2 - SimulationSetup (Till DYRE)

Tab 2 – Dynamic Simulation Setup
© 2015 Siemens Industry, Inc. All rights reserved

Dynamics Fundamentals:
An Example
1. Physical description:
di
(i t ) = 1 ò0 (E - Ri(t ))dt + i(0)
t
2. Equations: E = Ri + L or
dt L
© 2014 Siemens Industry Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International (Siemens PTI)
3. Initial condition (IC): i (t = 0 )
4. Block diagram:
5. Time response: i
time
Siemens Power Academy TD-NA – PSSC 550 Dynamic Simulation Page 2-2
Block Diagram Transformation
1 t
State i (t ) = ò (E - Ri(x ))dx + i(0)
L 0
IC = i(0)
1
E(t) i(t) E(t) i(t)
å 1/s 1/L R
L
- 1 + s( )
R
G
R
1 m GH
X1 X2 X1 X2
G
å G
- 1 + GH
H
P- f and Q - V Control Loops
Speed
ref -
å
Speed Electrical
Prime Mover Pmech
Network
& Pelec
Generator
Control
Vterm Loads
Efd -
å
Excitation Vref
System
and
Control
Power System Phenomena & Types of Controls
System Reinforcement
Operator
Actions
POWER LFC
SYSTEM
CONTROLS Prime Mover Control
Generator Control
Protection
HVDC, SVC
Planning
Operations Planning
POWER Economics
SYSTEM Frequency Variations
PHENOMENA
Power Swings
Surges
10-4 10-3 10 -2 .1 1 10 100 1000 104 10 5 106 107 108 109

Time Period
in Seconds
1 cycle 1 min. 1 hr 1 day 1 wk 1 yr
Different Response Times and Constants → Different types of system response
What is Dynamic Simulation?
Simulation of the power system response to disturbances.
- Disturbances:
ü branches and bus faults with or without protection failure (stuck breaker)
ü opening of branches without fault
ü trip of generators with or without faults
ü trip of loads
It is important to understand the phenomena of concern and the limitations of

the simulation tools.
Power System Phenomena & Simulation Tools
Reliability
Production S im ulation
Unit Comm itm ent
S IM ULATIO N S ecurity Constrained O ptim ization

TO O LS
O ptimal P ow er Flow
Pow er Flow
D ynam ic S im ulation
S witching Surge Program
TNA
Planning
Operations Planning
POWER Econom ics

S YSTEM Frequency V ariations
P HEN O M ENA
Power Swings
S urges
10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 .1 1 10 100 1000 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9
Tim e P eriod
in S econds
1 cycle 1 m in. 1 hr 1 day 1 wk 1 yr
Simulation tools ↔ Types of phenomena to be studied
Simulation Models
n Simulation models include:

- Power system network (…)
- Generator, Prime mover (…)
- Governor
- Excitation system
- Other power system control and monitoring devices
n Typical Disturbances Studied:
- Short circuit
- Line trip
- Generator trip
How Does Dynamic Simulation Work in
PSS®E ?
- Dynamic simulation requires the solution of nonlinear differential equations
- PSS®E solves the equations by numerical integration
- Differential equations are embedded in the models of generators, excitation

systems, etc.,
- expressed in block diagram
- These models are linked through the electrical network model,
- represented by algebraic equations
- Non-linearities such as limits and saturation can be addressed accurately

using dynamic models
Dynamic Simulation Flow
Data Assimilation
Initialization
Network Solution
Time Derivative
Apply Calculation
Disturbances
Output Plot Channels
Numerical Integration
Advance Time
PSS®E Dynamic Simulation Setup
n Starting with a solved power flow case, we first need to prepare the
converted case:
1. Convert loads and generators

Power flow → Convert Loads and Generators
(activities CONL and CONG)
2. Factorize network admittance matrix

Power flow → Solution → Factorize admittance matrix
(activity FACT)
3. Solve converted case

