1.

0 Thermography Parameter

No. Parameter Definition

1 Spot Temperatures Temperature of the (suspected) defective point(s) on the thermogram.
(S1, S2,...)
2 Reference Temperature Normal temperature of the component (baseline). This is used to determine the increase in
(R) temperature of the defective part over the good working part.
3 Temperature The determining factor of the Category classification.
Difference (T) Formula: S1 - R
4 Category The importance of the corrective action to be taken on defective equipment based on
Temperature Difference classification.

2.0 Thermal Defect Category

MINOR INTERMEDIATE SERIOUS CRITICAL

T  10°C 10 T  20°C 20 T  40°C T  40°C
Repair next PM Repair as schedule allows Repair ASAP Repair immediately
The figures above are for guidance only. In many cases the true source of the temperature rise is not visible either to
the human eye or the infrared camera making these measurements indirect. The decision to conduct the corrective
actions rests on the maintenance team, taking into consideration other factors, such as equipment's criticality, safety
and the availability of parts.
Severity guidelines should not be based on temperature alone. Instead, focus must be put on understanding the
conditions needed to locate all anomalies and, when those conditions are not present, to recognise that some will not be
detectable. Once an anomaly is located, there are many factors, including temperature, that are needed to determine its
severity and suggest repair options. Important factors that come to fore include load, distance, the criticality of the
equipment under inspection for the well-being of the whole system, any physical defects that may be present; for
example a connection that may have only minor temperature increase but looking badly damaged, possibly from
previous occurrence of high temperature defect, needs to be higher up the severity factor.
For outdoor equipment e.g. HT overhead poles, wind speed can play a part. Although it may not necessarily be
measured, inspection in high wind condition should be noted in the final analysis. In a metal-clad switchgear,
temperature alone cannot be used in determining the severity of the condition; as factors such as distance of the
defective point to the metal enclosure, load and the presence of heater must be considered.

3.0 Ultrasonic Defect Category

The determination of ultrasonic anomaly is based on sound quality and profile compared to normal surrounding
ambient sound thus categorising the electrical equipment into healthy or faulty condition (which is severe in any
condition). The only measurable parameter for ultrasound technique is sound strength/intensity (dB). This however,
does not indicate the severity level. This is because, one of the ultrasonic travel characteristics is attenuation, which
means if the distance between the ultrasound equipment and source of emission is doubled, the intensity level drops
about 3dB. This is useful for the inspector, as a general rule, where the higher the intensity, the closer he is to the
source of the ultrasound emission. Sound intensity comparison means that for all panels/equipment, the conditions
such as point of measurement, distance, humidity, ambient noise, etc, must be similar.
NORMAL INTERMEDIATE SERIOUS CRITICAL
No abnormal ultrasonic Corona - Steady buzzing Tracking - Buzzing sound Arcing - Erratic burst with
sound. Ambient noise sound accompanied by subtle sudden starts and stops of
and mechanical disturbance popping noise energy
may occur

Note: This report does not purport to set forth all hazards or to indicate that other hazards do not exist. Whilst every effort has been taken to
provide accurate interpretation of the anomalies found, Grahatechs Resources Sdn. Bhd. (GTR) assumes no liability directly or indirectly for
personal injury or property damage or loss of any kind arising from or connected with this inspection or failure to inspect.
4.0 Executive Summary
11kV SF6 RMU (F&G)
No. Feeder °C dB Category
1 B01217 Tmn. Bkt. Serdang No. 4 NORMAL
2 B01220 PSK No. 9 NORMAL
3 B01218 Tx 1 1000kVA NORMAL
4 B01219 Tx 2 1000kVA 32.4 SERIOUS

11/.415kV 1000kVA Transformer 1 (MTM)

No. Component °C dB Category
1 HV Side NORMAL
2 LV Side NORMAL
3 Body/Winding NORMAL

11/.415kV 1000kVA Transformer 2 (MTM)

No. Component °C dB Category
1 HV Side NORMAL
2 LV Side 56.3 INTERMEDIATE
3 Body/Winding NORMAL

LV DB Tx 1
No. Feeder °C Category
1 Feeder 5 35.7 MINOR
2 Feeder 6 33.3 MINOR
3 Others NORMAL

