ,BER  
 ------------------------------------------------------
e i
 – 10
20 
pw = 100 – 58,21   1 – e 
 
 
Where
SEM  L ,BER  SEM  L ,BER  SEM  L ,BER 
 –  --------------------------------- 
i
– 0,7  --------------------------------- 
i  – --------------------------------
i
-
SEM  L i ,BER  
 20  20    20 
q e = 8 +  1 + 0,3  10  10   q s + 12   10 + -------------------------------
- 
 800
    
Where
q s = 2,05  q e  – 20,3
Where
– 20 100 – p w   
q e  = ----------------------------------   Log  – Ln  1 – ----------------------
-
SEM  L i ,BER     58,21   
Where
0,01_y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3,5
p w  = 100 – 10
 0 7 o o
10,5 – 5,6  Log  1,1 + Cos  2  Lat  L i    – 2,7  Log  d  L i   + 1,7  Log  1 +  p  for Lat  L i   45 N or 45 S
G = 
10,5 – 5,6  Log  1,1 – Cos  2  Lat  L   0 7  – 2,7  Log  d  L   + 1,7  Log  1 +   for Lat  L   45 o N or 45 o S
 i i p i
With G  10,8 dB

pw
P se = --------
-
100
3.4.4 XPD Reduction

3.4.4.1 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10 and ITU-R P.530-11
3.4.4.1.1 Multipath Parameter
Multipath Activity Factor
The following formala is used:

0,75
– 0,2  P 0
 = 1–e
3.4.4.1.2 Cross-Polarisation Parameters

Static XPD
The static XPD during unfaded conditions is expressed in dB:

 XPD g + 5 for XPD g  35
XPD 0 = 
 40 for XPD g  35

66
XPD Improvement Factor
The improvement factor that shows strong dependence on the slope of the cross-polarized antenna patterns in the vertical
planeis expressed in dB:
k XP  
Q = – 10  Log  -----------------
P0
Where k XP = 0,7 for one transmit antenna
Static Improved XPD
The static improved XPD during unfaded conditions is expressed in dB:

C = XPD 0 + Q
3.4.4.1.3 Outage Probability due to XPD Reduction for the Average Worst Month
M
–  ----------------
XPD
 10 
P XP = P o  10
Where

C –  ---
 C
L  without XPIC
 I 0_Tx i
M XPD = 
  C
 C –  --I-  L i  + XPIF Tx  L i  with XPIC
 0_Tx
3.4.5 Diversity
3.4.5.1 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R
P.530-13
3.4.5.1.1 Space Diversity
Optimum Antenna Separation
• Non-Terrain Based Method

The optimum antenna separation on the receiver is expressed in meters:
3   Tx  L i   d  L i 
S Rx = -------------------------------------------
-
8  h Tx  L i 
• Terrain Based Method

The optimum antenna separation on the transmitter is expressed in meters:
m   Tx
- with m being an even number (e.g. m   1 3 5 7 9 ...  )
S Tx = -----------------
2
Where
150  d  L i 
 Tx = ---------------------------------------------------------------
2
d Rx 
f Tx  L i    h Rx – --------------------- -
12,74  k
The optimum antenna separation on the receiver is expressed in meters:
m   Rx
S Rx = ------------------ with m being an even number (e.g. m   1 3 5 7 9 ...  )
2
Where
67
150  d  L i 
 Rx = --------------------------------------------------------------
-
2
 d Tx 
f Tx  L i   h Tx – ----------------------
 12,74  k
Space Diversity Improvement Factor
– 0,12 0,48 – 1,04 TFM  s i ,BER  – G Tx  L i  – G Rx  L i 

0,87
 – 0,04  Sep Rx  L i   f Tx  L i   d  Li   Po  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10
I ns_s = 1 – e  10
 

P ns
P dns = ---------
-
I ns_s
Outage Probability due to Frequency Selective Fading for the Average Worst Month

2
P ns
P ds = -------------------------------
-
2
   1 – k s_s 

0,75
– 0,2  P 0
 = 1–e
And
 0,8238 for r w  0,5


2  0,109 – 0,13  Log  1 – r w 
k s_s =  1 – 0,195   1 – r  for 0,5  r w  0,9628
 w
 1 – 0,3957   1 – r w 
0,5136
for r w  0,9628

Where r w is the frequency selective correlation coefficient:
 2 2,17 2
 1 – 0,9746   1 – k ns_s  for k ns_s  0,26
rw = 
 1 – 0,6921   1 – k 2  1,034 for k 2  0,26
 ns_s ns_s
2
Where k ns_s is the frequency non-selective correlation coefficient:
2 I ns_s  P ns
k ns_s = 1 – -----------------------
-