Power flow → Solution → Solution for switching studies
(activity TYSL)
Dynamic Simulation Setup (1/3)
Convert Loads (CONL)
n Modeling loads as constant power is

a very conservative approach if
significant voltage dips are expected
during a simulation.
n Generic Approach:
- Active power: 100% constant I
- Reactive power: 100% constant Z
n Percentages would depend on the

nature of loads, thus, may vary by
areas or zones.
n Ref: PAG Sec 5.5, Sec 7.2
Convert Loads (CONL) : Constant Power
n Load power is held constant as long as bus voltage exceeds

solution parameter PQBRAK.
n For voltages below this threshold, the corresponding load current
assumes an elliptical current-voltage characteristic.
Convert Loads (CONL) : Constant Current
- Load current is held constant as long as bus voltage exceeds 0.5 pu

- For voltages below 0.5 pu, load assumes an elliptical current-voltage
characteristic.
Current
Convert Generators (CONG)
Convert Generators (CONG) : Time Regimes
Generator reactance varies over time because of change in the path

of flux linkage
Optimal Ordering (ORDR)
Optimal ordering of buses to avoid sparsity as network admittance matrix is

triangularized for solution. Must be executed if:
- A bus or branch is added
- A bus type code is changed from 1 or 2 to 3 or 4, or vice versa
- A bus is removed
- A zero impedance line is converted to a nonzero, or vice versa
- If a branch status changed when invoked with the suffix OPT
Does not need to be executed in case of a branch status change.
Generally, PSS®E will do ORDR automatically if it is needed.
Factorization (FACT), Network Solution (TYSL)
Factorize Admittance Matrix

- Decomposes Y (network admittance) matrix into upper and lower triangular
factors
- Must be executed any time Y matrix is changed.
Solution for Switching Studies
- Calculates triangularized Y matrix network solution
- Determines instantaneous change in network voltages as a switching

operation occurs.
Dynamics Setup Procedure: Step 1
1. Start with a case (.sav) which has proper MBASE and ZSORCE.
§ Convert loads and generators

§ Power Flow → Convert Loads and Generators
§ Activities CONG and CONL
§ Optimal ordering of the network matrix
§ Power Flow → Solution → Order network…
§ Activity ORDR
§ Factorize the network matrix

§ Power Flow → Solution → Factorize admittance matrix
§ Activity FACT
§ Solve the converted case

§ Power Flow → Solution → Solution for switching studies
§ Activity TYSL
The converted case can be saved with a new file name.
2. Prepare a dynamic model raw data file (.dyr) to be read into PSS®E
§ Complete model data sheet

§ Enter data into a raw data file
For example, enter a generator model in the following format:
BUS# ‘Model Name’ ID

Data List /
101 'GENROU' 1
6.5 0.06 0.2 0.05 4.0 0.0 1.8
1.75 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.15 0.09 0.38 / comments
Step 2 (Continued)
3. Read the .dyr file into PSS®E

File → Open → Dynamics Model Raw Data File
activity DYRE
File → Open → Dynamics Model Raw Data File (*.dyr) aka DYRE
User must specify:

1. Name of dynamics data
source file (.dyr file) – input
2. Name of CONEC subroutine
file (.flx file) – output (optional)
3. Name of CONET subroutine

file (.flx file) – output (optional)
4. Name of compiling command

file (.bat file) – output (optional)
5. Starting indices of CON, STATE,

VAR and ICON (default 1,1,1,1) (optional)
DYRE Background
While opening .dyr file, PSS®E performs the following functions:
1. Sets up internal pointers to library models being used
2. Stores model data into internal arrays
3. If required! Writes calling subroutines to connect with user models
Two types of model calling subroutines:

§ Internal - controlled by tables within PSS®E
§ External - explicitly linked to PSS®E skeleton by the user. Obsolete!
DYRE Background:
(1/3) Pointers
MODEL
PSS®E MODEL
CONNECTION
PROGRAM LIBRARY
SUBROUTINE
DYNAMIC SIMULATION
WORKING ARRAYS
Basic Program Structure of PSS®E Dynamic Simulation
DYRE Background:
(2/3) Dynamic Data Arrays
CON ICON STATE VAR Special
Machine
Arrays
M
M O ETERM
O D1 M EFD
D1 E O PMECH
E L D1 PELEC
L E QELEC
L SPEED
M ANGLE
O
D2
M E
O L
D2
E
L
DYRE Background:
(2/3) Dynamic Data Arrays
n Constants (CON)
- Parameters that do not vary during the simulation period.
n State Variables (STATE)

