A

PROJECT REPORT
On

Microfinance Industry in India

and SKS Microfinance Ltd

The Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For The Award of the Degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

(Collaborative program of M.S. Ramaiah Management Institute with PRIST University)

BY

Mani Shankar Sonkushre

Reg. no. CM2091860039

Under the guidance of

Prof Kumuda PR

PRIST UNIVERSITY
Vallam, Thanjavur

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 STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Project Report conducted on

Microfinance Industry in India and SKS Microfinance Limited under the

guidance of

Prof Kumuda PR

Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Collaborative program with PRIST University

TO

M.S.RAMAIAH MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE

It is my original work and the same has not been submitted for the award of any
other Degree/Diploma/Fellowship or other similar titles or prizes

Place: Bangalore STUDENT NAME : Mani Shankar Sonkushre

Date: Reg. No : CM2091860039

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report on “Microfinance Industry in India and
SKS Microfinance Ltd ” Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Of

PRIST UNIVERSITY

In collaboration with

M.S.RAMAIAH MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE

Is a record of bonafide Training carried out by (Mani Shankar Sonkushre,

CM2091860039) under my supervision and guidance and that no part of this report
has been submitted for the award of any other degree / diploma / fellowship or
similar titles or prizes.

FACULTY GUIDE

Signature :

Name : Kumuda PR

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Guidance, help and encouragement are the essential requirements for successful
completion of any project. I owe my gratitude to all those who have helped me in
the preparation of this project report.

I extend my special gratitude to our beloved director Shri ANANDARAM, Our

DEAN & our Co-coordinator Dr Muralidharan H. for inspiring me to take up
this project.

I wish to acknowledge my sincere gratitude and indebtedness to my project

guide Prof Kumuda PR of M.S. RAMAIAH MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE
Bangalore for his valuable guidance and constructive suggestions in the
preparation of project report.

Mani Shankar Sonkushre

MBA IV Semester

M. S. Ramaiah institute of Management

Bangalore

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 Content
1. Executive summary
a) Introduction to Micro Finance Industry
b) Role of Microfinance
a. Activities in Micro Finance
c) Microfinance in India
d) Microfinance Models
e) Legal Regulations
f) Success Factors of Microfinance in India
g) Issues related to Microfinance in India
2. Research Design
3. SKS Microfinance

a) Company Profile
b) Operational Highlights

c) Product structure
d) Risk and Mitigation
4. Calculation and Analysis
5. Finding and Conclusions
6. Bibliography

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Executive summary :

This project reports gives an insight to the Microfinance industry in India. It

covers the Scope, Problems, Risks, Improvement and Benefits of Microfinance
Industry in India. Based on Various Data collected from different sources the
working of microfinance industry and its process is dealt with a due consideration
to all legal and social aspect of country.
This report consists of detailed study of India’s largest microfinance
company – SKS Microfinance. In the report, the valuation of SKS microfinance is
done on the basis of financial calculation and ratios. This report shows the working
methodology, product structure and Risks mitigation of the company and based on
the research and calculation some findings and conclusion is arrived at.
Microfinance offers poor people access to basic financial services such as
loans, savings, money transfer services and micro insurance, according to the
Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, or CGAP(Consultative Group to assist the
poor), an independent policy and research organization. The industry emerged to
alleviate poverty on the premise that poor people, like everyone else, need a
diverse range of financial services to run their business, build assets and reduce
vulnerability to fluctuations in their income. Their needs for financial services have
been traditionally met through a variety of financial relationships, mostly informal.
In the past two decades, different types of financial services providers for poor
people have emerged, including non-government organizations, or NGOs;
cooperatives; community-based development institutions like Self Help Groups,
or SHGs, and credit unions; commercial and state banks and microfinance
institutions, or MFIs, offering new possibilities

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Introduction

Microfinance is defined as any activity that includes the provision of financial

services such as credit, savings, and insurance to low income individuals which fall
just above the nationally defined poverty line, and poor individuals which fall below
that poverty line, with the goal of creating social value. The creation of social value
includes poverty alleviation and the broader impact of improving livelihood
opportunities through the provision of capital for micro enterprise, and insurance and
savings for risk mitigation and consumption smoothing. A large variety of actors
provide microfinance in India, using a range of microfinance delivery methods. Since
the ICICI Bank in India, various actors have endeavored to provide access to
financial services to the poor in creative ways. Governments also have piloted
national programs, NGOs have undertaken the activity of raising donor funds for on-
lending, and some banks have partnered with public organizations or made small
inroads themselves in providing such services. This has resulted in a rather broad
definition of microfinance as any activity that targets poor and low-income
individuals for the provision of financial services. The range of activities undertaken
in microfinance include group lending, individual lending, the provision of savings
and insurance, capacity building, and agricultural business development services.

Microfinance Definition

According to International Labor Organization (ILO), “Microfinance is an

economic development approach that involves providing financial services
through institutions to low income clients”.

In India, Microfinance has been defined by “The National Microfinance Taskforce,

1999” as “provision of thrift, credit and other financial services and products of

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very small amounts to the poor in rural, semi-urban or urban areas for enabling
them to raise their income levels and improve living standards”.

"The poor stay poor, not because they are lazy but because they have no access to
capital."

The dictionary meaning of ‘finance’ is management of money. The

management of money denotes acquiring & using money. Micro Finance is
buzzing word, used when financing for micro entrepreneurs. Concept of micro
finance is emerged in need of meeting special goal to empower under-privileged
class of society, women, and poor, downtrodden by natural reasons or men made;
caste, creed, religion or otherwise. The principles of Micro Finance are founded on
the philosophy of cooperation and its central values of equality, equity and mutual
self-help. At the heart of these principles are the concept of human development
and the brotherhood of man expressed through people working together to achieve
a better life for themselves and their children.

Traditionally micro finance was focused on providing a very standardized

credit product. The poor, just like anyone else, (in fact need like thirst) need a
diverse range of financial instruments to be able to build assets, stabilize
consumption and protect themselves against risks. Thus, we see a broadening of
the concept of micro finance--- our current challenge is to find efficient and
reliable ways of providing a richer menu of micro finance products. Micro Finance
is not merely extending credit, but extending credit to those who require most for
their and family’s survival. It cannot be measured in term of quantity, but due
weightage to quality measurement. How credit availed is used to survive and grow
with limited means.