3.4.5.1.2 Frequency Diversity

Optimum Frequency Separation
• Terrain Based Method

The optimum frequency separation on the transmitter is expressed in MHz:
S Tx = m  f Tx with m being an even number (e.g. m   1 3 5 7 9 ...  )
Where
4
7,5  10  d  L i 
f Tx = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
2 2
d Tx  
 h – --------------------- d Rx 
 Tx 12,74  k-   h Rx – --------------------- -
12,74  k
68
Frequency Diversity Improvement Factor
TFM  L ,BER 
i
80 Sep_Freq Tx  L i  ---------------------------------
10
I ns_f = ---------------------------------  ------------------------------------
-  10
f Tx  L i   d  L i  f Tx  L i 
Where Sep_Freq Tx  L i  = Min  Sep_Freq  L i  Tx 0,5 

P ns
P dns = ---------
I ns_f

2
P ns
P ds = -------------------------------
-
2
   1 – k s_f 

0,75
– 0,2  P
0
 = 1–e
And
 0,8238 for rw  0,5


2  0,109 – 0,13  Log  1 – r w 
k s_f =  1 – 0,195   1 – r  for 0,5  r w  0,9628
 w
 1 – 0,3957   1 – r w 
0,5136
for r w  0,9628

 2 2,17 2
 1 – 0,9746   1 – k ns_f  for k ns_f  0,26
rw = 
 1 – 0,6921   1 – k2  1,034 for k 2  0,26
 ns_f ns_f
2
Where k ns_f is the frequency non-selective correlation coefficient:
2 I ns_f  P ns
k ns_f = 1 – ----------------------
-

3.4.5.1.3 Space and Frequency Diversity (Two Receivers)

Space and Frequency Diversity Improvement Factor
The space and frequency diversity improvement factor is the same as the space diversity improvement factor:
– 0,12 0,48 – 1,04 TFM  L i ,BER  – G Tx  L i  – G Rx  L i 

0,87
 – 0,04  Sep Rx  L i   f Tx  L i   d  Li   Po  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10
I ns_sf = 1 – e  10
 

P ns
P dns = ----------
-
I ns_sf
69

2
P ns
P ds = ---------------------------------
2
   1 – k s_sf 

0,75
– 0,2  P 0
 = 1–e
And
 0,8238 for r w  0,5


2  0,109 – 0,13  Log  1 – r w 
k s_sf =  1 – 0,195   1 – r  for 0,5  r w  0,9628
 w
 1 – 0,3957   1 – r w 
0,5136
for r w  0,9628

 2 2,17 2
 1 – 0,9746   1 – k ns_sf  for k ns_sf  0,26
rw = 
 1 – 0,6921   1 – k 2  1,034 for k 2
 ns_sf ns_sf  0,26
2
Where k ns_sf is the frequency non-selective correlation coefficient:
2 2
k ns_sf =  k ns_s  k ns_f 
3.4.5.2 Vigants-Barnett
3.4.5.2.1 Space Diversity
Space Diversity Improvement Factor

–3 2  A – G   10
 10  f  H  10
l ns = 1,2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
d
Where: f is the frequency (GHz), d is the link length (km), H is the antenna separation (m), A is the margin, and G is the
gain difference between the standard antenna and the diversity antenna.
When calculating the space diversity improvement factor, the actual improvement factor is limited to approximately 200.
3.5 Surface Reflection Analysis

3.5.1 Input
h Tx  L i  Calculated m Transmitter antenna height on link Li
h Rx  L i  Calculated m Receiver antenna height on link Li
Receiver altitude of ground above

y Rx Site parameter m
sea level
Transmitter altitude of ground above
y Tx Site parameter m
sea level
Altitude of mid-point of reflection
y0 Calculated m
area above the sea level
70

Distance of mid-point of reflection
x0 Calculated km
area from transmitter
Altitude of first point of reflection
ya Calculated m
Altitude of last point of reflection
yb Calculated m
Transmitter distance to the first
xa Calculated km
point of reflection area
Transmitter distance to the last point
xb Calculated km
of reflection area
k Median Calculated none Median k factor
k max User defined none Maximum k factor
k min User defined none Minimum k factor
ae Calculated km Effective earth radius
f Tx  L i  Link Parameter GHz Transmitter frequency on link Li
Transmitter antenna’s tilt angle on

 t_Tx Link Parameter degrees
link Li
Receiver antenna’s tilt angle on link
 t_Rx Link Parameter degrees
Li
3.5.2 ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R

