Experiment 1: Determination of Enthalpy of Reactions

Experiment 1
DETERMINATION OF ENTHALPY OF REACTIONS

OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of the experiment, the student should be able to:

1. describe experiments that exhibit the principles of calorimetry and the measurement of
enthalpy changes;
2. determine the calorimeter constant of the calorimeter and use it in succeeding
calculations;
3. determine the enthalpy of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; and
4. determine the enthalpy and entropy of dissolution of ammonium chloride.
LIST OF CHEMICALS
 2.5 M KI solution  NH4Cl
 10310% H2O2  distilled water (in a wash bottle)

LIST OF APPARATUS
 Coffee-cup calorimeter set-up  Hot hands
 Graduated cylinder (100 mL)  10 mL pipet
 Hot plate  Aaspirator
 Cooling pad  Beakers (400 mL)
 Analytical Balance  Test tube

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. Wear laboratory gown or apron during the entire laboratory period and safety goggles
when doing the experiment.
2. Be careful in handling glassware especially thermometers.
3. Be careful with hot objects; never use bare hands to touch them as this might cause
serious burns on your skin. Do not place the hot objects on the table top.
4. Some chemicals are corrosive. Hydrogen peroxide is an extremely reactive substance.
Even the dilute solution (10310%) should be treated with caution. In case of its contact
with your skin or clothing, wash it immediately with plenty of cold water. Do the same in
case of spills, wash off with plenty of cold water.
5. Dispense the chemicals in the hood. Do not inhale the vapors.
6. Read again the laboratory rules on safety before proceeding to the experiment.

WASTE DISPOSAL

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Experiment 1: Determination of Enthalpy of Reactions

1. Throw used chemicals in appropriate waste containers provided. Check the labels to
ensure that you are throwing the chemical in the correct bins. Unexpected reactions
might occur if different chemicals are mixed together.
2. Throw solid wastes in the trash bin.

DISCUSSION

Heat evolution is one of the evidences that a chemical or physical change occurs. An
example is the breaking and formation of chemical bonds during chemical reactions. Energy is
required to break a chemical bond. On the other hand, energy is released when chemical bonds
are formed. Evolution of heat happens when more energy is released than consumed. This is
also called an exothermic reaction. If the reaction consumes more energy than it releases, an
endothermic reaction occurs, where heat is being absorbed. Calculating the amount of heat
evolved or absorbed could be used as a measure of bond strengths could be useful to
understand the chemical reactivities. The quantity that specifies the amount of heat is the
“change in enthalpy” or ∆ H . Exothermic reactions have negative ∆ H , while endothermic
reactions have positive ∆ H . However, ∆ G determines whether the process is spontaneous,
and not the ∆ H , which measures only heat energy changes. In general, a process would occur
(meaning “spontaneous”) if the ∆ G<0 (i.e. negative).
∆ G=∆ H−T ∆ S
where ∆ G = Gibb’s free energy change
∆ H = enthalpy change
∆ S = entropy change
T = absolute (K) temperature

In this experiment, we will measure enthalpy of reactions – (a) enthalpy of decomposition of 1

mole of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2), (b) enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous copper (II) sulfate,
and (bc) enthalpy and entropy of dissolution of ammonium chloride.
Determination of enthalpy of a reaction could use a device called a calorimeter. A
calorimeter is an insulated container and assumes no heat being exchanged between its inside
and its outside environment. This means that the heat lost by the warm water is gained by the
cold water and the calorimeter.
q warm water =−(qcold water + qcal )

where

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Experiment 1: Determination of Enthalpy of Reactions

q warm /cold water =m× C p × ∆ T

m = mass of the substance
C p = specific heat of the substance
∆ T = temperature change
q cal=C cal ×∆ T
C cal = calorimeter constant or heat capacity of the calorimeter

A calibration procedure will be done first to determine the C cal. And this parameter will be used
to succeeding calculations in this experiment. The calibration could be done by putting a known
amount and initial temperature of hot water in the calorimeter, followed by adding a known
amount and initial temperature of cold water and then measuring the final temperature.
Specific heat (C p) is defined as the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of one
gram of a substance by one ° C (“one degree Celsius”). Heat (q) is in joules or in calories.
Therefore, to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius, 4.184 joules of
J
heat must be supplied, and the specific heat of water is 4.184 .
g°C
PROCEDURE

A. DETERMINATION OF CALORIMETER CONSTANT (C cal)

1. Set up a clean empty calorimeter.
2. Place 30.0 mL of cold water into the calorimeter. Remember to keep the calorimeter
covered.
3. In a separate beaker, heat more than 30.0 mL water to about 60°C.
4. While the water in the beaker is being heated, monitor the temperature of the cold
water in the calorimeter for 2-3 minutes (to make sure that the temperature has
become constant. Record the temperature of the cold water.
5. When the water in the beaker has reached approximately 60°C, remove it from the
hot plate and let it stand for 2-3 minutes then record the temperature of the hot
water.
6. Quickly remove the cover of the calorimeter and pour 30.0 mL of hot water into the
cold water. Cover the calorimeter immediately and stir the water for 30 seconds.
Begin monitoring the temperature of the water and record the final temperature.
7. Do two trials.
8. Calculate the calorimeter constant (average of two trials) for your calorimeter. Show
sample calculations.
B. DETERMINATION OF ENTHALPY OF DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
1. Set up a clean empty calorimeter.
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Experiment 1: Determination of Enthalpy of Reactions