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Who are the clients of micro finance?

The typical micro finance clients are low-income persons that do not have
access to formal financial institutions. Micro finance clients are typically self-
employed, often household-based entrepreneurs. In rural areas, they are usually
small farmers and others who are engaged in small income-generating activities
such as food processing and petty trade. In urban areas, micro finance activities are
more diverse and include shopkeepers, service providers, artisans, street vendors,
etc. Micro finance clients are poor and vulnerable non-poor who have a relatively
unstable source of income.
Access to conventional formal financial institutions, for many reasons, is inversely
related to income: the poorer you are, the less likely that you have access. On the
other hand, the chances are that, the poorer you are, the more expensive or onerous
informal financial arrangements. Moreover, informal arrangements may not
suitably meet certain financial service needs or may exclude you anyway.
Individuals in this excluded and under-served market segment are the clients of
micro finance.
As we broaden the notion of the types of services micro finance
encompasses, the potential market of micro finance clients also expands. It
depends on local conditions and political climate, activeness of cooperatives, SHG
& NGOs and support mechanism. For instance, micro credit might have a far more
limited market scope than say a more diversified range of financial services, which
includes various types of savings products, payment and remittance services, and
various insurance products. For example, many very poor farmers may not really
wish to borrow, but rather, would like a safer place to save the proceeds from their
harvest as these are consumed over several months by the requirements of daily
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 living. Central government in India has established a strong & extensive link
between NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development), State
Cooperative Bank, District Cooperative Banks, Primary Agriculture & Marketing
Societies at national, state, district and village level.

Financial needs and financial services

In developing economies and particularly in the rural areas, many activities that
would be classified in the developed world as financial are not monetized: that is,
money is not used to carry them out. Almost by definition, poor people have very
little money. But circumstances often arise in their lives in which they need money
or the things money can buy.

Poor’s have several types of needs:

 Lifecycle Needs: such as weddings, funerals, childbirth, education,

homebuilding, widowhood, old age.
 Personal Emergencies: such as sickness, injury, unemployment, theft,
harassment or death.
 Disasters: such as fires, floods, cyclones and man-made events like war or
bulldozing of dwellings.
 Investment Opportunities: expanding a business, buying land or equipment,
improving housing, securing a job (which often requires paying a large
bribe), etc.

Poor people find creative and often collaborative ways to meet these needs,
primarily through creating and exchanging different forms of non-cash value.

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Common substitutes for cash vary from country to country but typically include
livestock, grains, jewellery and precious metals.

Microfinance began to develop as an industry. In the 2000s, the microfinance

industry’s objective is to satisfy the unmet demand on a much larger scale, and to
play a role in reducing poverty. While much progress has been made in developing
a viable, commercial microfinance sector in the last few decades, several issues
remain that need to be addressed before the industry will be able to satisfy massive
worldwide demand.

Role of Microfinance:

The micro credit of microfinance progamme was first initiated in the year 1976 in
Bangladesh with promise of providing credit to the poor without collateral ,
alleviating poverty and unleashing human creativity and endeavor of the poor
people. Microfinance impact studies have demonstrated that

• Microfinance helps poor households meet basic needs and protects them
against risks.

• The use of financial services by low-income households leads to

improvements in household economic welfare and enterprise stability and
growth.

• By supporting women’s economic participation, microfinance empowers

women, thereby promoting gender-equity and improving household well
being.

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 • The level of impact relates to the length of time clients have had access to
financial services.

Activities in Microfinance

Microcredit:

It is a small amount of money loaned to a client by a bank or other

institution. Microcredit can be offered, often without collateral, to an individual or
through group lending.

Micro savings:

These are deposit services that allow one to save small amounts of money
for future use. Often without minimum balance requirements, these savings
accounts allow households to save in order to meet unexpected expenses and plan
for future expenses.

Micro insurance:

It is a system by which people, businesses and other organizations make a

payment to share risk. Access to insurance enables entrepreneurs to concentrate
more on developing their businesses while mitigating other risks affecting
property, health or the ability to work.

Remittances:

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 These are transfer of funds from people in one place to people in another,
usually across borders to family and friends. Compared with other sources of
capital that can fluctuate depending on the political or economic climate,
remittances are a relatively steady source of funds.

Microfinance in India

At present lending to the economically active poor both rural and urban is pegged
at around Rs 7000 crore in the Indian banks’ credit outstanding. As against this,
according to even the most conservative estimates, the total demand for credit
requirements for this part of Indian society is somewhere around Rs 2,00,000
crore.

Microfinance changing the face of poor India

Micro-Finance is emerging as a powerful instrument for poverty alleviation

in the new economy. In India, micro-Finance scene is dominated by Self Help
Groups (SHGs) - Banks linkage Programme, aimed at providing a cost effective
mechanism for providing financial services to the 'unreached poor'. In the Indian
context terms like "small and marginal farmers", " rural artisans" and
"economically weaker sections" have been used to broadly define micro-finance
customers. Research across the globe has shown that, over time, microfinance
clients increase their income and assets, increase the number of years of schooling
their children receive, and improve the health and nutrition of their families.

A more refined model of micro-credit delivery has evolved lately, which

emphasizes the combined delivery of financial services along with technical

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assistance, and agricultural business development services. When compared to the
wider SHG bank linkage movement in India, private MFIs have had limited
outreach. However, we have seen a recent trend of larger microfinance institutions
transforming into Non-Bank Financial Institutions (NBFCs). This changing face of
microfinance in India appears to be positive in terms of the ability of microfinance
to attract more funds and therefore increase outreach.

In terms of demand for micro-credit or micro-finance, there are three segments,

which demand funds. They are:

 At the very bottom in terms of income and assets, are those who are landless
and engaged in agricultural work on a seasonal basis, and manual
labourers in forestry, mining, household industries, construction and
transport. This segment requires, first and foremost, consumption credit
during those months when they do not get labour work, and for
contingencies such as illness. They also need credit for acquiring small
productive assets, such as livestock, using which they can generate
additional income.

 The next market segment is small and marginal farmers and rural
artisans, weavers and those self-employed in the urban informal sector
as hawkers, vendors, and workers in household micro-enterprises. This
segment mainly needs credit for working capital, a small part of which also
serves consumption needs. This segment also needs term credit for acquiring
additional productive assets, such as irrigation pumpsets, borewells and
livestock in case of farmers, and equipment (looms, machinery) and
worksheds in case of non-farm workers.