Feeder Pillar Tx 2
No. Feeder °C Category
1 Feeder 1 91.2 SERIOUS
2 Feeder 3 97.7 CRITICAL
3 Feeder 4 97.7 CRITICAL
4 Others NORMAL
 11kV SF6 RMU (F&G) Location: 5/28/2014
B01219 Tx 2 1000kVA (Cable Compt.) P/E LBS No. 1 12:39:00 PM

32.3°C
Thermography Parameter Value
Spot Temperature 1 (S1) 32.4°C
S2
32
Spot Temperature 2 (S2) 32.3°C
S1 Reference Temperature (R) 31.0°C
31 Switchgear Heater None
Load -
30 Temperature Difference (T) 1.5°C
R Category SERIOUS

29.3°C

Ultrasonic Parameter Value

Ultrasonic Intensity 0dB
Ultrasonic Sensor Airborne
Category NORMAL

Defect Analysis
Relative increment on surface temperature especially at the fuse/cable connection level with obvious thermal
pattern. It is possible that a weak internal connection causes this heating. High loading may also contribute to the
anomaly. SERIOUS category is used as precaution due to the high voltage nature of this feeder and higher
temperature internally. Ultrasonic sound pattern indicates no presence of electrical discharge.

Recommendations
1. Check load against switchgear and cable ratings.
2. Ensure sufficient amount of SF6 gas is available.
3. Trend the reading with next inspection result.
4. Clean and rework the cable termination assembly if necessary.
5. Remove the fault indicator sticker after repair.

Corrective Actions
 11/.415kV 1000kVA Transformer 2 (MTM) Location: 5/28/2014
415V B Ph. Bushing P/E LBS No. 1 12:34:56 PM

55.4°C
Parameter Value
Spot Temperature 1 (S1) 56.3°C
Reference Temperature (R*) 38.4°C
50
Temperature Difference (T) 17.9°C
S1 Category INTERMEDIATE
R
40

32.1°C

Hot spot detected on the bushing termination bolt indicating connection weakness at this point. Loose holding may
have occured during assembly or through wear and tear of the thread material.

Recommendations Corrective Actions

1. Ensure the bolted surfaces are cleaned and sufficient
tightening applied.
2. Remove the fault indicator sticker after repair.

Remarks
 LV DB Tx 1: F eeder 5 & 6 Location: 5/28/2014
R, Y Ph. Fuse Connections P/E LBS No. 1 12:41:48 PM

35.0°C
Parameter Value
S2 S3
Spot Temperature 1 (S1) 35.7°C
34 Spot Temperature 2 (S2) 33.8°C
S1 Spot Temperature 3 (S3) 33.3°C
Reference Temperature (R*) 31.4°C
32
Temperature Difference (T) 4.4°C
Category MINOR
30
R*
29.4°C

Hot spots detected on the contact point between fuse and busbar. High resistance from looseness, rust or dirt
increases the spot temperatures.

Recommendations Corrective Actions

1. Rework the fuse assemblies.
2. Inspect the cable lug assemblies.
3. Replace with new fuse carriers if the tightening
mechanism is faulty.
4. Remove the fault indicator stickers after repair.

Remarks
 F/Pillar Tx 2: F eeder 1 Location: 5/28/2014
R Ph. Fuse Connection P/E LBS No. 1 12:45:17 PM

87.7°C
Parameter Value
S1 Spot Temperature 1 (S1) 69.8°C
80
Reference Temperature (R*) 44.1°C
Temperature Difference (T) 25.6°C
60 Category SERIOUS

40

R* 29.8°C

Hot spot detected on the contact point between fuse and busbar. High resistance from looseness, rust or dirt
increases the spot temperature.

Recommendations Corrective Actions

1. Rework the fuse assemblie.
2. Inspect the cable lug assemblie.
3. Replace with new fuse carriers if the tightening
mechanism is faulty.
4. Remove the fault indicator sticker after repair.