- Variables whose instantaneous values are determined by differential
equations.
n Algebraic Variables (VAR)
- Variables whose values can be determined if the values of all state
variables, constants and input variables are given.
n Input Variables (ICON)

- Quantities whose values are specified at any instant by logic outside the
dynamic simulation.
DYRE Background:
(3/3) Internal Model Calling Subroutines
§ Internal (or Table-Driven) model calling subroutines handle:

• All plant related models
- generators, excitation systems, governors, stabilizers, etc.
• Load Models
• Line Relay Models
• Auxiliary Signal Models
• FACTS Device Models
• HVDC Line Models
• Switched shunt models (discrete or SVC models)
§ The user does not see these internal calling subroutines and
generally does not need to be concerned with their operations.
DYRE Background:
(3/3) External Model Calling Subroutines
n Obsolete! since Version 34
n Two source files, generically called the CONEC and CONET

subroutines, are automatically created by PSS®E.
n They contain calls to models not handled internally by PSS®E
- May be edited using a standard text editor
- Must be compiled and linked with PSS®E skeleton
- User needs to understand their contents
DYRE Background:
n Two types of models:
- Models with dynamics, i.e., state variables associated with differential

equations or transfer functions
- Models without dynamics, often containing only algebraic equations
The calculation of time derivatives of state variables in general involves

constants and the prior calculations of a set of quantities that are related
algebraically to those state variables via algebraic equations.
DYRE Background
n CONEC Subroutine
• Processes non-table driven models involving state variables
• Very few standard PSS®E models are still called from the CONEC
subroutine.
n CONET Subroutine
• Handles non-table driven models with algebraic equations involving the

network (e.g. OLTC and phase shifter models)
• Handles models whose inputs or outputs are determined solely by network

quantities, such as some relays and monitoring models (e.g., loss of
excitation relay LOEXR1 or interface monitoring model INTFLW).
DYRE Background:

n CONEC
- Is responsible for equipment models involving state variables and
differential equations (e.g., excitation system models). Subroutine
CONEC has the responsibility of calculating the time derivative of every
state variable used in the model using the present values of state
variables and any algebraic variables needed
- can also be used for the advanced control of a simulation
n CONET
- is responsible for equipment models that are called during network
solution to calculate current injections which are dependent on the
voltage at the bus to which they are connected
- is also responsible for other models which only monitor the network or
perform actions based on network quantities such as relays
After reading the data file, PSS®E displays the following message:
Compile models not supplied by PSS/E and create user dll
Compiling and Creating User Model DLL
If .dyr file contains user models,

compile and create DLL,
using “Create usrdll” program.
PSSE 33 >
NOTE
A compiler installation required!
e.g. Intel Visual Fortran (IVF)
- PSS®E gives a summary of the models and flags errors found in the file
(e.g., too much data or not enough data)
- (Optional) Save snapshot

File → Save and then go to the Snapshot Data tab
- (Optional) Look at the CONEC and CONET files outside of PSS®E using a
text editor
- (Optional) Exit PSS®E, if necessary (i.e., if setup includes user-written

models or connection subroutines contain special source codes).
Summary of Dynamics Setup Procedure
- Start PSSE
- From a solved power flow case make a converted case, or open an

already converted case
- Prepare dynamic model raw data file (*.dyr)
- Open the dynamic raw data file
- (Optional) Save simulation data in a snapshot file
- If necessary, Exercise
• Exit PSS®E SU1
• Compile CONEC and CONET
• Link with the dynamic simulation skeleton
Automation
The sequence can be recorded in an automation file (IDEV or Python™) for

subsequent use.
Exercise
SU1.1
Data Documentation
n Dynamics → List
- Models and Data (DOCU) - List dynamic models and data, including models
called from CONEC and CONET subroutines, models related to output
channel selections.
- Dynamics Data (DLST) - List contents of dynamic data arrays, such as
CONS, ICONS, STATES, VARS and channels.
- Model Storage Location (MLST) - List machine model storage locations, i.e.,
indices of CONS, ICONS, STATES and VARS.
Data Documentation Example:
Data Sheet
3001
1
0.1
10.0
100.0
0.1
0.0
4.0
Data Documentation Example:
Models and Data List (DOCU)
Datasheet
3001
1
133 0.1 50
DOCU 10.0
100.0
shows 0.1
0.0
Array 138 4.0
assignment
*** CALL SEXS( 3001, ’1’, 5, 133, 50) ***
BUS NAME BSVLT MACH COUNT C O N ’ S STATE’S SLOT