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  The third market segment is of small and medium farmers who have gone
in for commercial crops such as surplus paddy and wheat, cotton,
groundnut, and others engaged in dairying, poultry, fishery, etc. Among
non-farm activities, this segment includes those in villages and slums,
engaged in processing or manufacturing activity, running provision stores,
repair workshops, tea shops, and various service enterprises. These persons
are not always poor, though they live barely above the poverty line and also
suffer from inadequate access to formal credit.

These are the people who require money and with Microfinance it is
possible. Right now the problem is that, it is SHGs' which are doing this and
efforts should be made so that the big financial institutions also turn up and start
supplying funds to these people.Today India is facing major problem in reducing
poverty. About 25 million people in India are under below poverty line. With low
per capita income, heavy population pressure, prevalence of massive
unemployment and underemployment , low rate of capital formation ,
misdistribution of wealth and assets , prevalence of low technology and poor
economics organization and instability of output of agriculture production and
related sectors have made India one of the poor countries of the world.

Present Scenario of India:

India falls under low income class according to World Bank. It is second
populated country in the world and around 70 % of its population lives in rural
area. 60% of people depend on agriculture, as a result there is chronic
underemployment and per capita income is only $ 3262. This is not enough to
provide food to more than one individual . The obvious result is abject poverty ,
low rate of education, low sex ratio, exploitation. The major factor account for

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high incidence of rural poverty is the low asset base. According to Reserve Bank of
India, about 51 % of people house possess only 10% of the total asset of India This
has resulted low production capacity both in agriculture (which contribute around
22-25% of GDP ) and Manufacturing sector. Rural people have very low access to
institutionalized credit( from commercial bank).

Poverty alleviation programmes and concepualisation of Microfinance:

There has been continuous efforts of planners of India in addressing the

poverty . They Have come up with development programmes like Integrated Rural
Development progamme (IRDP), National Rural Employment Programme (NREP)
, Rural Labour Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) etc. But these
progamme have not been able to create massive impact in poverty alleviation. The
production oriented approach of planning without altering the mode of production
could not but result of the gains of development by owners of instrument of
production. The mode of production does remain same as the owner of the
instrument have low access to credit which is the major factor of production. Thus
in Nineties National bank for agriculture and rural development(NABARD)
launches pilot projects of Microfinance to bridge the gap between demand and
supply of funds in the lower rungs of rural economy. Microfinance . the buzzing
word of this decade was meant to cure the illness of rural economy. With this
concept of Self Reliance, Self Sufficiency and Self Help gained momentum. The
Indian microfinance is dominated by Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their linkage to
Banks.

Deprived of the basic banking facilities, the rural and semi urban Indian masses are
still relying on informal financing intermediaries like money lenders, family
members, friends etc.

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Distribution of Indebted Rural Households: Agency wise

Credit Agency Percentage of Rural Households

Government 6.1
Cooperative Societies 21.6
Commercial banks and RRBs 33.7
Insurance 0.3
Provident Fund 0.7
Other Institutional Sources 1.6
All Institutional Agencies 64.0
Landlord 4.0
Agricultural Moneylenders 7.0
Professional Moneylenders 10.5
Relatives and Friends 5.5
Others 9.0
All Non Institutional Agencies 36.0
All Agencies 100.0

Source: Debt and Investment Survey, GOI

Seeing the figures from the above table, it is evident that the share of institutional
credit is much more now.

The above survey result shows that till 1991, institutional credit accounted for
around two-thirds of the credit requirement of rural households. This shows a
comparatively better penetration of the banking and financial institutions in rural
India.

Percentage distribution of debt among indebted Rural Labor

Households by source of debt :

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 Sr. Source of debt Households
With Without All
No.
cultivated cultivated
land land
1 Government 4.99 5.76 5.37
2 Co-operative Societies 16.78 9.46 13.09
3 Banks 19.91 14.55 17.19
4 Employers 5.35 8.33 6.86
5 Money lenders 28.12 35.23 31.70
6 Shop-keepers 6.76 7.47 7.13
7 Relatives/Friends 14.58 15.68 15.14
8 Other Sources 3.51 3.52 3.52
  Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: Rural labor enquiry report on indebtedness among rural labor
households

The table above reveals that most of the rural labour households prefer to
raise loan from the non-institutional sources.  About 64% of the total debt
requirement of these households was met by the non-institutional sources during
1999-2000.  Money lenders alone provided debt (Rs.1918) to the tune of 32% of
the total debt of these households as against 28% during 1993-94.  Relatives and
friends and shopkeepers have been two other sources which together accounted for
about 22% of the total debt at all-India level. 

            The institutional sources could meet only 36% of the total credit
requirement of the rural labour households during 1999-2000 with only one
percent increase over the previous survey in 1993-94.  Among the institutional
sources of debt, the banks continued to be the single largest source of debt meeting
about 17 percent of the total debt requirement of these households.  In comparison
to the previous enquiry, the dependence on co-operative societies has increased
considerably in 1999-2000.  During 1999-2000 as much as 13% of the debt was
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raised from this source as against 8% in 1993-94.  However, in the case of the
banks and the government agencies it decreased marginally from 18.88% and
8.27% to 17.19% and 5.37% respectively during 1999-2000 survey.

Relative share of Borrowing of Cultivator Households (in per cent)

Sources of Credit 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2002*

Non Institutional 92.7 81.3 68.3 36.8 30.6 38.9
Of which:
Moneylenders 69.7 49.2 36.1 16.1 17.5 26.8
Institutional 7.3 18.7 31.7 63.2 66.3 61.1
Of which:
Cooperative 3.3 2.6 22.0 29.8 30.0 30.2
Societies,etc
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Commercial banks 0.9 0.6 2.4 28.8 35.2 26.3
Unspecified - - - - 3.1 -
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: All India Debt and Investment Surveys

Table shows the increasing influence of moneylenders in the last decade. The share
of moneylenders in the total non institutional credit was declining till 1981, started
picking up from the 1990s and reached 27 per cent in 2001. At the same time the
share of commercial banks in institutional credit has come down by almost the
same percentage points during this period. Though, the share of cooperative
societies is increasing continuously, the growth has flattened during the last three
decades

Distribution based on Asset size of Rural Households (in per cent).

