FLUID STATICS

BASICS
LEC-5
 2
FLUID STATICS
• Absolute and gage pressures
• Pressure head
• Basics of fluid statics
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FLUID STATICS 3

• Fluid statics: deals with problems associated with fluids at rest.

• In fluid statics, there is no relative motion between adjacent fluid layers, and
thus there are no shear (tangential) stresses in the fluid trying to deform it.
• The only stress we deal with in fluid statics is the normal stress, which is the
pressure.
• The variation of pressure is due only to the weight of the fluid.
– The fluid can be either gaseous or liquid.
– Hydrostatics: When the fluid is a liquid.
– Aerostatics: When the fluid is a gas.
APPLICATIONS 4
FLUID POWER SYSTEMS 5
ABSOLUTE & GAGE PRESSURES 6

Patm
2 bar
Pgage = 2 bar – Patm ≡ 1 bar

Pg = Pabs – Patm
Patm P P
Pabs = Pg + Patm

152 cm
Hg
76 cm ≡ 2 bar - Patm
= Pgage
ABSOLUTE & GAGE PRESSURES 7

In most fluid applications, we care about the pressure difference, ∆𝑃,

rather than the absolute value of pressure.

∆𝑃 𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃2𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝑃1𝑎𝑏𝑠

= 𝑃2𝑔 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃1𝑔 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

= 𝑃2𝑔 − 𝑃1𝑔

∆𝑃 𝑎𝑏𝑠 = ∆𝑃 𝑔

USING GAGE PRESSURES ALWAYS

EXCEPT FOR Patm and Pvap
ABSOLUTE & GAGE PRESSURES 8

Pabs Pg
Pg = Pabs – Patm
Pabs = Pg + Patm

-0.3 bar = 0.3 bar vacuum

Patm (g)= ?
What is the minimum Zero (g)
gage and absolute
pressures ever? Vacuum
Patm
Pressure
Zero (abs)
PRESSURE HEAD 9

Ex:Water head equivalent to 1 bar

𝑃 105
ℎ= = = 10 m − water
𝜌𝑔 1000 × 10
h
1 bar → 10 m − water

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑃 𝑃
ℎ= = = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝜌𝑔 𝛾
BASICS #1: PRESSURE AT A POINT 11

LOAD

10 bar
?

?
?
?
BASICS #1: PRESSURE AT A POINT 12

𝑃𝑛 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 ∙ cos 𝜃 ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

𝑃𝑛 𝑃𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑧 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑃𝑛 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 ∙ sin 𝜃 = 0
𝜃 𝑃 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑠 ∙ sin 𝜃
𝑛
𝑃𝑥 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑧 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 𝑃𝑛 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 ∙ sin 𝜃
෍ 𝐹𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝜃 𝑃𝑧 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑃𝑛 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 ∙ cos 𝜃 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
𝑚𝑔 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑠 ∙ cos 𝜃
for a point; 𝑚𝑔 ≈ 0
𝑃𝑧 𝑃𝑧 = 𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑧 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃𝑧 = 𝑃𝑛
BASICS #1: PRESSURE AT A POINT 13

IN A FLUID AT REST, THE PRESSURE HAS THE SAME MAGNITUDE

IN ALL DIRECTIONS
“THE PRESSURE IS A SCALAR QUANTITY WITH NO VECTOR SENSE”
PRESSURE SCALAR OR VECTOR? 14

𝐹Ԧ = 𝑃 ∙ 𝐴

𝑃 is a scalar
𝑃
𝐴Ԧ is a vector
BASICS #2: PRESSURE CHANGE IN A 15

HORIZONTAL PLANE

𝑃1 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 𝑃2 ∙ 𝑑𝐴

𝑚𝑔

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑃1 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑃2 ∙ 𝑑𝐴
𝑃1 = 𝑃2
BASICS #2: PRESSURE CHANGE IN A 16

HORIZONTAL PLANE

IN A FLUID AT REST, THE PRESSURE IS CONSTANT IN ANY

HORIZONTAL PLANE
BASICS #2: PRESSURE CHANGE IN A 17

HORIZONTAL PLANE

Patm Patm Patm Patm

BASICS #2: PRESSURE CHANGE IN A 18

HORIZONTAL PLANE
BASICS #2: COMMUNICATING VESSELS 19
BASICS #2: COMMUNICATING VESSELS 20
BASICS #3: PRESSURE CHANGE IN A 21