3001 MINE 13.8 1 5 133 - 138 50 - 51 5
PSSE Output Bar: TA/TB TB K TE EMIN EMAX
DOCU output 0.100 10.000 100.0 0.100 0.00 4.00
internal reference
Dynamics Data List (DLST)
CONS:
33: 2.500 34: 0.0000 35: 1.400 36: 1.350
37: 0.5000 38: 0.7000 39: 0.250 40: 0.1000
41: 0.9000E-01 42: 0.3800 43: 5.000 44: 0.5000E-01
VARS:
1: 0.1423E-37 2: 0.4114E-37 3: 0.000 4: 0.000
5: 0.000 6: 0.000 7: 0.000 8: 0.000
STATES:
11: 0.0000E+00 12: 1.053 13: 1.267 14: 1.022
ICONS:
3: 201 4: 204 5:'1 '
OUTPUT CHANNELS:
CHANL IPRINT X- VALUE -X X------ IDENTIFIER ----X X--------- DESCRIPTION ----------X

1 1 1.4235E-38 ANG1NUC-A ROTOR ANGLE BUS 101 MACHINE 1
2 4 0.000 ANG1HYDRO ROTOR ANGLE BUS 211 MACHINE 1
3 3 0.000 ANG1URBGEN ROTOR ANGLE BUS 206 MACHINE 1
4 5 0.000 ANG1MINE ROTOR ANGLE BUS 3011 MACHINE 1
Output from Activity MLST
PLANT MODELS
BUS X--- NAME ---X ID MODEL X----CONS---X X---STATES--X X---VARS---X X--ICONS---X

101 NUC-A 21.600 1 GENROU 1- 14 1- 6
IEEET1 83- 96 36- 39 1
TGOV1 145- 151 54- 55 4
102 NUC-B 21.600 1 GENROU 15- 28 7- 12

IEEET1 97- 110 40- 43 2
TGOV1 152- 158 56- 57 5
206 URBGEN 18.000 1 GENROU 29- 42 13- 18
IEEET1 111- 124 44- 47 3
TGOV1 159- 165 58- 59 6
211 HYDRO_G 20.000 1 GENSAL 43- 54 19- 23

SCRX 125- 132 48- 49
HYGOV 166- 177 60- 63 7- 8
3011 MINE_G 13.800 1 GENROU 55- 68 24- 29

SEXS 133- 138 50- 51
3018 CATDOG_G13.800 1 GENROU 69- 82 30- 35

SEXS 139- 144 52- 53
Exercise
SU1.2
Some Common Mistakes
§ Failing to insert a forward slash ( / ) at § Not knowing when to use DYRE and
the end of every data record in the when DYRE,ADD. Use DYRE for initial
dynamics model raw data file reading and DYRE,ADD for adding data
to an existing setup
§ Not knowing when to compile and