Household Assets (Rs Institutional Non- All

‘000) Agency Institutional
Agency
Less than 5 42 58 100
5-10 47 53 100
10-20 44 56 100
20-30 68 32 100
30-50 55 45 100
50-70 53 47 100
70-100 61 39 100
100-150 61 39 100
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150-250 68 32 100
250 and above 81 19 100
All classes 66 34 100

Source: Debt and Investment Survey, GoI, 1992

The households with a lower asset size were unable to find financing options
from formal credit disbursement sources. This was due to the requirement of
physical collateral by banking and financial institutions for disbursing credit. For
households with less than Rs 20,000 worth of physical assets, the most convenient
source of credit was non institutional agencies like landlords, moneylenders,
relatives, friends, etc. Looking at the findings of the study commissioned by Asia
technical Department of the World Bank (1995), the purpose or the reason behind
taking credit by the rural poor was consumption credit, savings, production credit
and insurance. Consumption credit constituted two-thirds of the credit usage within
which almost three-fourths of the demand was for short periods to meeting
emergent needs such as illness and household expenses during the lean season.
Almost entire demand for the consumption credit was met by informal sources at
high to exploitive interest rates that varied from 30 to 90 per cent per annum.

Almost 75 per cent of the production credit (which accounted for about one-third
of the total credit availed of by the rural masses) was met by the formal sector,
mainly banks and cooperatives.

Banking Expansion

Starting in the late 1960s, India was the home to one of the largest state
interventions in the rural credit market. This phase is known as the “Social
Banking” phase.It witnessed the nationalization of existing private commercial
banks, massive expansion of branch network in rural areas, mandatory directed
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 credit to priority sectors of the economy, subsidized rates of interest and creation
of a new set of regional rural banks (RRBs) at the district level and a specialized
apex bank for agriculture and rural development (NABARD) at the national level.

The Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) is a measure of the economic activity in
the state and comparing it with the utilization of bank credit or bank deposits
indicates how much economic activity is being financed by the banks and whether
there exists untapped potential for increasing deposits in that state.

E.g. In the year 2003-2004 the percentage of bank deposits to NSDP is pretty
high at around 75%-80% in Bihar and Jharkhand or these states are not as
under banked as thought to be

Micro Finance Models :

 Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs): MFIs are an extremely heterogeneous

group comprising NBFCs, societies, trusts and cooperatives. They are provided
financial support from external donors and apex institutions including the
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK), SIDBI Foundation for micro-credit and NABARD
and employ a variety of ways for credit delivery. Since 2000, commercial banks
including Regional Rural Banks have been providing funds to MFIs for on lending
to poor clients. Though initially, only a handful of NGOs were “into” financial
intermediation using a variety of delivery methods, their numbers have increased
considerably today. While there is no published data on private MFIs operating in
the country, the number of MFIs is estimated to be around 800.
Legal Forms of MFIs in India
Types of MFIs Estimated Legal Acts under which Registered

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 Number*
1.  Not for Profit MFIs Societies Registration Act, 1860 or similar
400 to 500
a.) NGO - MFIs Provincial Act Indian Trust Act, 1882
b.) Non-profit Companies 10 Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956
2. Mutual Benefit MFIs 200

Mutually Aided Cooperative Mutually Aided Cooperative Societies Act enacted

to
Societies (MACS) and similarly set by State Government
up institutions 250
3.  For Profit MFIs
Indian Companies Act, 1956

Non-Banking Financial Companies

6 Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
(NBFCs)
Total 700 - 800  

 Bank Partnership Model

This model is an innovative way of financing MFIs. The bank is the lender
and the MFI acts as an agent for handling items of work relating to credit
monitoring, supervision and recovery. In other words, the MFI acts as an agent and
takes care of all relationships with the client, from first contact to final repayment.
The model has the potential to significantly increase the amount of funding that
MFIs can leverage on a relatively small equity base. A sub - variation of this model
is where the MFI, as an NBFC, holds the individual loans on its books for a while
before securitizing them and selling them to the bank. Such refinancing through
securitization enables the MFI enlarged funding access. If the MFI fulfils the “true
sale” criteria, the exposure of the bank is treated as being to the individual
borrower and the prudential exposure norms do not then inhibit such funding of
MFIs by commercial banks through the securitization structure.

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 Banking Correspondents

The proposal of “banking correspondents” could take this model a step

further extending it to savings. It would allow MFIs to collect savings deposits
from the poor on behalf of the bank. It would use the ability of the MFI to get close
to poor clients while relying on the financial strength of the bank to safeguard the
deposits. This regulation evolved at a time when there were genuine fears that fly-
by-night agents purporting to act on behalf of banks in which the people have
confidence could mobilize savings of gullible public and then vanish with them. It
remains to be seen whether the mechanics of such relationships can be worked out
in a way that minimizes the risk of misuse.

 Service Company Model

Under this model, the bank forms its own MFI, perhaps as an NBFC, and
then works hand in hand with that MFI to extend loans and other services. On
paper, the model is similar to the partnership model: the MFI originates the loans
and the bank books them. But in fact, this model has two very different and
interesting operational features:

(a) The MFI uses the branch network of the bank as its outlets to reach clients.
This allows the client to be reached at lower cost than in the case of a stand–alone
MFI. In case of banks which have large branch networks, it also allows rapid scale
up. In the partnership model, MFIs may contract with many banks in an arms
length relationship. In the service company model, the MFI works specifically for
the bank and develops an intensive operational cooperation between them to their
mutual advantage.

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 (b) The Partnership model uses both the financial and infrastructure strength of
the bank to create lower cost and faster growth. The Service Company Model has
the potential to take the burden of overseeing microfinance operations off the
management of the bank and put it in the hands of MFI managers who are focused
on microfinance to introduce additional products, such as individual loans for SHG
graduates, remittances and so on without disrupting bank operations and provide a
more advantageous cost structure for microfinance.