2. Using a graduated cylinder, place 25.0 mL of 1033% H2O2 into calorimeter. Do this
procedure inside the hood. Measure and record its initial temperature of this
solution in the calorimeter. (H2O2 IS A VERY REACTIVE SUBSTANCE!! EXTRA
CAUTION IS REQUIRED IN HANDLING THIS SUBSTANCE!!!)
3. Add 2.0 mL of 2.5 M KI solution. Potassium iodide serves as the catalyst for the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide according to the equation
1
H 2 O 2 (aq) KI H 2 O(l) + O 2( g) +heat (1)
→ 2
4. Swirl gently to mix the solution in the calorimeter. Record the increase in
temperature with time. Determine the maximum temperature of the reaction
mixture.
5. After the decomposition reaction (no more increase in temperature), pour the
contents of the calorimeter into a beaker and allow to cool. Measure the volume of
this solution using a graduated cylinder.
6. Do two trials.
7. Calculate the heat (q) evolved for 1 mole of H 2O2. Note that the decomposition
reaction gives off heat and causes the temperature of the contents of the
calorimeter (mainly water) to rise. The amount of heat given off by decomposing
hydrogen peroxide is equal to the amount of heat gained by the water and
calorimeter (neglecting of course any heat that escaped from the calorimeter). Since
the solution in the calorimeter is mainly water, we can assume that its specific heat
J
is the same with that of water 4.184 ( g°C) , and the density is also that of water,
g
1.00 . Show sample calculations and fill out the report sheet with necessary
mL
information/answers. (Recall, at constant pressure, q=∆ H ).

C. DETERMINATION OF ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY OF DISSOLUTION OF AMMONIUM

CHLORIDE
1. Place about 0.5 g of ammonium chloride (NH 4Cl) crystals in a test tube, then add a
few mL of water. Feell the outside of the test tube. Isn’t that cool?
2. Place 50.0 mL of water into a dry calorimeter. Record the initial temperature of the
water and calorimeter after 2-3 minutes.
3. Place 3.00 g of NH4Cl into the calorimeter. Note the exact weight of NH 4Cl placed in
the calorimeter.
4. Swirl the solution inside the calorimeter for about a minute, then measure the
temperature of the solution (nearest 0.10 °C).
5. Do two trials.
6. Calculate the ∆ H associated with the dissolution of a mole of NH4Cl.
7. Calculate the minimum possible value of ∆ S for the dissolution of a mole of
ammonium chloride. This would correspond to a (−T ∆ S) term just sufficient to give

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Experiment 1: Determination of Enthalpy of Reactions

∆ G=0 when combined with the measured ∆ H . Discuss with your groupmates what
value of T should be used.

Name: Pascual, Pangilinan, Nopal, Remoquillo, Date Performed: March 23,2021

Mostizo, Rivera
Course/Section: CHM031L – A16 Date Submitted: March 28,2021
Group No: 5 Instructor: Engr. Eden S. Erasga

REPORT SHEET

Experiment 1
DETERMINATION OF ENTHALPY OF REACTIONS

RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS

A. DETERMINATION OF CALORIMETER CONSTANT (C cal)

Table 1.1. Calorimeter constant, C cal.

Trial 1 Trial 2
Mass of cold water, g 30.0 g 30.0 g
Mass of hot water, g 30.0 g 30.0 g
Initial temperature of cold water, °C 8.0°C 9.0°C
Initial temperature of hot water, °C 48.0°C 42.0°C
Final temperature after mixing, °C 26°C 24°C
Heat lost by the warm water, J -2761.44 J -2259.36 J
Heat gained by the cold water, J 2259.36 J 1882.8 J
Calorimeter constant, J/°C 28 J/°C 25 J/°C
Calorimeter constant (average) , J/°C 27 J/°C

Calculations:

Trial 2

g
P H 0 =1
2
mL

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Experiment 1: Determination of Enthalpy of Reactions

g
m Hot =30 mL(1 ) = 30 g
mL

g
m cold =30 mL(1 ) = 30 g
mL

q hot =C × m× ∆ T q cold =C × m× ∆ T

J J
¿ 30.0 g (4.184 )(24 ° C−42 ° C) ¿ 30.0 g (4.184 )(24 ° C−9 ° C)
g ∙° C g ∙° C
=−2259.36 J ¿ 1882.8 J

q Hot + qCold +q Cal=0

q cal=−(q hot + qcold )
¿−(2259.36 J +1882.8)
¿ 376.56 J

q cal=C cal ×∆ T cold

qcal
C cal=
∆ T cold
376.56 J
¿
24 ° C−9° C
¿ 25.104 J /° C

Calorimeter Constant (Average)

J J
28 + 25
°C °C
¿
2
J
¿ 27
°C

B. DETERMINATION OF ENTHALPY OF DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

Table 1.2. Enthalpy change of H2O2 decomposition.