rebuild user’s own DLL. Pay attention § Forgetting to save data in a snapshot
to program message in progress after reading a .dyr file
window
§ Accidentally overwriting the original
§ Attempting to rebuild DLL while PSS®E CONEC and CONET files when reading
window is still active dynamics model raw data file in the
data addition mode (DYRE, ADD). Use
different file names during data addition
§ Attempting to write simulation results to
an output file that is currently being
used by plotting program e.g., PSSPLT § Using <tabs> in FLECS code,
connection subroutines or user models.
Compiler does not recognize <tabs>
Hands-on Training:
- Dynamics Data Setup Exercise SU1
Prerequisite: savnw_ds.sav (Load Flow)
Prepare generator, exciter and governor models for the machines in the
SAVNW system, using parameters from Tab 14 of Course Notes.
1. Create a new folder SU1. Place savnw_ds.sav in the folder. Start PSSE.
2. Open savnw_ds.sav.
3. Convert load flow file (File > Open > Saved Case, Power Flow > Convert
loads & generators, Power flow > Solution > FACT and TYSL)
- save the converted case (File > Save > su1_cnv.sav)
4. Create a dynamics raw data file using a text editor, save as su1.dyr
5. Start PSS®E. Open su1_cnv.sav file. Open the dynamics raw data file
(File > Open > Dynamics Model Raw Data File> su1.dyr)
Hands-on Training:
- Dynamics Data Setup Exercise SU1.1
Prerequisite: savnw_ds.sav (Load Flow), su1.dyr (Dynamic Data)
1. Create a folder SU1.1. Place savnw_ds.sav and su1.dyr in this folder.
2. Start PSS®E. Click on red button. Give file name run.py
3. Repeat Step 2 to Step 5 from previous exercise.
4. Click on the blue button.
5. Open run.py and read its contents.
6. Notice the file path, make them shorter.
7. Run the automation file run.py
Hands-on Training:
- Dynamics Data Setup Exercise SU1.2
Prerequisite: savnw_ds.sav (Load Flow), su1.dyr (Dynamic Data),

run.py (Automation)
1. Create a new folder SU1.2
2. Place in this folder the files:
savnw_ds.sav
su1.dyr
run.py
3. Start PSS®E. Run run.py
4. Perform:
DOCU
DLST
MLST

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Tab 2 – Dynamic Simulation Setup

© 2015 Siemens Industry, Inc. All rights reserved

10-4 10-3 10 -2 .1 1 10 100 1000 104 10 5 106 107 108 109

Different Response Times and Constants → Different types of system response

Simulation of the power system response to disturbances.

It is important to understand the phenomena of concern and the limitations of

Unit Comm itm ent

S IM ULATIO N S ecurity Constrained O ptim ization

S witching Surge Program

POWER Econom ics

Simulation tools ↔ Types of phenomena to be studied

n Simulation models include:

- PSS®E solves the equations by numerical integration

- Differential equations are embedded in the models of generators, excitation

- These models are linked through the electrical network model,

- represented by algebraic equations

- Non-linearities such as limits and saturation can be addressed accurately

1. Convert loads and generators

2. Factorize network admittance matrix

3. Solve converted case

n Modeling loads as constant power is

n Percentages would depend on the

n Ref: PAG Sec 5.5, Sec 7.2

n Load power is held constant as long as bus voltage exceeds

- Load current is held constant as long as bus voltage exceeds 0.5 pu

Generator reactance varies over time because of change in the path

Optimal ordering of buses to avoid sparsity as network admittance matrix is

- A bus type code is changed from 1 or 2 to 3 or 4, or vice versa

- If a branch status changed when invoked with the suffix OPT

Does not need to be executed in case of a branch status change.

Generally, PSS®E will do ORDR automatically if it is needed.

Factorize Admittance Matrix

- Must be executed any time Y matrix is changed.

- Determines instantaneous change in network voltages as a switching

§ Convert loads and generators

§ Optimal ordering of the network matrix

§ Factorize the network matrix

§ Solve the converted case

The converted case can be saved with a new file name.

§ Complete model data sheet

BUS# ‘Model Name’ ID

3. Read the .dyr file into PSS®E

User must specify:

2. Name of CONEC subroutine

3. Name of CONET subroutine

4. Name of compiling command

5. Starting indices of CON, STATE,

While opening .dyr file, PSS®E performs the following functions:

1. Sets up internal pointers to library models being used

2. Stores model data into internal arrays

Two types of model calling subroutines:

Basic Program Structure of PSS®E Dynamic Simulation

n State Variables (STATE)

n Input Variables (ICON)

§ Internal (or Table-Driven) model calling subroutines handle:

n Two source files, generically called the CONEC and CONET

n They contain calls to models not handled internally by PSS®E

- Must be compiled and linked with PSS®E skeleton

- User needs to understand their contents

- Models with dynamics, i.e., state variables associated with differential

The calculation of time derivatives of state variables in general involves

• Processes non-table driven models involving state variables

• Handles non-table driven models with algebraic equations involving the

* CALL SEXS( 3001, ’1’, 5, 133, 50) *