 Legal Regulations
Banks in India are regulated and supervised by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
under the RBI Act of 1934, Banking Regulation Act, Regional Rural Banks Act,
and the Cooperative Societies Acts of the respective state governments for
cooperative banks.
NBFCs are registered under the Companies Act, 1956 and are governed under the
RBI Act. There is no specific law catering to NGOs although they can be
registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, the Indian Trust Act, 1882,
or the relevant state acts. There has been a strong reliance on self-regulation for
NGO MFIs and as this applies to NGO MFIs mobilizing deposits from clients who
also borrow. This tendency is a concern due to enforcement problems that tend to
arise with self-regulatory organizations. In January 2000, the RBI essentially
created a new legal form for providing microfinance services for NBFCs registered
under the Companies Act so that they are not subject to any capital or liquidity

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requirements if they do not go into the deposit taking business. Absence of
liquidity requirements is concern to the safety of the sector.

Success Factors of Micro-Finance in India

Over the last ten years, successful experiences in providing finance to small
entrepreneur and producers demonstrate that poor people, when given access to
responsive and timely financial services at market rates, repay their loans and use
the proceeds to increase their income and assets. This is not surprising since the
only realistic alternative for them is to borrow from informal market at an interest
much higher than market rates. Community banks, NGOs and grass root savings
and credit groups around the world have shown that these microenterprise loans
can be profitable for borrowers and for the lenders, making microfinance one of
the most effective poverty reducing strategies.

A. For NGOs

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1. The field of development itself expands and shifts emphasis with the pull of ideas,
and NGOs perhaps more readily adopt new ideas, especially if the resources
required are small, entry and exit are easy, tasks are (perceived to be) simple and
people’s acceptance is high – all characteristics (real or presumed) of
microfinance.

2. Canvassing by various actors, including the National Bank for Agriculture and
Rural Development (NABARD), Small Industries Development Bank of India
(SIDBI), Friends of Women’s World Banking (FWWB), Rashtriya Mahila Kosh
(RMK), Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technologies
(CAPART), Rashtriya Gramin Vikas Nidhi (RGVN), various donor funded
programmes especially by the International Fund for Agricultural Development
(IFAD), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Bank and
Department for International Development, UK (DFID)], and lately commercial
banks, has greatly added to the idea pull. Induced by the worldwide focus on
microfinance, donor NGOs too have been funding microfinance projects. One
might call it the supply push.

3. All kinds of things from khadi spinning to Nadep compost to balwadis do not
produce such concrete results and sustained interest among beneficiaries as
microfinance. Most NGO-led microfinance is with poor women, for whom access
to small loans to meet dire emergencies is a valued outcome. Thus, quick and high
‘customer satisfaction’ is the USP that has attracted NGOs to this trade.

4. The idea appears simple to implement. The most common route followed by NGOs
is promotion of SHGs. It is implicitly assumed that no ‘technical skill’ is involved.

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 Besides, external resources are not needed as SHGs begin with their own savings.
Those NGOs that have access to revolving funds from donors do not have to worry
about financial performance any way. The chickens will eventually come home to
roost but in the first flush, it seems all so easy.

5. For many NGOs the idea of ‘organising’ – forming a samuha – has inherent
appeal. Groups connote empowerment and organising women is a double bonus.

6. Finally, to many NGOs, microfinance is a way to financial sustainability.

Especially for the medium-to-large NGOs that are able to access bulk funds for on-
lending, for example from SIDBI, the interest rate spread could be an attractive
source of revenue than an uncertain, highly competitive and increasingly difficult-
to-raise donor funding.
B. For Financial Institutions and banks

Microfinance has been attractive to the lending agencies because of

demonstrated sustainability and of low costs of operation. Institutions like SIDBI
and NABARD are hard nosed bankers and would not work with the idea if they did
not see a long term engagement – which only comes out of sustainability (that is
economic attractiveness).
On the supply side, it is also true that it has all the trappings of a business
enterprise, its output is tangible and it is easily understood by the mainstream. This
also seems to sound nice to the government, which in the post liberalisation era is
trying to explain the logic of every rupee spent. That is the reason why
microfinance has attracted mainstream institutions like no other developmental
project.

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 Perhaps the most important factor that got banks involved is what one might
call the policy push. Given that most of our banks are in the public sector, public
policy does have some influence on what they will or will not do. In this case,
policy was followed by diligent, if meandering, promotional work by NABARD.
The policy change about a decade ago by RBI to allow banks to lend to SHGs was
initially followed by a seven-page memo by NABARD to all bank chairmen, and
later by sensitisation and training programmes for bank staff across the country.
Several hundred such programmes were conducted by NGOs alone, each involving
15 to 20 bank staff, all paid for by NABARD. The policy push was sweetened by
the NABARD refinance scheme that offers much more favourable terms (100%
refinance, wider spread) than for other rural lending by banks. NABARD also did
some system setting work and banks lately have been given targets. The
canvassing, training, refinance and close follow up by NABARD has resulted in
widespread bank involvement.

Moreover, for banks the operating cost of microfinance is perhaps much less than
for pure MFIs. The banks already have a vast network of branches. To the extent
that an NGO has already promoted SHGs and the SHG portfolio is performing
better than the rest of the rural (if not the entire) portfolio, microfinance via SHGs
in the worst case would represent marginal addition to cost and would often reduce
marginal cost through better capacity utilisation. In the process the bank also earns
brownie points with policy makers and meets its priority sector targets.
It does not take much analysis to figure out that the market for financial
services for the 50-60 million poor households of India, coupled with about the
same number who are technically above the poverty line but are severely under-
served by the financial sector, is a very large one. Moreover, as in any emerging
market, though the perceived risks are higher, the spreads are much greater. The
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traditional commercial markets of corporates, business, trade, and now even
housing and consumer finance are being sought by all the banks, leading to price
competition and wafer thin spreads.
Further, bank-groups are motivated by a number of cross-selling
opportunities in the market, for deposits, insurance, remittances and eventually
mutual funds. Since the larger banks are offering all these services now through
their group companies, it becomes imperative for them to expand their distribution
channels as far and deep as possible, in the hope of capturing the entire financial
services business of a household.
Finally, both agri-input and processing companies such as EID Parry, fast-
moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies such as Hindustan Levers, and
consumer durable companies such as Philips have realised the potential of this big
market and are actively using SHGs as entry points. Some amount of free-riding is
taking place here by companies, for they are using channels which were built at a
significant cost to NGOs, funding agencies and/or the government.
On the whole, the economic attractiveness of microfinance as a business is
getting established and this is a sure step towards mainstreaming. We know that
mainstreaming is a mixed blessing, and one tends to exchange scale at the cost of
objectives. So it needs to be watched carefully.