VERTICAL PLANE

𝑃 + 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝐴
෍ 𝐹𝑧 = 0

𝑃 + 𝑑𝑃
𝜌 𝑉 𝑔 = 𝜌 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑧 𝑔

𝑃 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 − 𝑃 + 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝐴 − 𝜌 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑧 𝑔 = 0

𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑃 = −𝜌 𝑔 𝑑𝑧 = −𝛾 𝑑𝑧
𝑚𝑔
𝑃 ∙ 𝑑𝐴
𝑃
BASICS #3: PRESSURE CHANGE IN A 22

VERTICAL PLANE

IN A FLUID AT REST, THE PRESSURE GRADIENT IN ANY VERTICAL

PLANE EQUALS −𝜌𝑔
𝑑𝑃
= −𝜌𝑔
𝑑𝑧
BASICS #3: PRESSURE CHANGE IN A 23

VERTICAL PLANE
EXAMPLE: PRESSURE VARIATION IN A LIQUID 24

න 𝑑𝑃 =න−𝜌 𝑔 𝑑𝑧

For incompressible liquids

ℎ0

𝜌 ≅ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃0
ℎ 𝑃 − 𝑃0 = −𝜌 𝑔 𝑧 − 𝑧0
𝑧0

Replace height difference (𝑑𝑧)

𝑃 with depth difference (−𝑑ℎ)
𝑧

𝑃 − 𝑃0 = 𝜌 𝑔 ℎ − ℎ0
EXAMPLE: PRESSURE VARIATION IN THE 25

ATMOSPHERE
Prove that in the atmosphere, the pressure changes with height according to
the relation:
𝑃 𝑔𝑧
− 𝑅𝑇
=𝑒 ,
𝑃0
where 𝑃0 is the atmospheric pressure at sea level, 𝑧 is the height above sea
level, 𝑇 is the temperature and 𝑅 is the gas constant. Assume isothermal
atmosphere.
EXAMPLE: PRESSURE VARIATION IN THE 26

ATMOSPHERE
Assuming isothermal atmosphere,
𝑑𝑃 𝑔𝑧
= −𝜌𝑔 ln 𝑃 = − +𝐶
𝑑𝑧 𝑅𝑇
For an ideal gas, 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 At sea level, 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑃 = 𝑃0

𝑑𝑃 𝑃𝑔 𝐶 = ln 𝑃0
=−
𝑑𝑍 𝑅𝑇 The pressure variation in isothermal

𝑑𝑃 𝑔 atmosphere is given by:

න =න− 𝑑𝑧
𝑃 𝑅𝑇 𝑃 𝑔𝑧
− 𝑅𝑇
=𝑒
𝑃0
PROJECT: PRESSURE VARIATION IN THE 27

ATMOSPHERE
• The factors affecting the pressure variation in the atmosphere
• ANALYSIS
– Determine the pressure variation through the first 1000 m of the atmosphere
– Assume air to be a compressible gas and temperature to be varying with
height
– Obtain temperature distribution from a meteorological data website
PROJECT: NUMERICAL INTEGRATION 28

𝑃1000 m = ?
𝑃 =𝜌𝑔ℎ

𝑃
𝜌=
𝑅𝑇
𝑇 ≠ constant
𝑇=𝑇 ℎ
𝑃1 = 𝑃0 − Δ𝑃
Δ𝑃 = 𝜌1 𝑔 Δℎ

𝑃0 = 1.013 × 105 Pa
BASICS #4: PASCAL LAW 29

PRESSURE APPLIED TO A CONFINED FLUID IS TRANSMITTED

UNDIMINISHED IN ALL DIRECTIONS THROUGHOUT THE FLUID
AND ACTS PERPENDICULAR TO THE SURFACES IN CONTACT WITH THE
FLUID
BASICS #4: PASCAL LAW 30
BASICS #4: PASCAL LAW 31
TUBE DIAMETER EFFECT 32
 33
SUMMARY

• Absolute and gage pressures

• Pressure head
• Basics of fluid statics
– Pressure with direction
– Pressure variation in a horizontal plane
– Pressure variation in a vertical plane
– Pascal Law