P.530-13
3.5.2.1 Surface Reflection Point Location
The following calculations are conducted on the studied reflection area.
From the transmitter the location of the reflexion point is expressed in km:
d  Li    1 + b 
d Tx = ----------------------------------
-
2
From the receiver the location of the reflexion point is expressed in km:
d  Li    1 – b 
d Rx = ----------------------------------
-
2
Where
+ 1-  Cos   3c 3  m - 
--- + ---  ArcCos  -----------  --------------------
1
b = 2 m
-------------
3m 3 3  2 3 
m + 1
Where
2
d  Li 
-  10 3 with a e = 6375  k Median
m = ----------------------------------------------
4  a e   h Tx + h Rx 
Where
h Tx – h Rx
c = ---------------------
h Tx + h Rx
Where the antenna height of the transmitter above the reflection area is expressed in meters:
3
h Tx = h Tx  L i  + y Tx – y 0 + x 0  10  Tan  v 
And the antenna height of the receiver above the reflection area is expressed in meters:
3
h Tx = h Rx  L i  + y Rx – y 0 +  d  L i  – x 0   10  Tan  v 
71
Where
yb – ya
Tan  v  = ---------------
-
xb – xa
3.5.2.2 Difference in Path Length Between Direct and Reflected Signals

The difference in path length between direct and reflected signals is expressen in wavelengths:
2 2
2  f Tx  L i   d Tx   d Rx  –3
 = -------------------------   h Tx – -------------------------------------
-   h Rx – -------------------------------------
-  10
0,3  d  L i   12,74  k Median  12,74  k Median
This difference is calculated for k min that would produce  min and for k max that would produce  max .
3.5.2.3 Surface Reflection Coefficient


 Sin    –  – Cos   
2
 --------------------------------------------------------- for Horizontal polarisation
 Sin    +  – Cos   
2

 2
Sin    – 
 =  – Cos   -
-----------------------------
 
2
 --------------------------------------------------------- for Vertical polarisation
 2
Sin    + 
 – Cos   -
-----------------------------
 
2

Where  is the grazing angle:
h Tx + h Rx 2
 = ---------------------  1 – m  1 + b 
d  Li 
And  is the complex permittivity of the surface:
 18  -
 =  r – j----------------------
f Tx  L i 
Where  r is the relative permittivity and  is the conductivity. Both are interpolated data from the ITU-R P.527
recommendation’s curves.
3.5.2.4 Effective Surface Reflection Coefficient

 eff =   D  R s  R r
D is the divergence factor of the surface:
2
1 – m  1 + b 
D = -------------------------------------------------
2
1 + m  1 + 3  b 
R s is the divergence factor of the surface:
 4  f Tx  L i   h Tx  h Rx  10
–2 
2 –2
 d  L i   1 + --------------------------------------------------------------------- 
f Tx  L i    h Tx + h Rx   x  10  3  d  Li  
Rs = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- with  x = Max  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 –2
- x b – x a
3  h Tx  h Rx  d  L i 
3
 f Tx  L i    h Tx + h Rx   10 
 1 + ------------------------------------------------------------------- 
 3  d  L i  
R r is the roughness factor of the surface:
2
1+g -----
2
Rr = ---------------------------------------------------------------
2 4
g g
1 + 2,35  -----  2    -----
2 4
72
40    f Tx  L i    h  Sin   
Where g = -----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
3
 h is the standard deviation of the surface height along the reflection area:

 N
 1

2
 ---  Zi for Root Mean Square Method
 N
 i=1
h =  N
 1

2
 ---   Zi – Z  for Standard Deviation Method
 N
 i=1
 RelativeHeight90 – RelativeHeight10 for Interferdecile Range Method

N
1
Where Z i = h i – AverageProfile  x i  , Z = --- 
N  Zi , RelativeHeight10 = RelativeHeights(Int(0.1  N   and
i=1
RelativeHeight90 = RelativeHeights(Int(0.9  N   where RelativeHeights is a sorted liste of Z i .
AverageProfile  x  is the linear equation of the average profile etermined using the "method of least squares":
AverageProfile  x  = a 0  x + a 1
Where
N  xi   hi N N
  xi  hi  – =1 i=1 -
i-------------------------------
N  hi – a0   xi
=1
a 0 = i------------------------------------------------------------------ =1 i=1 -
- and a 1 = i-------------------------------------------
 N 
2 N
 x i
N   
2 i = 1 
 x i – --------------------
N
Where
• x which corresponds to the distance along the path. Expressed in meters.
• h which corresponds to the terrain height on a pixel. Expressed in meters.
• N which corresponds to the number of extracted pixels along the path.
3.5.2.5 Thermal Fade Margin Attenuation

The maximum possible thermal fade margin attenuation from interference between the direct and the reflected signals is
expresses in dB:
L L
 – -----d- – -----s-
= – 20  Log  10 – 10 
20 20
A max
 