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 Issues in Microfinance

 Sustainability

The first challenge relates to sustainability. MFI model is comparatively costlier

in terms of delivery of financial services. An analysis of 36 leading MFIs by Jindal
& Sharma shows that 89% MFIs sample were subsidy dependent and only 9 were
able to cover more than 80% of their costs. This is partly explained by the fact that
while the cost of supervision of credit is high, the loan volumes and loan size is
low. It has also been commented that MFIs pass on the higher cost of credit to their
clients who are ‘interest insensitive’ for small loans but may not be so as loan sizes
increase. It is, therefore, necessary for MFIs to develop strategies for increasing the
range and volume of their financial services.

 Lack of Capital

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 The second area of concern for MFIs, which are on the growth path, is that they
face a paucity of owned funds. This is a critical constraint in their being able to
scale up. Many of the MFIs are socially oriented institutions and do not have
adequate access to financial capital. As a result they have high debt equity ratios.
Presently, there is no reliable mechanism in the country for meeting the equity
requirements of MFIs. The IPO issue by Mexico based ‘Compartamos’ was not
accepted by purists as they thought it defied the mission of an MFI. The IPO also
brought forth the issue of valuation of an MFI.The book value multiple is currently
the dominant valuation methodology in microfinance investments. In the case of
start up MFIs, using a book value multiple does not do justice to the underlying
value of the business. Typically, start ups are loss making and hence the book
value continually reduces over time until they hit break even point. A book value
multiplier to value start ups would decrease the value as the organization uses up
capital to build its business, thus accentuating the negative rather than the positive.

 Financial service delivery

Another challenge faced by MFIs is the inability to access supply chain.

This challenge can be overcome by exploring synergies between microfinance
institutions with expertise in credit delivery and community mobilization and
businesses operating with production supply chains such as agriculture. The latter
players who bring with them an understanding of similar client segments, ability to
create microenterprise opportunities and willingness to nurture them, would be
keen on directing microfinance to such opportunities. This enables MFIs to
increase their client base at no additional costs.

Those businesses that procure from rural India such as agriculture and dairy often
identify finance as a constraint to value creation. Such businesses may find

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 complementarities between an MFI’s skills in management of credit processes and
their own strengths in supply chain management.

ITC Limited, with its strong supply chain logistics, rural presence and an
innovative transaction platform, the e-choupal, has started exploring synergies with
financial service providers including MFIs through pilots with vegetable vendors
and farmers. Similarly, large FIs such as Spandana foresee a larger role for
themselves in the rural economy ably supported by value creating partnerships
with players such as Mahindra and Western Union Money Transfer.

ITC has initiated a pilot project called ‘pushcarts scheme’ along with BASIX (a
microfinance organization in Hyderabad). Under this pilot, it works with twenty
women head load vendors selling vegetables of around 10- 15 kgs per day. BASIX
extends working capital loans of Rs.10,000/- , capacity building and business
development support to the women. ITC provides support through supply chain
innovations by:

1. Making the Choupal Fresh stores available to the vendors, this avoids the hassle
of bargaining and unreliability at the traditional mandis (local vegetable markets).
The women are able to replenish the stock from the stores as many times in the day
as required. This has positive implications for quality of the produce sold to the
end consumer.
2. Continuously experimenting to increase efficiency, augmenting incomes and
reducing energy usage across the value chain. For instance, it has forged a
partnership with National Institute of Design (NID), a pioneer in the field of design
education and research, to design user-friendly pushcarts that can reduce the
physical burden.

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 3. Taking lessons from the pharmaceutical and telecom sector to identify
technologies that can save energy and ensure temperature control in push carts in
order to maintain quality of the vegetables throughout the day. The model
augments the incomes of the vendors from around Rs.30-40 per day to an average
of Rs.150 per day. From an environmental point of view, push carts are much more
energy efficient as opposed to fixed format retail outlets.

HR Issues

Recruitment and retention is the major challenge faced by MFIs as they

strive to reach more clients and expand their geographical scope. Attracting the
right talent proves difficult because candidates must have, as a prerequisite, a
mindset that fits with the organization’s mission.

Many mainstream commercial banks are now entering microfinance, who are
poaching staff from MFIs and MFIs are unable to retain them for other job
opportunities.

85% of the poorest clients served by microfinance are women. However, women
make up less than half of all microfinance staff members, and fill even fewer of the
senior management roles. The challenge in most countries stems from cultural
notions of women’s roles, for example, while women are single there might be a
greater willingness on the part of women’s families to let them work as front line
staff, but as soon as they marry and certainly once they start having children, it
becomes unacceptable. Long distances and long hours away from the family are
difficult for women to accommodate and for their families to understand.

 Microinsurance

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 First big issue in the microinsurance sector is developing products that really
respond to the needs of clients and in a way that is commercially viable.

Secondly, there is strong need to enhance delivery channels. These delivery

channels have been relatively weak so far. Microinsurance companies offer
minimal products and do not want to go forward and offer complex products that
may respond better. Microinsurance needs a delivery channel that has easy access
to the low-income market, and preferably one that has been engaged in financial
transactions so that they have controls for managing cash and the ability to track
different individuals.

Thirdly, there is a need for market education. People either have no information
about microinsurance or they have a negative attitude towards it. We have to
counter that. We have to somehow get people - without having to sit down at a
table - to understand what insurance is, and why it benefits them. That will help to
demystify microinsurance so that when agents come, people are willing to engage
with them.

 Adverse selection and moral hazard

The joint liability mechanism has been relied upon to overcome the twin
issues of adverse selection and moral hazard. The group lending models are
contingent on the availability of skilled resources for group promotion and entail a
gestation period of six months to one year. However, there is not sufficient
understanding of the drivers of default and credit risk at the level of the individual.
This has constrained the development of individual models of micro finance. The
group model was an innovation to overcome the specific issue of the quality of the
portfolio, given the inability of the poor to offer collateral. However, from the

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perspective of scaling up micro financial services, it is important to proactively
discover models that will enable direct finance to individuals

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 SKS Microfinance Ltd.