Remarks
 F/Pillar Tx 2: Feeder 3 Location: 5/28/2014
R, Y, B Ph. Fuse Connections P/E LBS No. 1 12:46:46 PM

92.6°C
Parameter Value
S1
Spot Temperature 1 (S1) 97.7°C
80 Spot Temperature 2(S2) 92.7°C
S2
Spot Temperature 3 (S3) 81.6°C
60 Reference Temperature (R*) 43.0°C
S3
Temperature Difference (T) 54.6°C
40 Category CRITICAL

R*
28.7°C

Hot spots detected on the contact point between fuse and busbar. High resistance from looseness, rust or dirt
increases the spot temperatures.

Recommendations Corrective Actions

1. Rework the fuse assemblies.
2. Inspect the cable lug assemblies.
3. Use fuse carriers for added safety.

Remarks
 F/Pillar Tx 2: Feeder 4 Location: 5/28/2014
R, Y, B Ph. Fuse Connections P/E LBS No. 1 12:46:46 PM

92.6°C
Parameter Value
S1
Spot Temperature 1 (S1) 90.6°C
80 Spot Temperature 2(S2) 88.5°C
S2
Spot Temperature 3 (S3) 69.3°C
60 Reference Temperature (R*) 44.9°C
S3
Temperature Difference (T) 45.7°C
40 Category CRITICAL

R*
28.7°C

Hot spots detected on the contact point between fuse and busbar. High resistance from looseness, rust or dirt
increases the spot temperatures.

Recommendations Corrective Actions

1. Rework the fuse assemblies.
2. Inspect the cable lug assemblies.
3. Use fuse carriers for added safety.

Remarks
11kV SF6 RMU (F&G)
 Location P/E LBS No. 1 Date 5/28/2014
Installation 11kV SF6 RMU (F&G) (Cable Compt.) Category NORMAL
B01217 Tmn. Bkt. Serdang No. 4

30.4°C

30.6°C

30.3°C

Intensity: 0dB / Sensor: Airborne

B01220 PSK No. 9

30.7°C

30.5°C

30.4°C

Intensity: 0dB / Sensor: Airborne

B01218 Tx 1 1000kVA

31.0°C

30.7°C

30.7°C

Intensity: 0dB / Sensor: Airborne

No thermal anomaly discovered for the installation inspected. Ultrasonic sound profiles indicate no presence of
electrical discharge.
 Location P/E LBS No. 1 Date 5/28/2014
Installation 11kV SF6 RMU (F&G) (Busbar Section) Category NORMAL

General View

30.6°C

30.3°C

30.5°C

30.0°C

30.3°C 29.8°C

Intensity: 0dB / Sensor: Contact

No thermal anomaly discovered for the installation inspected. Ultrasonic sound profiles indicate no presence of
electrical discharge.
 Location P/E LBS No. 1 Date 5/28/2014
Installation 11/.415kV 1000kVA Transformer 1 (MTM) Category NORMAL
HV Side

34.4°C 34.4°C35.0°C

33.2°C 41.6°C

Intensity: 0dB / Sensor: Airborne

Body/Winding

42.5°C
41.4°C

40.8°C

37.9°C
38.4°C

Intensity: 4dB / Sensor: Contact

LV Side

37.3°C35.4°C
37.1°C
36.4°C

No thermal anomaly discovered for the installation inspected. Ultrasonic sound profiles indicate no presence of
electrical discharge.
 Location P/E LBS No. 1 Date 5/28/2014
Installation 11/.415kV 1000kVA Transformer 2 (MTM) Category NORMAL
HV Side

36.6°C 36.7°C
37.1°C

35.3°C

Intensity: 0dB / Sensor: Airborne

Body/Winding

45.1°C
44.7°C

45.8°C

42.6°C
42.3°C

Intensity: 3dB / Sensor: Contact

No thermal anomaly discovered for the installation inspected. Ultrasonic sound profiles indicate no presence of
electrical discharge.
 Location P/E LBS No. 1 Date 5/28/2014
Installation - Category NORMAL
LV DB Tx 1

31.4°C
31.3°C

30.7°C
30.8°C 30.8°C 30.7°C

Feeder Pillar Tx 2

46.8°C 47.7°C

42.1°C
44.1°C
43.7°C
51.7°C

Hot spots on the thermogram are described in detail earlier in the report.