FLUID KINEMATICS

LEC-11
FLUIDS IN MOTION 2
FLUID KINEMATICS
• Flow classifications
1. According to viscous effects:
2. According to change with time:
3. According to change with position:
4. According to change with position:
5. According to mixing:
6. According to rotation:
7. According to compressibility:
• Streamline, path line and streak line
3
Ideal or Real
Steady or Unsteady
Uniform or Non-uniform
1, 2 or 3 – Dimensional
Laminar or Turbulent
Rotational or Irrotational
Incompressible or Compressible
FLOW
CL ASSIFICATIONS
4
FLOW CLASSIFICATIONS
1. According to viscous effects:
2. According to change with time:
3. According to change with position:
4. According to change with position:
5. According to mixing:
6. According to rotation:
7. According to compressibility:
5
Ideal or Real
Steady or Unsteady
Uniform or Non-uniform
1, 2 or 3 – Dimensional
Laminar or Turbulent
Rotational or Irrotational
Incompressible or Compressible
ACCORDING TO VISCOUS EFFECTS 6

IDEAL REAL
𝑑𝑢 U
𝜏=𝜇 =0
𝑑𝑦
No-slip condition 𝜇
0
0

𝑑𝑢
y 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
𝑑𝑦
u
𝑑𝑢 Velocity
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦 gradient
NO-SLIP CONDITION 7

Liquid Flow Direction

VISCOUS AND INVISCID REGIONS 8

Viscous (Real) flow regions: Flows in which the frictional effects are
significant.
Inviscid (Ideal) flow regions: In many flows of practical interest, there
are regions (typically regions not close to solid surfaces) where viscous
forces are negligibly small compared to inertial or pressure forces.
ACCORDING TO CHANGE WITH TIME 9

STEADY UNSTEADY

A flow is said to
be STEADY if the t1
flow properties at t2
a certain location t3
do not change 𝑢 𝑢
with time.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
=0 =⋯≠0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
FLOW PAST CYLINDER 10

STEADY UNSTEADY

𝑅𝑒 ≪ 𝑅𝑒 ≫
ACCORDING TO CHANGE WITH POSITION 11

Uniform Non-uniform

Real, assumed uniform

ACCORDING TO CHANGE WITH POSITION 12

1-D 2-D 3-D

𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑧
ACCORDING TO CHANGE WITH POSITION 13

2-D 3-D
ACCORDING TO CHANGE WITH POSITION 14
ACCORDING TO CHANGE WITH POSITION 15
ACCORDING TO ROTATION 16

If the fluid particles rotate about their axes, the flow is said to be ROTATIONAL.

Irrotational Rotational
ACCORDING TO ROTATION 17

EXAMPLES: REAL FLOW

ACCORDING TO ROTATION 18

EXAMPLES : FLOW OVER CYLINDER

Irrotational

Rotational
ACCORDING TO ROTATION 19

EXAMPLES: FREE & FORCED VORTEX

Irrotational Rotational

𝑟
𝑟
ACCORDING TO ROTATION 20
ACCORDING TO MIXING 21

REYNOLDS’ EXPERIMENT
ACCORDING TO MIXING 22

REYNOLDS’ EXPERIMENT
ACCORDING TO MIXING 23

LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOWS

ACCORDING TO MIXING 24

REYNOLDS’ NUMBER

𝑅𝑒 < 2000
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑉𝑑
𝑅𝑒 = = Transitional
𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜇
Flow
2000 < 𝑅𝑒 < 4000

𝑅𝑒 > 4000
ACCORDING TO MIXING 25

CHANGE WITH TIME

 ACCORDING TO MIXING 26

CHANGE WITH TIME

𝑢ത 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡
Turbulent
Velocity or Pressure

Transition

Laminar

time
ACCORDING TO MIXING 27

APPLICATIONS
• Most practical flows (industrial and environmental) are turbulent flows (verify)
• Turbulence plays the major role in fluid mixing, heat transfer and mass transport
(give examples).

Domestic home piping

𝜌𝑉𝑑
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
1000 × 2 × 0.5 × 0.025
𝑅𝑒 =
0.001
𝑅𝑒 = 25,000
≫ 4,000
ACCORDING TO MIXING 28

MIXING BEHAVIOR
ACCORDING TO MIXING 29

MIXING BEHAVIOR

Laminar

Turbulent
ACCORDING TO MIXING 30

ENVIRONMENT
ACCORDING TO COMPRESSIBILITY 31

All fluid flows are COMPRESSIBLE flows (𝜕𝜌Τ𝜕𝑝 ≠ 0), however, in some
circumstances (e.g. liquid flows and low speed gas flows) the compressibility effects
can be ignored i.e. the flow is considered INCOMPRESSIBLE (𝜕𝜌Τ𝜕𝑝 = 0)
WHY FLOW CLASSIFICATIONS?
1. According to viscous effects:
2. According to change with time:
3. According to change with position:
4. According to change with position:
5. According to mixing:
6. According to rotation:
7. According to compressibility:
32
Ideal or Real
Steady or Unsteady
Uniform or Non-uniform
1, 2 or 3 – Dimensional
Laminar or Turbulent
Rotational or Irrotational
Incompressible or Compressible
STREAMLINE,
PATH LINE AND
STREAK LINE
33
STREAMLINE 34

A curve that is everywhere tangent to the instantaneous local velocity vector.

Streamlines cannot be directly observed experimentally except in

steady flow fields.
STREAMLINE 35

Streamlines can’t
Streamlines
follow sharp
never intersect
corners
PATH LINE 36

The actual path traveled by an individual fluid particle over some time period.
STREAK LINE 37

The locus of fluid particles that have passed sequentially through a prescribed
point in the flow.
STREAK LINE 38

Streak lines are the most common flow pattern generated in

a physical experiment.
STREAMLINE, PATH LINE & STREAK LINE 39
STREAMLINE, PATH LINE & STREAK LINE 40

Steady Flow
Streamline = Pathline = Streakline
STREAM TUBE 41

A streamtube consists of a bundle of streamlines.

Fluid within a streamtube must remain there and cannot
cross the boundary of the streamtube.
In an incompressible flow field, a streamtube (a)
decreases in diameter as the flow accelerates or
converges and (b) increases in diameter as the flow
decelerates or diverges.
 42
SUMMARY

• Flow classifications
• Streamline, path line and streak line
PROJECT: TURBULENT FLOW 43

CHARACTERISTICS
•