 
L s is the attenuation of reflected signals expressed in dB:
L s = L a – 20  Log   eff 
Where L a = AntLoss Tx   Tx +  t_Tx  + AntLoss Rx   Rx +  t_Rx 
With the corresponding angle of arrival of the refelcted signal expressed in degrees:
h Tx h Tx – h Rx d Rx h Rx h Rx – h Tx d Tx
 Tx = ---------   ------ - 10 and  Tx = ---------   ------- - 10
180 –3 180 –3
 d Tx – --------------------
- - – ------------------------------------- – --------------------- – -------------------------------------
 d  Li  12,74  k Median  d Rx d  Li  12,74  k Median
AntLoss Tx  x  is antenna attenuation for angle on transmitter’s antenna pattern.
AntLoss Rx  x  is antenna attenuation for angle on receiver’s antenna pattern.
L d is the attenuation of the direct signal expressed in dB:
L d = AntLoss Tx   t_Tx –  d  + AntLoss Rx   t_Rx –  d 
73
With the corresponding angle of arrival of the direct signal expressed in degrees:
 d = – 0,0045  d  L i    1 ---
--- – 3
k 4
3.5.2.6 Attenuation Graphs

The plotted parameter on the attenuation graphs is expressed in dB:
2
 = 10  Log  1 +  eff – 2   eff  Cos  2      
Three graphs can be plotted by varying:

• The receiver’s antenna height
• The transmitter’s frequency
• The k factor
74
75
Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guidefor Microwave Networks
© Forsk 2016
76
• Head Office • US Office • China Office
7 rue des Briquetiers 200 South Wacker Drive – Suite 3100 Suite 302, 3/F, West Tower, Jiadu Commercial Building,
31700 Blagnac, France Chicago, IL 60606, USA No. 66 Jianzhong Road, Tianhe Hi-Tech Industrial Zone,
Tel: +33 562 747 210 Tel: +1 312 674 4800 Guangzhou, 510665, P. R. of China
Fax: +33 562 747 211 Fax: +1 312 674 4847 Tel: +86 20 8553 8938 Fax: +86 20 8553 8285
AT332_TRM_E0 www.forsk.com October 2016

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Version 3.3.

Technical Reference Guide

Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide for Microwave Networks

Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

1.2 Antenna Pattern 3D Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.3 Antenna Diameter Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2 Microwave Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

2.2 Clutter Height Determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.3 Resolution of the Extracted Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.4 Microwave Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3 Microwave Link Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

3.1.3.2.4 Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Rain Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

3.2 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

3.3 Propagation in Rain Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

3.4 Propagation in Clear-Air Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

3.5 Surface Reflection Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide

Printing Help Topics

About Atoll Documentation

Contacting Technical Support

1 Antennas and Equipment

1.1 Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles

Figure 1.1: Azimuth and Tilt Calculation

In the coordinate system S 0  x y z  , the receiver coordinates are:

x'' Rx cos  el   sin  az   d

According to the figure above, we have the following relations:

x' cos  a Tx  – sin  a Tx  0 x

x'' 1 0 0 cos  a Tx  – sin  a Tx  0 x

x'' cos  a Tx  – sin  a Tx  0 x

1st solution: If a Rx = a Tx , then az = 0 and el = eRx – e Tx

2nd solution: If a Rx  a Tx , then

 – sin  e Tx  cos  e Tx   tan  e Rx  

If sin  az   sin  a Rx – a Tx   0 , then az = az + 180

1.2 Antenna Pattern 3D Interpolation

• This interpolation is performed in dBs.

1.3 Antenna Diameter Calculation

G ant is the antenna gain (in dBi),

f is the average frequency (in MHz). It is calculated as follows:

f min is the minimum frequency of the frequency band (in MHz),

f max is the maximum frequency of the frequency band (in MHz).

Figure 2.1: Ground Altitude Determination - 1

Figure 2.2: Ground Altitude Determination - 2

2. Atoll determines the S1 and S2 altitudes using a linear interpolation method.

Figure 2.3: Ground Altitude Determination - 3

3. Atoll performs a second linear interpolation to evaluate the S altitude.

Figure 2.4: Ground Altitude Determination - 4

2.2 Clutter Height Determination

Figure 2.5: Clutter Height

2.3 Resolution of the Extracted Profiles

2.4 Microwave Propagation Model

2.4.1 Path Length

zkm i is the total height (DTM + antenna height) of each extremity.

R min sin  lati    3

R min sin  lati    3

and R min = 6356,912 km , R moy = 6366,2 km , R max = 6378,388 km .

2.4.2 Profile Extraction

n is the number of points of the profile. n is given by : n = long  ---------------------------------- .

2.4.3 Free Space Loss