 Research Objective :

Objective of this research is to study the performance of SKS

microfinance Ltd in financial terms and also the strategy adopted by the firm to
mitigate the various risks. It also covers various aspects of Microfinance industry
with respect to the SKS Microfinance Ltd.

 Research methodology :

The methodology adopted in this research work is is both , Analytical and

financial calculation. Various Risk factors are considered which arises from
different area of business and their impact are analyzed. Through financial ratios,

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the performance of the firm is calculated and interpreted. Study of business
activities is done based on the historical data of the firm. These data consists of
their Operations, Product Structure and Financial statement. This research consists
of following heads.

a) Study of Company Profile.

b) Data Collection from various Sources.
c) Financial Calculations.
d) Interpretation of calculation.

Company Profile

SKS Microfinance is the largest microfinance institution in India and is

widely considered one of the fastest growing microfinance institutions worldwide.
The company was founded in 1998 and transitioned from a non-profit to non-
banking financial company (NBFC) in 2005.
SKS’ model is based on the highly successful Grameen Bank’s Joint
Liability Group model of lending, where the company provides small value,
collateral-free loans for income generation to poor women in groups. According to
Mix Market, the average loan balance is US$166, and the annual effective interest
rate varies between 26.7% and 31.4%. This model has proven extremely successful

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 with over 99% repayment rates due to group model, which ensures credit discipline
through mutual support and peer pressure. As of March 31, 2010, SKS had 6.78
million women borrowers with total lifetime disbursements worth more than US$ 3
billion.
Since its founding, SKS has expanded into 19 states in India and has grown
to 2,029 branches. The company currently employs over 21,000 individuals.
During FY2010, the organization recruited and trained 700 staff, opened 55
branches, and enrolled 200,000 new SKS members each month.

 Operational Highlights

A critical component of SKS‟ operational effectiveness is its use of

technology. As this business model requires millions of transactions across a
diverse geography, SKS has developed a sophisticated technology platform. HDFC
Securities states that this tool allows simplified data entry, improved accuracy and
efficiency of loan collection, and improved fraud detection. Further, the collected
information allows for superior product development and management decision

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making. In addition to its operational success, SKS has proven itself as a profitable
organization. In FY2010, the Company had total revenues of US$207 million and
Profit After Tax (PAT) of US$38 million. Its PAT has a CAGR of 247% over the
last three years. This figure is particularly impressive given SKS‟ enormous
growth. In July 2010, SKS became the first MFI to become a public company in
India. According to the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP), SKS
floated a 23.3% stake on the Bombay and National Stock Exchanges for US$350
million, of which US$155 million was new capital. The deal was 13 times
oversubscribed at the top of its price band. While this IPO has given the industry
credibility, it has also drawn an enormous amount of criticism due to its business
model of earning profits from the poor.

 SKS Product Structure

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 In addition to being a for-profit company, SKS also has a social mission. In
its 2009-2010 Annual Report, it states: “Our mission is to eradicate poverty. We do
that by providing financial services to the poor and by using our channel to provide
goods and services that the poor need.” The organization attempts to support this
mission through both its innovative financial services and its relationship with its
sister organization, SKS Society. While this mission is admirable, many wonder if
the Company will be able to satisfy both its stockholders‟ goals and its original
social purpose. The Company is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BOM) and
the National Stock Exchange (NSE) under the ticker “SKSMICRO”

Risks and Mitigation at SKS Microfinance:

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Leadership Risk –

Explanation Mitigation

SKS‟s leader, Vikram Akula, has been a

critical part of the organization‟s success.
At this point, it does not appear that a
SKS' mitigation of this issue is unknown.
viable leader has been identified to
continue SKS‟ work should something
happen to him.

Regulatory Risk -

Explanation Mitigation
SKS has temporarily attempted to protect
A key factor of SKS‟ ability to receive
itself from interest rate regulations
low interest loans is India's priority sector
through a stated goal of decreasing its
lending requirements. A change in this
current rates by a couple of percentage
regulation could be damaging.
points. Additionally, it has more
Additionally, a forced reduction in MFI
generally tried to compete regulatory risk
interest rates could also harm SKS‟
through transparent processes and
profitability
information flows.

Credit Risk –

Explanation Mitigation

This type of risk is the potential negative
effects on earnings or capital from
borrower's late and non-payment of
loans.
SKS' model of group lending attempts to
mitigate non-payment due to mutual
support and peer pressure. SKS has also
implemented screening and monitoring
processes.

Operational Risk –

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 Explanation Mitigation

SKS has attempted to create appropriate

Operational risk results in loses from
internal controls to safeguard its
inadequate or failed internal processes. A
operations. In particular, it has
key issue for SKS is fraudulent activity
established the Enterprise Risk
by its own employees. Additional risks
Management framework to ensure clear
in this area could occur from natural
accountability and facilitate risk
disasters and other external issues.
planning activities.

Market Risk –

Explanation Mitigation

SKS continuously monitors money

As a financial intermediary, the main
markets and updates its portfolio as
source of market risk is interest rate risk.
necessary. Additionally, the Company
More generally, market risk arises from
has gone outside traditional
changes in value of financial
microfinance sources to ensure a better
instruments.
credit spread.

Portfolio Risk –

Explanation Mitigation

Through a lack of geographic and/or SKS currently operates in 19 different

product diversification, SKS could face states and has multiple sources of
issues related to portfolio risk. revenue.

Competition Risk

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 Explanation
As the microcredit market is estimated
at US$50 million, the entry of new
players as well as growth of current
competition is expected.
Mitigation
SKS believes that its position as the
market leader will allow it to compete
effectively. It will utilize its strong
brand, innovative products, and
extensive distribution network.

Political Risk -

Explanation Mitigation
India is a highly politicized SKS attempts to mitigate this risk
environment. Political changes could through close relationships with village
then occur that negatively affect SKS' and state leadership. Staff is also trained
ability to provide its services in a for a coordinated response in case of an
profitable manner. issue.

 Valuation :

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 valuation based on comparative analysis is the most appropriate valuation
methodology for SKS given its straightforward approach and existence of
comparable organizations. Additional a discounted cash flow analysis would have
been difficult to create given the Company’s uncertain future cash flows. Two
types of analysis were completed. They include:
(1) price to book value ratio.
(2) price to earnings ratio.