Trial 1 Trial 2
Volume of 103% H2O2 solution used, mL 25.0 25.0
Initial temperature of 3% H2O2 solution, °C 24.0 24.0

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Experiment 1: Determination of Enthalpy of Reactions

Final temperature of the reaction product (H 2O) in the 28.0 27.0

calorimeter, °C
ΔT, °C 4.0 °C 3.0°C
Volume of solution (103% H2O2 + 2.5M KI), mL 27.0 27.0
Heat of solution (qsoln) , J 451.872 J 338.904 J
Calorimeter constant, J/°C 27 J/°C 27 J/°C
qcal, J 108 J 81 J
*ΔH for decomposition -559.872 J -419.904 J
Number of moles of H2O2 decomposed 0.107 mol 0.107 mol
ΔH / mole of H2O2 decomposed -5.23 KJ/mol -3.92 KJ/mol
ΔH / mole of H2O2 decomposed (average) -4.575 KJ/mol
* Δ H decomposition=−(q soln+ qcal )

Calculations:

Trial 2
∆ T =T f −T i

¿ 27.0−24.0
¿ 3.0

Molar Mass of H 2 02 mol of H 2 02

10 mL H 2 02 1.45 g 1 mol H 2 02
= 2(1.01) + 2(16) ¿ 25.0 mL( )( )( )
100 mLsoln 1 mL 34.01 g
=34.02 g ¿ 0.107 mol

q soln +q cal +∆ H decomposition =0

q soln=m soln × C p × ∆T
soln
q cal=C cal ×∆ T

1g J J
¿ 25.0 mL ×( )(4.184 )(3.0 ° C) ¿ 27 ×3.0 ° C
1 mL g ∙° C °C
¿ 338.904 J ¿ 81 J

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Experiment 1: Determination of Enthalpy of Reactions

∆ H decomposition =−( qsoln + qcal )

¿−(338.904 J + ( 81 J ) )
¿−419.904 J

∆H ∆H
for decomposition for decomposition average
mole mole
KJ KJ
−419.904 J 1 KJ −5.23 +(−3.92 )
¿ ( ) mol mol
0.107 mol 1000 J ¿
2
KJ KJ
¿−3.92 ¿−4.575
mol mol

C. DETERMINATION OF ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY OF DISSOLUTION OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

Table 1.3. Enthalpy change and entropy of dissolution of NH 4Cl.

Trial 1 Trial 2
Mass of NH4Cl 3.005 3.007
Number of moles of NH4Cl 0.05617 mol 0.05621 mol
Initial temperature of 50 mL water, °C 22.0°C 22.0°C
Final temperature of solution, °C 19.0°C 19.0°C
Heat absorbed from surroundings by the solution (q soln), J -627.6 J -627.6 J
Calorimeter constant, J/°C 27 J/°C 27 J/°C
qcal, J -81 J -81 J
*ΔH for dissolution 708.6 J 708.6 J
ΔH / mole for dissolution 12.615 KJ/mol 12.606 KJ/mol
ΔH / mole for dissolution (Average) 12.6105 KJ/mol
Minimum average ΔS value KJ
273.81 K
mol
*∆ H dissolution =−(qreaction +q cal)

Trial 2

∆ T =T f −T i

¿ 19.0−22.0

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Experiment 1: Determination of Enthalpy of Reactions

¿−3.0

Molar Mass of N H 4 Cl mol of N H 4 Cl

1 mol
= 1(14.01) + 4(1.01) + 35.45 ¿ 3.007 g( )
53.5 g /mol
= 53.5 g ¿ 0.05621 mol

q soln +q cal +∆ H dissolution =0

q soln=m soln × C p × ∆T
soln
q cal=C cal ×∆ T

1g J J
¿ 50.0 mL ×( )(4.184 )(−3.0 °C) ¿ 27 ×−3.0 ° C
1 mL g ∙° C °C
¿−627.6 J ¿−81 J

∆ H dissolution =−(q soln+ qcal )

¿−(−627.6 J + (−81 J ) )
¿ 708.6 J

∆H ∆H
for dissolution for dissolution Average
mole mole
KJ KJ
708.6 J 1 KJ 12.606 +12.615
¿ ( ) mol mol
0.05621mol 1000 J ¿
2
KJ KJ
¿ 12.606 ¿ 12.6105
mol mol

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Experiment 1: Determination of Enthalpy of Reactions

∆ H average
∆ S=
T
KJ
12.6105
mol
¿
19.0° C+273.15 K
KJ
¿ 273.81 K
mol

REFERENCES (cite the references that you used)

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