Price to Book Value (P/BV) –

This ratio is used to compare a stock’s market value to the book value of
equity (or the difference between book assets and book liabilities). It is calculated
through dividing the current stock price by the latest quarter’s equity book value
per share. This ratio can be used to identify whether a stock is over or under
valued. This indicator is closely tied to the return on equity, as this value is key
measure of growth. A high P/BV with a low ROE is a sign that a stock is
overvalued. Additionally, highly leverage can distort this ratio.
Utilizing FY2010 figures and a current stock price from October 15, 2010,
the P/BV is 6.27 and 7.53 post dilution.

Average
Share Share
Stock Book Book Net P/BV P/BV
Number Number
Price Assets Liabilities Equity (Basic) (Dilluted)
(Basic) (Dilluted)
(Rs.)

1,133.10 40,552.07 30,971.80 9,580.27 53.01 63.64 6.27 7.53

Price to earning Ratio (P/E) -

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 This ratio is used to compare a stock’s market value to the per-share
earnings. While this ratio can be helpful to understand how investors view the
company’s future earnings (i.e. a high P/E means investors expect high earnings
growth), it is more useful when compared to other companies within the same
industry. This ratio is often referred to as the “multiple,” because it represents how
much an investor is willing to pay for each dollar of earnings. One important issue
to note is that earnings are based on accounting figures and can be manipulated.
Utilizing FY2010 figures and a current stock price from October 15, 2010,
the P/E is 34.53 and 41.45 post dilution.

Average Net Earnings Earnings

Share Share
Stock Profit per per P/E P/E
Number Number
Price After Share Share (Basic) (Dilluted)
(Basic) (Dilluted)
(Rs.) Tax (Basic) (Dilluted)

1,133.10 1,739.54 53.01 63.64 32.82 27.33 34.53 41.45

Analysis and Interpretation:

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 This valuation is not in line with the Company’s ROE. SKS’ current ROE
commands a valuation of 2x book value, which would reduce the stock’s value by
approximately 75%. In addition, also believes P/BV is not in line with
comparables. For example, NBFCs usually have P/BVs of 2-2.5x, public sector
banks 1-2x, and private banks 2.5-4x. While MFIs have traded at higher multiples
due to higher returns ratios, SKS’ ROE is in line with domestic NBFCs and banks.
In contrast to these viewpoints, Angel Broking and Way2Wealth believes that the
high P/BV is justified given SKS’ unique business model, its high growth potential
due to the supply-demand gap, and a sustainable ROE of 20%.
Similar to the P/BV, CGAP believes that this valuation is not in line with
SKS‟ financials. Looking at similar companies, SKS‟ diluted valuation of over 40
times exceeds Compartamos’ valuation (26 times) despite the fact that
Compartamos’ ROE was more than double that of SKS. It is recommended that its
investors avoid SKS’ IPO, because while its strong growth prospects justify higher
P/E ratios, SKS’ high leverage ratios, exposure to interest rate risk, and restricted
shareholders‟ rights made the issue unattractive.

Findings:
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 SKS‟ historical financials are very impressive. The Company’s income,
expenses, and net profit are growing in line with some efficiency gains as income
is growing slightly faster than expenses. This is particularly impressive given the
rapid expansion during these years and is likely based on their ability to
successfully replicate their model without additional costs.
While SKS‟s growth is impressive, a fundamental mismatch exists between
its current assets and current liabilities, which have lead to absurdly high Current
Ratios. This situation is due to the fact that all loans granted by the bank are for
less than a year (current), yet the bank is being funded by long-term debt.
Additionally, its leverage ratios are extremely high (averaging 80%). This ability to
take on debt is based on current government regulations mandating that banks lend
to priority sectors. Due to the high leverage, the return on equity is quite high while
the return on assets overall is very low.
In almost all analyst reports, valuations in advance of the IPO were seen as
high. A report by Indiabulls further claims that SKS is an example were a great
company has been confused with a great investment opportunity, asserting that the
excitement over SKS‟ IPO has caused a large overvaluation in the stock. If future
growth is not achieved (which is already factored into the high price of the stock),
the value of the stock could be negatively affected. It should be noted that several
analysts such as Way2Wealth justified their valuations due to superior growth
prospects and higher margins and return ratios.
Due to India’s regulatory environment, SKS has access to low-interest debt
financing. The Company’s debt to equity ratio remains high, and over leveraging is
a major concern. Due to the need to continue its phenomenal rate of growth, SKS
could be incentivized to over lever in order to attain the expected return on equity.
Further, according to Microsec, 55.8% of SKS’ loans can be recalled at any time.
This situation adds additional risk to SKS‟ operations.
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 SKS‟ management decisions have faced a great deal of scrutiny since the
IPO. On October 4, 2010, SKS announced that the CEO, Suresh Gurumani, had
been fired. Many view this action as inappropriate and occurring too soon after the
IPO. Further, due to a Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) investigation,
the newly appointed CEO, M. R. Rao, cannot make any major decisions without
board approval until SEBI has reached a final decision. Additionally, a rash of
suicides linked to microcredit lending has put SKS in the spotlight. Critics have
questioned SKS‟ business model, which profits from the poor, as well as
perceptions that interest rates are too high. Further issues could damage SKS’
brand as well as its plans to quickly expand.
Recommendation :
While SKS‟ cost structure is low by international standards, it is not in line
with its Indian peers. The Company’s operating expense ratio (operating expense
divided by average loan portfolio) is 10.2%. This figure is high given a 6.4%
average of the largest five Indian MFIs. While this high cost structure can be
explained by SKS‟s rapid growth, it provides an opportunity for cost savings.
Through further technological advances and process improvements, SKS can
reduce its operating expenses and increase its margins.
As seen in the Industry Analysis, the Indian market has a clear gap between
the current microfinance loans (US$4.3 M) and the demand for them (US$51.4 M).
This unmet demand provides an enormous opportunity for SKS. Through
leveraging its current brand, innovative products, and extensive distribution
networks, it can capture this demand and provide value both its stockholders and
the wider Indian population.
Bibliography :

 Debt and Investment Survey, GOI

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  Rural labor enquiry report on indebtedness among rural labor households.
 All India Debt and Investment Survey.
 Paper on SKS microfinance by LAD consulting.
 SKS Microfinance, Annual Report 2009-2010.
 IIFL: RHP, India Infoline Research.

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